The document summarizes key events and developments in the US during the 1960s. It discusses JFK's New Frontier program, the economic prosperity and political assassinations of the early 1960s. It then outlines the escalation of the Vietnam War, rise of radical social movements and counterculture, and LBJ's Great Society programs. The summary concludes by noting the polarization over the Vietnam War and Nixon's election in 1968.
The document provides details about John F. Kennedy's presidency and his handling of civil rights issues and international relations. It discusses Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement through executive orders and legislation. It also covers events like the Watts riots and growth of the Black Power movement. Kennedy pursued peaceful diplomatic strategies to counter communism abroad and improve relations with Latin America.
The 1960 presidential election saw John F. Kennedy defeat Richard Nixon in a close race. Kennedy benefited from his performance in televised debates, as well as calling Coretta Scott King when her husband Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed. Kennedy's narrow popular vote victory resulted in him being the first Catholic president. As president, Kennedy proposed expanding civil rights and launching a "New Frontier" domestic agenda, though much of it failed to pass Congress. He also took initial steps towards a "War on Poverty".
The document summarizes key events and developments in the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1960s. It discusses the expansion of protests and key figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and events like the March on Washington. It also covers the passage of major civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, by the late 1960s, the movement was becoming more divided as urban violence increased and the philosophy of Black Power emerged, advocating a more independent approach than the traditional cooperation with whites.
This document provides an overview of major events and policies related to civil rights and liberalism during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations from 1960-1968. It discusses the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy's domestic agenda, his assassination in 1963. It then covers LBJ's legislative accomplishments as president, the 1964 election, and Great Society programs to fight poverty. The document also outlines the expanding civil rights movement, key civil rights legislation, and the rise of more radical groups like the Black Panthers. It concludes with discussions of foreign policy shifts and the assassinations of MLK and RFK in 1968.
The 1960s was a turbulent decade marked by social change and upheaval. John F. Kennedy campaigned on a platform of reform but was assassinated in 1963. Lyndon Johnson continued Kennedy's agenda through programs like the Great Society, but the escalating Vietnam War and urban riots undermined his presidency. The civil rights movement made progress through nonviolent protest and new laws, but was met with resistance and violence. Growing anti-war sentiment and unrest in 1968 led to assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy and riots at the Democratic National Convention, contributing to Richard Nixon's election on a message of restoring order.
Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, urging Americans to eliminate injustice and promote freedom and justice for all. The bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73-27 after much debate. It was seen as major civil rights legislation that would end segregation and discrimination. A New York Times article covered the Senate vote and comments from supporters on the historic importance of the bill.
The document summarizes key events and organizations in the American Civil Rights Movement. It discusses the origins of legalized racial segregation in the late 19th century and the key Supreme Court rulings and legislation that challenged it, including Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It also profiles influential civil rights organizations like CORE and describes major nonviolent protests like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Birmingham Campaign that helped advance the cause of desegregation and voting rights.
The document summarizes key events in the American civil rights movement, including:
- The murder of Emmett Till in 1955, which sparked national outrage and helped ignite the civil rights movement.
- Martin Luther King Jr.'s involvement in the 1968 Memphis sanitation workers' strike, which brought him to Memphis where he was assassinated.
- Important court cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 which overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine, and key protest events such as the Montgomery bus boycott and Freedom Rides that challenged segregation in the South.
The document provides details about John F. Kennedy's presidency and his handling of civil rights issues and international relations. It discusses Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement through executive orders and legislation. It also covers events like the Watts riots and growth of the Black Power movement. Kennedy pursued peaceful diplomatic strategies to counter communism abroad and improve relations with Latin America.
The 1960 presidential election saw John F. Kennedy defeat Richard Nixon in a close race. Kennedy benefited from his performance in televised debates, as well as calling Coretta Scott King when her husband Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed. Kennedy's narrow popular vote victory resulted in him being the first Catholic president. As president, Kennedy proposed expanding civil rights and launching a "New Frontier" domestic agenda, though much of it failed to pass Congress. He also took initial steps towards a "War on Poverty".
The document summarizes key events and developments in the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1960s. It discusses the expansion of protests and key figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and events like the March on Washington. It also covers the passage of major civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, by the late 1960s, the movement was becoming more divided as urban violence increased and the philosophy of Black Power emerged, advocating a more independent approach than the traditional cooperation with whites.
This document provides an overview of major events and policies related to civil rights and liberalism during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations from 1960-1968. It discusses the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy's domestic agenda, his assassination in 1963. It then covers LBJ's legislative accomplishments as president, the 1964 election, and Great Society programs to fight poverty. The document also outlines the expanding civil rights movement, key civil rights legislation, and the rise of more radical groups like the Black Panthers. It concludes with discussions of foreign policy shifts and the assassinations of MLK and RFK in 1968.
The 1960s was a turbulent decade marked by social change and upheaval. John F. Kennedy campaigned on a platform of reform but was assassinated in 1963. Lyndon Johnson continued Kennedy's agenda through programs like the Great Society, but the escalating Vietnam War and urban riots undermined his presidency. The civil rights movement made progress through nonviolent protest and new laws, but was met with resistance and violence. Growing anti-war sentiment and unrest in 1968 led to assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy and riots at the Democratic National Convention, contributing to Richard Nixon's election on a message of restoring order.
Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, urging Americans to eliminate injustice and promote freedom and justice for all. The bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73-27 after much debate. It was seen as major civil rights legislation that would end segregation and discrimination. A New York Times article covered the Senate vote and comments from supporters on the historic importance of the bill.
The document summarizes key events and organizations in the American Civil Rights Movement. It discusses the origins of legalized racial segregation in the late 19th century and the key Supreme Court rulings and legislation that challenged it, including Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It also profiles influential civil rights organizations like CORE and describes major nonviolent protests like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Birmingham Campaign that helped advance the cause of desegregation and voting rights.
The document summarizes key events in the American civil rights movement, including:
- The murder of Emmett Till in 1955, which sparked national outrage and helped ignite the civil rights movement.
- Martin Luther King Jr.'s involvement in the 1968 Memphis sanitation workers' strike, which brought him to Memphis where he was assassinated.
- Important court cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 which overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine, and key protest events such as the Montgomery bus boycott and Freedom Rides that challenged segregation in the South.
The Great Depression and The New Deal: 1929-1939
1) The stock market crash of 1929 reflected underlying issues like high debt levels, protectionist policies, and Fed policy encouraging speculation rather than a meltdown of the real economy. 2) Hoover's policies, like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, made the recession worse. 3) FDR introduced relief programs to help the unemployed, recovery programs to boost the economy, and reform programs to regulate Wall Street and recognize unions. However, some of FDR's programs were ruled unconstitutional and the recession deepened again in 1937 before World War II shifted attention away from the economy.
World War 2 began in 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and spread globally over the next several years. Key events included Germany conquering much of Europe, Japan's expansion in Asia and the Pacific, and the US initially pursuing neutrality before entering the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war was ultimately won by the Allied forces through major military campaigns like D-Day in Europe and island hopping in the Pacific, culminating in the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and Japan's surrender after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The document discusses several key points about the importance and value of studying history:
1. Without an understanding of history, a society lacks context, shared memories, and a foundation for decision-making.
2. Studying history helps us understand how people and societies change over time and how our current society developed.
3. Examining the past provides insight into moral issues and contributes to our sense of identity.
4. Historians must wrestle with biases in the historical record to uncover an accurate account of the past.
Living in History discusses the importance of studying history for both individuals and societies. History helps provide context, shared memories, and a foundation for identity and decision-making. It allows us to understand how past societies and our current one developed over time. Studying history also contributes to our moral understanding and helps prevent the repetition of past mistakes. However, historians face biases in what parts of the past have survived and been recorded to explore. Quotes emphasize both the significance of history and challenges of learning from it.
The Eisenhower Years from 1952-1960 saw steady economic growth and low inflation under the leadership of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Cold War intensified as the United States engaged in proxy wars with the Soviet Union and increased reliance on nuclear weapons. Eisenhower supported modest civil rights reforms but faced resistance from Southern states over desegregation. American culture was dominated by the rise of television and mass consumerism in the postwar period.
The Cold War began as the wartime alliance between the US and Soviet Union broke down. The Soviets established communist puppet regimes in Eastern Europe, breaking promises of free elections. Churchill declared an "Iron Curtain" had descended across Europe. Truman's containment policy aimed to stop Soviet expansionism. The Truman Doctrine provided aid to Greece and Turkey to resist communism. The massive Marshall Plan rebuilt Western Europe's economies to keep them in the pro-democracy alliance. NATO was formed as a collective security pact against the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The National Security Act centralized US defense and created the CIA to counter Soviet spying. Both sides raced to develop atomic and hydrogen bombs, heightening Cold War tensions.
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 44 on “Promoting responsible and sustainable sourcing through Fair Trade” took place on 22 June 2016 from 9:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium.
This Briefings was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Fair Trade Advocacy Office.
Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president on Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination. As president, Johnson outlined his Great Society programs to combat poverty and promote social justice. However, his presidency was also dominated by the escalating Vietnam War. The 1960s saw great social unrest and rise of new social movements advocating for civil rights, women's rights, and environmentalism. It was a turbulent time of both progress and conflict.
The Fracturing of the New Deal CoalitionThe credibility” issu.docxrtodd194
The Fracturing of the New Deal Coalition
The “credibility” issue: Many will increasingly distrust what their government tells them. The Vietnam War will indicate to many that their government cannot be trusted.
In the 1950s, many regarded the government as the engine of growth. Between the 1950s and 1960s, however, many began to grow suspicious of government action. Rather than providing for an improved
McCarthyism
Student Activism
Students for a More Democratic Society
“The Port Huron Statement,” 1962
“We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.”
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How did fear of foreign communism help to shape post-war American culture? Why were many concerned that the effort to fight communism overseas my have a negative impact on Freedom and democracy at home?
The Civil Rights Era or the Black Freedom Movement
Historians have had a tendency to isolate the events of the late 1950s and the 1960s from the broader chronology of African Americans pushing for civil rights.
The Life of Ella Baker
Ella Baker’s life demonstrates the difficulty of limiting the civil rights era to the 1950s and 1960s.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
From Chief Justice Earl Warren’s decision: “We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be equal deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.”
The Actions of Civil Rights Activists also helped to build momentum for Civil Rights
Montgomery Bus Boycotts, 1955 -- largely failed to get national attention.
Violence in other places around the South, however, provided powerful images for the national media.
Little Rock, Arkansas
In 1957, President Eisenhower sent the 101 Airborne division to enforce a court order forcing integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Woolworth Sit Ins
In 1960, four black college students from North Carolina A&T in Greensboro decided to sit at the “whites only” counter in their local F.W. Woolworth and order coffee and doughnuts.
For the Michigan students who would organize the SDS in 1962, it seemed like an advance for democracy and were excited about joining the movement to topple Jim Crow in the United States.
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How was the “sit-in” movement of 1960 an outgrowth of earlier protests? What major differences divided the various groups—SNCC, SCLC, NAACP, CORE, and others—that were active in protesting against white supremacy in the 1960s?
Violence in Birmingham
Growing Pressures on the Democratic Party
In the 1960s, the Democratic Party would suffer the impossible challenge of defeating communism, satisfying the concerns of student activists, meeting the demands o.
This document provides background information on John F. Kennedy's campaign for president and early presidency. It discusses how his charismatic personality and performance in televised debates against Richard Nixon helped him win the 1960 election. As president, Kennedy initiated ambitious domestic programs and worked to advance civil rights, but also faced rising Cold War tensions abroad before his assassination in 1963.
This document provides a summary of social and political events in the United States during the turbulent 1960s. It discusses the civil rights movement, including key events like the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer to desegregate interstate travel, James Meredith becoming the first black student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also mentions the murders of civil rights workers Schwerner, Goldman, and Chaney, which helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The summary discusses the emergence of more radical black nationalist groups advocating "Black Power" and the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1966 as signs of increasing unrest.
The document provides a summary of key events in the 1960s in America related to social strife and international conflict. It discusses several major events of the Civil Rights movement, including the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer that faced violence in the South, James Meredith becoming the first African American student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also discusses the growing radicalization of the movement and emergence of Black Power advocates. Internationally, it outlines key Cold War events like the U-2 incident, Bay of Pigs invasion, building of the Berlin Wall, and Cuban Missile Crisis, showing the tensions between the US and Soviet Union during this
The document provides background information on John F. Kennedy's election as president in 1960. It discusses how Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in one of the closest elections, helped by his confident performance in televised debates. It also outlines some of Kennedy's domestic policies and programs, including the Peace Corps, women's rights initiatives, and efforts to address poverty and racial injustice. The document also discusses the impact of the Warren Supreme Court during Kennedy's term.
The document summarizes key social, political, and economic events in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses the youth counterculture movement, rise of civil rights and identity politics movements, environmentalism, foreign policy under Nixon including Vietnamization and diplomacy with China/USSR, economic "stagflation", and the Watergate scandal culminating in Nixon's resignation in 1974. The document provides context and outlines important developments across a range of topics during this transformative period in modern American history.
Module 5 american-yawp-the-sixties.htmlthe american yawp the siPOLY33
The document provides a summary of key political and social events in the 1960s United States, focusing on foreign policy challenges with Cuba and the ongoing civil rights movement. Some of the major events discussed include the Cuban Revolution and failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, ongoing civil rights protests and acts of resistance including the Freedom Rides and March on Washington, and the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 under President Lyndon B. Johnson.
The document provides an overview of America in the 1950s. It discusses several key events and trends of the decade including the GI Bill providing benefits for WWII veterans, the baby boom, suburban expansion, technological advances like television and the polio vaccine, and the rise of rock and roll music. It also summarizes civil rights progress under Truman and cultural aspects like television shows and movies that were popular during the 1950s.
The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, including its phases of legalization, non-violent direct action, and black nationalism. It discusses Civil Rights protests and leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. It also summarizes the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon, focusing on their approaches to the Vietnam War and passage of Civil Rights legislation.
Running head Civil Rights Leaders Malcolm X1Civil Rights L.docxsusanschei
Running head: Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
1
Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
3Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
Malcolm X born as Malcolm Little in 1925 Omaha Nebraska will be remembered for many things, but mostly, he is remembered for being one of the most African Americans in history. He was orphaned at an early age after his father was killed and his mother placed in a mental institution. He was later arrested and imprisoned at 20 for larceny and in there he become a member of the Nation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he was become one of the top most leaders of the organization. His name X was a name he took up while in prison to symbolize his stolen African Identity and the fact that the Nation Islam spoke of Europeans as Immoral and advocated for Black Nationalism and racial separatism pulled Malcolm to the organization. This is the same message he spoke to people while in and out of prison and it captured many people’s hearts (History, 2016).
He will be remembered for his leadership in Islam that saw the population grow from 400 to 40,000 members in a span of 10 years. He exhorted black communities to cast of Slavism by whichever means possible, violence inclusive. He was the first African American to form the Afro-American Unity organization where he spoke with so much conviction that the problem facing African-Americans in the U.S.A. was racism and not the white counter parts as many would have thought. Malcolm will be remembered for making speeches that racism should be rid of as it was the greatest foe to African-Americans and his passion for the rights of his people made his movement gain many followers and he became one of the most influential civil rights movement in history (History, 2016).
References
History. (2016). This Day In History: Malcomm X Assasinated. History, 1.
HIS 1120, American History II 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
8. Analyze the social, political, and economic impact on civil rights from the mid-20th century to
today.
Reading Assignment
H. J. Res. 1145, 88th Cong. 88-408 (1964) (enacted). Retrieved from
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=98&page=transcript
Kennedy, J. F. (1962, September 12). 1962-09-12 Rice University [Speech]. Retrieved from
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/MkATdOcdU06X5uNHbmqm1Q.aspx
Kennedy, R. F. (1968, April 4). 1968-04-04 RFK on MLK [Audio file]. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg
The Bay of Pigs. (n.d.). JFK in history. Retrieved from http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-
Pigs.aspx
In order to access the resources below, you must first log into the myWaldorf Student Portal and access the
America: History and Life with Full Text database within the Waldorf Online Library.
In order to access the following resource(s ...
The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, discussing its phases from legalization to black nationalism. It also profiles the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon during this period. Additionally, it summarizes the Vietnam War, covering the increasing US involvement under Kennedy and Johnson and Nixon's pledge to end the war.
The 1960s saw major social and political upheaval related to civil rights and racial equality. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others fought to end segregation through numerous protests and demonstrations, including King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. Meanwhile, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader against apartheid in South Africa, though he was imprisoned for much of the 1960s. The decade also saw the rise of feminism and the women's liberation movement seeking greater equality and freedom for women.
This document summarizes major events and policies from JFK's New Frontier to LBJ's Great Society programs in the 1960s. It outlines LBJ's goals to cut the deficit while maintaining military size and assist the less fortunate. His Great Society aimed to declare war on poverty through programs like Medicare, Medicaid, education assistance, and tax cuts. It also details LBJ's remarks calling for a Great Society with abundance and liberty for all. Major Great Society programs targeted poverty, housing, education, healthcare, and the environment. The Civil Rights Movement achieved acts and laws promoting voting rights and ending discrimination.
Fourteenth EditionChapterAmerican DestinyNarrative of .docxhanneloremccaffery
Fourteenth Edition
Chapter
American Destiny
Narrative of a Nation
American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation, Fourth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
From Boomers
to Millennials
31
From Boomers to MillennialsThe New ImmigrationThe Emergence of Modern FeminismRoe v. WadeConservative CounterattackThe Rise of Gay and Lesbian RightsAIDSPublicly GayCrime and PunishmentCrack and Urban Gangs
From Boomers to MillennialsViolence and Popular CultureFrom Main Street to Mall to InternetFrom Community to FacebookGreying of the Boomers
The New Immigration
The New ImmigrationImmigration is a global phenomenon that has transformed the United States in the past forty yearsSince 1924, immigration to the United States had been governed by a quota system that ensured continuation of the nation’s existing ethnic patterns
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated the old systemGave preference to immigrants with specialized job skills and educationAllowed family members to rejoin those who had immigrated earlier
The New Immigration (cont'd)In 1986, Congress:Offered amnesty to illegal immigrants who had long lived in the United StatesPenalized employers who hired illegal immigrants in the future
The New Immigration (cont'd)Many persons legalized their status under the new law, but the influx of illegal immigrants continuedTogether, these laws enabled more than 25 million to immigrate to the United States from 1970 to 2000
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration PatternsAsians, many of whom possessed skills in high-tech fields, benefited most from the new system9 million Asians immigrated to the United States during these years—most from China, South Korea, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration Patterns1970–2000: the largest number of immigrants were Latinos, sometimes called Hispanics (16 million)By 2000, the Latino population of the United States (35 million) for the first time exceeded African Americans (34 million)Immigration patterns were more complex than the aggregate data suggest
The New Immigration (cont'd)Whites left for the suburbs and businesses relocated to the mallsImmigrants moved into cities and established businesses downtownLos Angeles: Korea Town, Japan Town, the Latino barrio, South Central
The New Immigration (cont'd)PoliticsNew immigrants also became a significant political forceLatinos elected mayors in Los Angeles, Miami, Denver, and San AntonioCésar Chávez, a pivotal figure in the history of Mexican Americans (Chicanos), successfully brought tens of thousands of Mexicans into his United Farm Workers union
Dolores Huerta and César Chávez are framed by photographs of Robert Kennedy and Mohandas Gandhi
Dolores Huerta and César Chávez, leaders of the United Farm Workers, discuss their 1968 strike of grape pickers. They are framed by photographs of Robert Kennedy, campaigning for the Democratic nomination for president, and Mohandas Gandhi, le ...
The Great Depression and The New Deal: 1929-1939
1) The stock market crash of 1929 reflected underlying issues like high debt levels, protectionist policies, and Fed policy encouraging speculation rather than a meltdown of the real economy. 2) Hoover's policies, like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, made the recession worse. 3) FDR introduced relief programs to help the unemployed, recovery programs to boost the economy, and reform programs to regulate Wall Street and recognize unions. However, some of FDR's programs were ruled unconstitutional and the recession deepened again in 1937 before World War II shifted attention away from the economy.
World War 2 began in 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and spread globally over the next several years. Key events included Germany conquering much of Europe, Japan's expansion in Asia and the Pacific, and the US initially pursuing neutrality before entering the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The war was ultimately won by the Allied forces through major military campaigns like D-Day in Europe and island hopping in the Pacific, culminating in the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and Japan's surrender after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The document discusses several key points about the importance and value of studying history:
1. Without an understanding of history, a society lacks context, shared memories, and a foundation for decision-making.
2. Studying history helps us understand how people and societies change over time and how our current society developed.
3. Examining the past provides insight into moral issues and contributes to our sense of identity.
4. Historians must wrestle with biases in the historical record to uncover an accurate account of the past.
Living in History discusses the importance of studying history for both individuals and societies. History helps provide context, shared memories, and a foundation for identity and decision-making. It allows us to understand how past societies and our current one developed over time. Studying history also contributes to our moral understanding and helps prevent the repetition of past mistakes. However, historians face biases in what parts of the past have survived and been recorded to explore. Quotes emphasize both the significance of history and challenges of learning from it.
The Eisenhower Years from 1952-1960 saw steady economic growth and low inflation under the leadership of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The Cold War intensified as the United States engaged in proxy wars with the Soviet Union and increased reliance on nuclear weapons. Eisenhower supported modest civil rights reforms but faced resistance from Southern states over desegregation. American culture was dominated by the rise of television and mass consumerism in the postwar period.
The Cold War began as the wartime alliance between the US and Soviet Union broke down. The Soviets established communist puppet regimes in Eastern Europe, breaking promises of free elections. Churchill declared an "Iron Curtain" had descended across Europe. Truman's containment policy aimed to stop Soviet expansionism. The Truman Doctrine provided aid to Greece and Turkey to resist communism. The massive Marshall Plan rebuilt Western Europe's economies to keep them in the pro-democracy alliance. NATO was formed as a collective security pact against the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The National Security Act centralized US defense and created the CIA to counter Soviet spying. Both sides raced to develop atomic and hydrogen bombs, heightening Cold War tensions.
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 44 on “Promoting responsible and sustainable sourcing through Fair Trade” took place on 22 June 2016 from 9:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium.
This Briefings was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Fair Trade Advocacy Office.
Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president on Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination. As president, Johnson outlined his Great Society programs to combat poverty and promote social justice. However, his presidency was also dominated by the escalating Vietnam War. The 1960s saw great social unrest and rise of new social movements advocating for civil rights, women's rights, and environmentalism. It was a turbulent time of both progress and conflict.
The Fracturing of the New Deal CoalitionThe credibility” issu.docxrtodd194
The Fracturing of the New Deal Coalition
The “credibility” issue: Many will increasingly distrust what their government tells them. The Vietnam War will indicate to many that their government cannot be trusted.
In the 1950s, many regarded the government as the engine of growth. Between the 1950s and 1960s, however, many began to grow suspicious of government action. Rather than providing for an improved
McCarthyism
Student Activism
Students for a More Democratic Society
“The Port Huron Statement,” 1962
“We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.”
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How did fear of foreign communism help to shape post-war American culture? Why were many concerned that the effort to fight communism overseas my have a negative impact on Freedom and democracy at home?
The Civil Rights Era or the Black Freedom Movement
Historians have had a tendency to isolate the events of the late 1950s and the 1960s from the broader chronology of African Americans pushing for civil rights.
The Life of Ella Baker
Ella Baker’s life demonstrates the difficulty of limiting the civil rights era to the 1950s and 1960s.
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
From Chief Justice Earl Warren’s decision: “We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be equal deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.”
The Actions of Civil Rights Activists also helped to build momentum for Civil Rights
Montgomery Bus Boycotts, 1955 -- largely failed to get national attention.
Violence in other places around the South, however, provided powerful images for the national media.
Little Rock, Arkansas
In 1957, President Eisenhower sent the 101 Airborne division to enforce a court order forcing integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
Woolworth Sit Ins
In 1960, four black college students from North Carolina A&T in Greensboro decided to sit at the “whites only” counter in their local F.W. Woolworth and order coffee and doughnuts.
For the Michigan students who would organize the SDS in 1962, it seemed like an advance for democracy and were excited about joining the movement to topple Jim Crow in the United States.
Answering a Question on the Review Sheet!!!
How was the “sit-in” movement of 1960 an outgrowth of earlier protests? What major differences divided the various groups—SNCC, SCLC, NAACP, CORE, and others—that were active in protesting against white supremacy in the 1960s?
Violence in Birmingham
Growing Pressures on the Democratic Party
In the 1960s, the Democratic Party would suffer the impossible challenge of defeating communism, satisfying the concerns of student activists, meeting the demands o.
This document provides background information on John F. Kennedy's campaign for president and early presidency. It discusses how his charismatic personality and performance in televised debates against Richard Nixon helped him win the 1960 election. As president, Kennedy initiated ambitious domestic programs and worked to advance civil rights, but also faced rising Cold War tensions abroad before his assassination in 1963.
This document provides a summary of social and political events in the United States during the turbulent 1960s. It discusses the civil rights movement, including key events like the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer to desegregate interstate travel, James Meredith becoming the first black student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also mentions the murders of civil rights workers Schwerner, Goldman, and Chaney, which helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The summary discusses the emergence of more radical black nationalist groups advocating "Black Power" and the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1966 as signs of increasing unrest.
The document provides a summary of key events in the 1960s in America related to social strife and international conflict. It discusses several major events of the Civil Rights movement, including the Freedom Rides led by James Farmer that faced violence in the South, James Meredith becoming the first African American student at the University of Mississippi after federal intervention, and Martin Luther King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It also discusses the growing radicalization of the movement and emergence of Black Power advocates. Internationally, it outlines key Cold War events like the U-2 incident, Bay of Pigs invasion, building of the Berlin Wall, and Cuban Missile Crisis, showing the tensions between the US and Soviet Union during this
The document provides background information on John F. Kennedy's election as president in 1960. It discusses how Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in one of the closest elections, helped by his confident performance in televised debates. It also outlines some of Kennedy's domestic policies and programs, including the Peace Corps, women's rights initiatives, and efforts to address poverty and racial injustice. The document also discusses the impact of the Warren Supreme Court during Kennedy's term.
The document summarizes key social, political, and economic events in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses the youth counterculture movement, rise of civil rights and identity politics movements, environmentalism, foreign policy under Nixon including Vietnamization and diplomacy with China/USSR, economic "stagflation", and the Watergate scandal culminating in Nixon's resignation in 1974. The document provides context and outlines important developments across a range of topics during this transformative period in modern American history.
Module 5 american-yawp-the-sixties.htmlthe american yawp the siPOLY33
The document provides a summary of key political and social events in the 1960s United States, focusing on foreign policy challenges with Cuba and the ongoing civil rights movement. Some of the major events discussed include the Cuban Revolution and failed Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, ongoing civil rights protests and acts of resistance including the Freedom Rides and March on Washington, and the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 under President Lyndon B. Johnson.
The document provides an overview of America in the 1950s. It discusses several key events and trends of the decade including the GI Bill providing benefits for WWII veterans, the baby boom, suburban expansion, technological advances like television and the polio vaccine, and the rise of rock and roll music. It also summarizes civil rights progress under Truman and cultural aspects like television shows and movies that were popular during the 1950s.
The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, including its phases of legalization, non-violent direct action, and black nationalism. It discusses Civil Rights protests and leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. It also summarizes the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon, focusing on their approaches to the Vietnam War and passage of Civil Rights legislation.
Running head Civil Rights Leaders Malcolm X1Civil Rights L.docxsusanschei
Running head: Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
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Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
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Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Civil Rights Leaders: Malcolm X
Malcolm X born as Malcolm Little in 1925 Omaha Nebraska will be remembered for many things, but mostly, he is remembered for being one of the most African Americans in history. He was orphaned at an early age after his father was killed and his mother placed in a mental institution. He was later arrested and imprisoned at 20 for larceny and in there he become a member of the Nation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he was become one of the top most leaders of the organization. His name X was a name he took up while in prison to symbolize his stolen African Identity and the fact that the Nation Islam spoke of Europeans as Immoral and advocated for Black Nationalism and racial separatism pulled Malcolm to the organization. This is the same message he spoke to people while in and out of prison and it captured many people’s hearts (History, 2016).
He will be remembered for his leadership in Islam that saw the population grow from 400 to 40,000 members in a span of 10 years. He exhorted black communities to cast of Slavism by whichever means possible, violence inclusive. He was the first African American to form the Afro-American Unity organization where he spoke with so much conviction that the problem facing African-Americans in the U.S.A. was racism and not the white counter parts as many would have thought. Malcolm will be remembered for making speeches that racism should be rid of as it was the greatest foe to African-Americans and his passion for the rights of his people made his movement gain many followers and he became one of the most influential civil rights movement in history (History, 2016).
References
History. (2016). This Day In History: Malcomm X Assasinated. History, 1.
HIS 1120, American History II 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
8. Analyze the social, political, and economic impact on civil rights from the mid-20th century to
today.
Reading Assignment
H. J. Res. 1145, 88th Cong. 88-408 (1964) (enacted). Retrieved from
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=98&page=transcript
Kennedy, J. F. (1962, September 12). 1962-09-12 Rice University [Speech]. Retrieved from
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/MkATdOcdU06X5uNHbmqm1Q.aspx
Kennedy, R. F. (1968, April 4). 1968-04-04 RFK on MLK [Audio file]. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1968-04-04_RFK_on_MLK.ogg
The Bay of Pigs. (n.d.). JFK in history. Retrieved from http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-
Pigs.aspx
In order to access the resources below, you must first log into the myWaldorf Student Portal and access the
America: History and Life with Full Text database within the Waldorf Online Library.
In order to access the following resource(s ...
The document provides an overview of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, discussing its phases from legalization to black nationalism. It also profiles the presidencies of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon during this period. Additionally, it summarizes the Vietnam War, covering the increasing US involvement under Kennedy and Johnson and Nixon's pledge to end the war.
The 1960s saw major social and political upheaval related to civil rights and racial equality. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others fought to end segregation through numerous protests and demonstrations, including King's iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. Meanwhile, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader against apartheid in South Africa, though he was imprisoned for much of the 1960s. The decade also saw the rise of feminism and the women's liberation movement seeking greater equality and freedom for women.
This document summarizes major events and policies from JFK's New Frontier to LBJ's Great Society programs in the 1960s. It outlines LBJ's goals to cut the deficit while maintaining military size and assist the less fortunate. His Great Society aimed to declare war on poverty through programs like Medicare, Medicaid, education assistance, and tax cuts. It also details LBJ's remarks calling for a Great Society with abundance and liberty for all. Major Great Society programs targeted poverty, housing, education, healthcare, and the environment. The Civil Rights Movement achieved acts and laws promoting voting rights and ending discrimination.
Fourteenth EditionChapterAmerican DestinyNarrative of .docxhanneloremccaffery
Fourteenth Edition
Chapter
American Destiny
Narrative of a Nation
American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation, Fourth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
From Boomers
to Millennials
31
From Boomers to MillennialsThe New ImmigrationThe Emergence of Modern FeminismRoe v. WadeConservative CounterattackThe Rise of Gay and Lesbian RightsAIDSPublicly GayCrime and PunishmentCrack and Urban Gangs
From Boomers to MillennialsViolence and Popular CultureFrom Main Street to Mall to InternetFrom Community to FacebookGreying of the Boomers
The New Immigration
The New ImmigrationImmigration is a global phenomenon that has transformed the United States in the past forty yearsSince 1924, immigration to the United States had been governed by a quota system that ensured continuation of the nation’s existing ethnic patterns
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated the old systemGave preference to immigrants with specialized job skills and educationAllowed family members to rejoin those who had immigrated earlier
The New Immigration (cont'd)In 1986, Congress:Offered amnesty to illegal immigrants who had long lived in the United StatesPenalized employers who hired illegal immigrants in the future
The New Immigration (cont'd)Many persons legalized their status under the new law, but the influx of illegal immigrants continuedTogether, these laws enabled more than 25 million to immigrate to the United States from 1970 to 2000
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration PatternsAsians, many of whom possessed skills in high-tech fields, benefited most from the new system9 million Asians immigrated to the United States during these years—most from China, South Korea, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines
The New Immigration (cont'd)Immigration Patterns1970–2000: the largest number of immigrants were Latinos, sometimes called Hispanics (16 million)By 2000, the Latino population of the United States (35 million) for the first time exceeded African Americans (34 million)Immigration patterns were more complex than the aggregate data suggest
The New Immigration (cont'd)Whites left for the suburbs and businesses relocated to the mallsImmigrants moved into cities and established businesses downtownLos Angeles: Korea Town, Japan Town, the Latino barrio, South Central
The New Immigration (cont'd)PoliticsNew immigrants also became a significant political forceLatinos elected mayors in Los Angeles, Miami, Denver, and San AntonioCésar Chávez, a pivotal figure in the history of Mexican Americans (Chicanos), successfully brought tens of thousands of Mexicans into his United Farm Workers union
Dolores Huerta and César Chávez are framed by photographs of Robert Kennedy and Mohandas Gandhi
Dolores Huerta and César Chávez, leaders of the United Farm Workers, discuss their 1968 strike of grape pickers. They are framed by photographs of Robert Kennedy, campaigning for the Democratic nomination for president, and Mohandas Gandhi, le ...
Kennedy came into office promising a "New Frontier" and change after a complacent 1950s. His youth and vigor inspired Americans. Key programs included the Peace Corps, pushing to put a man on the moon, and proposals to aid education and the elderly. However, Kennedy faced challenges like a weak economy and tensions with the Soviet Union over Berlin and Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis in particular brought the world close to nuclear war. Kennedy also had to navigate the growing Civil Rights movement and calls for desegregation amid violence. His assassination in 1963 left America in mourning and Vice President Johnson took over promising to carry on Kennedy's legacy through programs like the Great Society, aimed at reducing poverty.
The 1960s saw the rise of a counter-culture movement in response to social and political events of the decade. The civil rights movement achieved some successes through legislation but continued to face violent resistance from white communities. Figures like Martin Luther King Jr. advocated non-violence, though the government response was at times still brutal. Meanwhile, other groups began advocating more confrontational tactics in the fight for racial justice and social change.
John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 at the young age of 46; he came from a wealthy Massachusetts family and served heroically in World War II before entering politics; as President, Kennedy faced major challenges like the Cuban Missile Crisis and started initiatives like the Peace Corps as part of his vision for a "New Frontier" in America.
A Powerpoint presentation on the troubled affluence in the USA after World War Two, with an emphasis on the Civil Rights Movement and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. For the Irish Leaving Cert USA History topic
This document provides an overview of John F. Kennedy's presidency from 1960-1963, known as the "Camelot Era". It discusses Kennedy challenging Nixon for the presidency in 1960 and his narrow victory. His agenda as president included establishing the Peace Corps, pursuing the space program, advocating for flexible response in foreign policy, getting involved in Vietnam, and pushing for civil rights legislation. However, his presidency was cut short when he was assassinated in 1963, leaving questions about possible conspiracies unanswered.
2. JFK and “The New Frontier” “The torch is being passed to a new generation” New Frontier program: aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal and civil rights Kennedy supports tax cuts to stimulate economic growth The economy grew and was further stimulated by new defense programs and space exploration Kennedy’s goal is to land on the moon by end of the decade
3. Prosperity and Turmoil Postwar economic prosperity peaked in the the ’60s Political Assassinations: JFK, Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy Race Riots and Tensions War in Vietnam escalates Student Riots, Protests & Anti-Capitalist Radicalism Modern Conservative Movement Mobilizes
4. “Camelot Comes to Washington” 1960 Election: Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts vs. Vice President Richard Nixon Richard Nixon was respected for his years of service as President Eisenhower’s VP and was known as a diplomatic statesman, a strong advocate of capitalism against communism and a tough, smart campaigner. Nixon more respected than liked. Nixon from California chose Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts as running mate. JFK ran in tough Democratic primaries principally against Senate Majority Leader, Lyndon Baines Johnson of Texas. Kennedy was a charming, handsome and charismatic young Senator from Massachusetts
5. Election of 1960 JFK was the second candidate after Al Smith to be a Roman Catholic. Many Protestant Americans feared the President would “take orders” from the Pope. Kennedy affirmed his commitment to a strict separation of church and state The youthful Kennedy chose Johnson as his running mate Kennedy and Johnson did NOT have a close relationship. LBJ viewed the Kennedys and the people around Kennedy as Ivy League, “pin-striped” elitists.
6. Election of 1960 (cont) Kennedy and Nixon had four televised debates Most people who heard the debates on radio thought Nixon had won For the TV audience, Kennedy was considered the clear winner—showing more grace, charm and humor. Nixon appeared stiff, nervous and relatively humorless This was the first televised presidential debate and showed the enormous power of TV and visual media in politics
7. The Issues Nixon defended the peace and prosperity of the Eisenhower years Nixon emphasized the need for continuity and experienced leadership during times of international tension Kennedy promised to “get America moving again” Kennedy attached the Republicans as weak on military affairs and permitting a “missile gap” that allowed the Soviets to gain potential superiority over the US. In reality, the US still had a lead in missiles
8. Kennedy wins by a slim majority In one of the closest elections in US history, Kennedy one by a mere 100,000 votes. Widespread charges and identified cases of fraudulent Democratic votes by party machines in Chicago and throughout Texas Cases of “dead voters” and multiple votes by the same people Nixon chose not to challenge the election results and conceded to Kennedy Lingering feeling by Republicans of a “stolen election”
9. Popularity of JFK Youngest president elected at 43 years old Jacqueline “Jackie” Kennedy—young, beautiful First Lady Two young children—Caroline and JFK, Jr “John-John” President’s brother, Robert Kennedy, is the Attorney-General Kennedy believes it has “the best and the brightest” on its team: Robert McNamara (Defense), John Kenneth Galbraith (economic advisor), Pierre Salinger (speechwriter)
10. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy US leadership in the world “Peace Corps” and “Alliance for Progress” Failed “Bay of Pigs” Invasion of Cuba (1961) Emboldened Soviets build the Berlin Wall The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)—US establishes a naval blockade of Cuba to counter the building of nuclear missile sites in Cuba. Showdown with Soviet Union could have led to a nuclear war. Khrushchev removed missiles after US pledge not to invade Cuba and the downgrading of US base in Turkey
11. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy (cont) 1963—Nuclear Test Ban Treaty US-Soviet arms race continues Kennedy travels to West Berlin: “As a free man, I take pride in the words, Ich bin ein Berliner” Kennedy speech in Berlin has electrifying impact—very much like Pres. Reagan’s famous line, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Proxy wars in Africa and Southeast Asia. US adopts a “flexible response” policy—increased the reliance on special forces in third world countries Dangerous new adventurism because conflict was no longer a matter of massive retailiation
12. The Kennedy Assassination Killed by a sniper (Lee Harvey Oswald) in an open-air motorcade in Dallas on November 22, 1963 Vice President Johnson sworn in as President on Air Force One Conspiracy theories require President Johnson to appoint Chief Justice Earl Warren to establish a Commission to determine the truth of JFK’s assassination Warren Commission supports lone killer (Oswald) finding and finds no basis for conspiracy
13. President Johnson Persuaded Congress to pass an expanded version of Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill Persuaded Congress to pass Kennedy’s tax cut that sparked an increase in jobs, consumer spending and a long period of economic expansion in the Sixties LBJ declares “War on Poverty”—inspired by popularity of socialist Michael Harrington’s book, The Other Americans Office of Economic Opportunity, Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Program
14. Election of 1964 Republicans choose Senator Barry Goldwater to run against LBJ Ronald Reagan makes his major political debut as a supporter of Goldwater Goldwater writes a manifesto for restoring limited government and against the growing welfare state in The Conscience of a Conservative LBJ wins in a landslide promising an expansion of the New Deal called “The Great Society”
15. LBJ’s “Great Society” Programs Creation of Medicare, health care for the elderly Creation of Medicaid, government paid health for the poor Elementary and Secondary Education Act New immigration law allowing more Asians and Latin Americans to emigrate to US National Foundation of the Arts and Humanities Two new cabinet positions: Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development Increased subsidies for higher education Increased funding for public housing and crime prevention Increased federal funding of welfare
16. Civil Rights Acts & 24th Amendment 1964—Segregation illegal in all public places 1965—Voting Rights Act ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas of known discrimination 24th Amendment—abolished poll tax
17. Racial Conflict 1962—James Meredith, a black Air Force veteran, attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi 400 Federal Marshall and 3000 troops were needed to control mob violence and permit Meredith to attend 1963—Governor George Wallace of Alabama also tried to block a black student. Wallace declared: “Segregation now and forever!” Civil Rights activists and Freedom Riders MLK nonviolent march in Birmingham MLK’s famous “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
18. MLK and the 1963 March on Washington MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech “We Shall Overcome” becomes the Civil Rights unofficial “anthem” Voting Rights March from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama with both blacks and many whites White police violence against marchers
19. “BLACK POWER” Many blacks reject an identity they viewed as imposed by a white, racist society and that blacks themselves had internalized Blacks who tried to assimilate into mainstream society (which was more of a possibility in a country seeking to be “color-blind”) were considered “Uncle Toms” A black Muslim, Elijah Muhammad, establishes the Nation of Islam (calls for black nationalism and whites are “Ice People” as opposed “Sun People” who are people of color Malcolm X becomes a contrasting icon to MLK
20. Radicalism and Riots Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Stokely Carmichael, chairman of SNCC, repudiates nonviolence and embraces “black power” and black separatism In 1966, “Black Panthers” organized by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and others as a militant, revolutionary socialist movement for black separatism and nationalism Black Panther slogans: “Get whitey”, “Burn baby, burn”
21. Radicalism and Riots (Cont) Race Riots in major cities from 1964 to 1968 1965 riots in the Watts area of Los Angeles Massive destruction of private property—stores, schools, homes and apartments…etc. Rift begins that begins to strain the traditional political support of Jewish American for black due to growing anti-Semitism of black radicals and targeting of Jewish stores and property in black communities during riots. Radical blacks hostile to the prominent role of Jews in New York public schools
22. Student Radicalism 1962—Establishment of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) led by Tom Hayden Port Huron Statement—universities should be governed through participatory democracy. Called for a “New Left” that counters “American imperialism”, capitalism, traditional bases for authority, traditional family structure and gender roles, traditional curriculum, scholarship and standards of academia. Stresses the vanguard role of youth and socialists in creating “community” and “economic democracy” SDS spinoffs include anti-Communist League for Industrial Democracy, non-violent Worker Student Alliance, communist Progressive Labor Party, the violent Revolutionary Youth Movement and Weather Underground
23. Radicalism SDS calls their cause the Free Speech Movement Berkeley students demand more “relevant” curriculum as well as rule changes such as permission to drink on campus and dorm visits by persons of the opposite sex By 1968, SDS factions called for a “white fighting force” to be allied with the “Black Liberation Movement” to achieve “the destruction of US imperialism and achieve a classless world: world communism.” Radicals fight Chicago police at 1968 Democratic National Convention which becomes a violent mob fight
24. Radicalism Universities across the country were disrupted or closed down by student demonstrations and antiwar (Vietnam) protests Use of explosives at various public sites such as Haymarket Square in Chicago Weather Underground: “Days of Rage” in October, 1969 Violence escalates through 1970
25. Counterculture The “Hippies” Rebellious style of clothes and appearance—long hair, beards, beads, jeans Generational music—Folk/protest music of Joan Baez and Bob Dylan; Rock and Roll—”The Beatles”; “The Rolling Stones”; Jim Morrison; Janis Joplin Communal Living and “free sex” Drugs seen as “expanded consciousness”—use of hallucinogens such as LSD. Prof. Timothy Leary extols virtues of LSD and other drugs to see a “deeper” reality
26. Counterculture Widespread use of marijuana Experimentation with a wide range of mind-altering drugs Inevitably many became addicted or were never able to cope with daily life Growing acceptance of casual sex and multiple partners before marriage (made easier with contraceptives and antibiotics) Renewed feminist movement that challenged all traditional ideas of the role of women’s sexuality and identity Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique Establishment of National Organization of Women (NOW) The iconic event: Woodstock Music Festival
27. The Vietnam War 2.7 million Americans served in Vietnam 58,000 died in the war Kennedy sent “military advisors” and a small contingent of about 16,000 combat troops President Johnson gets formal authority to commit US troops to defend South Vietnam by Congress in the Gulf of Tonkin resolution in 1964 General popular support for defending democracies against Communist aggression in the region
28. The War Escalates Remember the “Flexible Response Doctrine” Prolonged air attacks over North Vietnam—”Operation Rolling Thunder” in 1965 By end of 1965 there are over 185,000 US troops in Vietnam led by General William Westmoreland Incremental increase of troops to 485,000 in 1967 to peak of 540,000 in March, 1969 16,000 had died by this point Nation deeply polarized: Hawks vs. Doves War takes turn for the worse due to N. Vietnam’s successful Tet Offensive in 1969
29. War Protests Increasingly angry and violent war protests Some protestors even target returning veterans Peace Movement allies with some counterculture—”Make Love, Not War” Public opinion divided. Many believe the failure of US policy is due to its incremental nature and failure to use overwhelming force Country experiences inflation because of both new domestic spending and expenses of war LBJ is unpopular and demoralized Protesters chant outside White House: “Hey, hey, LBJ—how many kids did you kill today LBJ decides NOT to run for another term in 1968
30. Election of 1968 Democrats nominate VP Hubert Humphrey to head the ticket at raucous Convention with riots outside the Conventional Hall Senator Robert Kennedy had been assassinated after winning the California primary Governor George Wallace tapped into white resentment over civil rights and racial violence as well as those offended by the Counterculture Richard Nixon reemerges to become the Republican nominee Nixon wins election.