Chapter 25
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The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about biological concepts related to tissues and temperature regulation in organisms. The questions cover topics like endothermy vs ectothermy, characteristics of different tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve), and the functions of specific tissues like cartilage and tendons. The questions are from a biology textbook chapter on tissues and temperature regulation in animals.
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1. D
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4. B
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8. E
9. B
10. C
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12. A
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. B
17. B
18, E
19. A
20. A
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4. B
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4. Genetics, meiosis, mitosis, DNA and sexual vs. asexual reproduction in organisms.
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The document contains 20 multiple choice questions about organic molecules and chemical reactions. It tests knowledge of key biomolecules like enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Several questions focus on functional groups that are important for biochemical reactions, including hydroxyl, phosphate, carboxyl and sulfhydryl groups. The document also covers topics like polymerization, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis reactions.
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The document proposes using nanotechnology to design biocomputers called nanites to treat Parkinson's disease. The nanites would be less than 10 micrometers in size and target the neuromuscular junction to restore muscle function in Parkinson's patients. The goals are to control muscle function, determine how to program and power the nanites, and evaluate them safely through clinical trials to drastically improve the lives of Parkinson's patients without side effects.
Section 3 - Chemistry
The document outlines various facts about chemistry and biology. It discusses that all living things must adapt, get energy, reproduce and be made of cells. It also explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons and that protons and neutrons are in the nucleus while electrons orbit. Additionally, it notes the three types of bonds - hydrogen, ionic and covalent - and provides facts about water chemistry including its chemical formula and polarity.
Section 2 - Scientific Method
The document provides information on scientific equipment, measurement units, the scientific method, experimental design, and graphing. It defines common lab tools like graduated cylinders, pipettes, and microscopes. It explains units of measurement for mass, length, and temperature. It describes the key parts of the scientific method and experimental design, including the importance of controls, placebos, independent and dependent variables. It also gives brief descriptions of line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts.
Section 8 - Cell Reproduction
The document summarizes key facts about cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis (M phase including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Mitosis divides the cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells. Fertilization fuses gametes to form a diploid zygote and restart the cell cycle.
Section 9 - Genetics
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted early experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes) and that some traits are dominant over others. He developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment to describe inheritance patterns. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and he is considered the father of genetics.
Section 7 - Cell Energy
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are essentially reverse processes.
Section 4 - Biochemistry
This document provides 40 factoids about organic chemistry and biochemistry. It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds produced by living things. It notes that organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and that polymers are macromolecules made of monomers. The four main macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It also provides details on the composition and examples of each macromolecule, as well as enzymes, substrates, active sites, and how pH and temperature can denature enzymes.
Section 1 - Tools of Science and Lab Safety
A graduated cylinder is used to accurately measure volume, with the meniscus read from the center of the curve at the liquid's surface. Other common measurement tools include pipettes, burettes, and syringes, while test tubes, beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are used to store liquids rather than measure. Standard units of measurement include grams for mass measured using a triple beam balance, meters for length typically using a meter stick, and degrees Celsius for temperature referring to molecular motion speed.
Human Evolution
The document summarizes the Hall of Human Origins exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural Science, listing several early human species from Australopithecus afarensis to modern Homo sapiens. It provides web addresses for more information on the museum exhibit and external resources about human evolution from PBS, NOVA, and the National Science Teachers Association.
Professional Portfolio
Wesley McCammon is an experienced science teacher who has received several awards and accolades. He has achieved a 100% passing rate on the Biology I test for 7 years with only one failure. His students' scores consistently rank in the top three in the school district. He emphasizes hands-on labs, technology, and real-world problems in his science curriculum. McCammon has experience using various online tools and platforms in his teaching.
Section7
Cellular energy is stored in ATP, which is made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP through three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain on mitochondrial membranes. Without oxygen, some cells perform anaerobic respiration through lactic acid fermentation in muscles or alcoholic fermentation in yeast. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Section6
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to enter and leave the cell. The phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of cellular transport: passive transport, which moves substances down a concentration gradient without energy, and active transport, which moves substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. The three types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport includes exocytosis, endocytosis, and various pumps.
Section5
This document outlines 64 facts about cellular structure and function, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It notes that prokaryotic cells lack nuclei while eukaryotic cells have nuclei that contain DNA and control the cell's activities. It describes the structures and functions of organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell membrane. It also distinguishes characteristics of plant and animal cells and defines the four basic tissue types, examples of organs, and the 11 human body systems.
Section10
DNA controls the production of proteins in cells and contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents. It is made up of nucleotides that form the shape of a twisted ladder. In 1953, Watson and Crick determined that DNA has a double helix structure. Three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - help in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing DNA and transporting amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is read in groups of three to determine which amino acid each codon codes for.
Section9
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and established the basic principles of genetics through his work.
2. Mendel showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring according to dominant and recessive alleles, and predicted inheritance patterns through experiments and statistical analysis.
3. Key terms and concepts that emerged from Mendel's work include genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and his laws of inheritance. Mendel's findings formed the foundation of classical and modern genetics.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
3) Other influential early evolutionists included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, Charles Lyell who demonstrated the power of geologic forces over long periods, and James Hutton who viewed the Earth as shaped by gradual processes over deep time.
Section13
The document provides 232 factoids about the different kingdoms, phyla, classes and examples of organisms within the Animal Kingdom. It describes the key characteristics of sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and the seven classes within the Chordata phylum. The factoids cover distinguishing features of hagfish, lampreys, sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and the three subclasses of mammals.
Section12
The document discusses the Plant Kingdom and provides facts about different plant divisions. It covers the problems plants face living on land, characteristics of bryophytes, alternation of generations in seedless vascular plants, characteristics of ferns and seed plants, facts about conifers and flowering plants, and characteristics distinguishing monocots from dicots. It also identifies xylem and phloem as the two types of vascular tissue found in plants.
Section11
This document provides 200 facts about taxonomy and the classification of organisms. It discusses the 7 levels of biological classification from kingdom to species. Scientific names use binomial nomenclature, consisting of the genus and species names. Viruses are not considered living organisms and are not classified within the traditional biological taxonomy. The four main kingdoms are Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, and Fungi. Each kingdom has distinguishing characteristics.
Chapter 15 and 16
The document summarizes several biogeochemical cycles including the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. It also discusses ecological succession, population growth, human impacts on ecosystems such as algal blooms, biological magnification, and global warming. Key elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are recycled through these natural processes.
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Chapter 25
- 1. Mader's Concepts in Biology, First Edition Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, InC) Permission required for reproduction or display. Sylvia S. Mader Chapter 25