This document provides a summary of World War I and America's entry into the war. It describes the origins and causes of the war in Europe, including imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It then discusses America's initial neutrality and eventual entry into the war in 1917 after attacks on American shipping. The U.S. mobilized over 4 million troops and helped turn the tide of war in 1918 with victories at Chateau-Thierry and in the Meuse-Argonne region. Germany requested an armistice in October 1918 based on President Wilson's 14 Points, bringing an end to the war.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were able to turn the tide of war and force Germany to sign an armistice in 1918. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany in an attempt to prevent future aggression but ultimately helped pave the way for WWII.
This document provides a summary of World War I and America's entry into the war. It describes the origins and causes of the war in Europe, including imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It then discusses America's initial neutrality and eventual entry into the war in 1917 after attacks on American shipping. The U.S. mobilized over 4 million troops and helped turn the tide of war in 1918 through battles like Chateau-Thierry and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Finally, facing defeat, Germany requested an armistice in October 1918 to end the war based on President Wilson's 14 Points, bringing an end to over four years of devastating global conflict.
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The document summarizes key aspects of World War 1, including its causes, timeline of events, battles, weapons used, and conclusion. It discusses long-term causes like imperialism, nationalism, and military alliances. It outlines important battles like Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Verdun. Key figures involved are described, such as Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination precipitated the war, and Woodrow Wilson, who led the US entry. The document also summarizes America's mobilization efforts and how the war concluded with the Treaty of Versailles.
This document provides background information on World War I and its global impacts. It discusses the long term and short term causes of WWI in Europe, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. It describes the key events and battles in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. New military technologies are outlined. The document also examines the home fronts during the war, the Russian Revolution, American entry into the war, and the peace settlements after 1918. It analyzes the rise of nationalism in colonies in Africa, Asia, and India in the aftermath of the war. In particular, it focuses on the growth of the Indian independence movement and the emergence of Gandhi as a leader.
The document summarizes key events and aspects of World War 1 from the American perspective. It discusses the major causes of WWI, the alliances that formed, key events that led the US to join the war such as the sinking of the Lusitania, and America's involvement in the war through the establishment of the AEF led by General Pershing. It also covers aspects of the home front such as propaganda efforts, restrictions on civil liberties, and anti-German sentiment. President Wilson sought to establish lasting peace through his 14 Points program.
The document summarizes key events related to World War I and its aftermath. It describes how nationalism, imperialism, and militarism contributed to tensions between European powers. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing other countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats attacked American ships. After mobilizing troops and industry, American forces arrived in Europe in 1917 and helped the Allies defeat Germany by 1918. However, the Treaty of Versailles establishing peace was rejected by the U.S. Senate.
World War 1 started in 1914 in Europe due to rising nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances that pulled nations into war. The U.S. remained neutral until 1917 when German attacks on merchant ships and the Zimmerman Telegram led the U.S. to join the Allies. After the war, President Wilson's Fourteen Points and League of Nations proposal failed due to isolationist sentiment in the U.S., which rejected the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were able to turn the tide of war and force Germany to sign an armistice in 1918. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany in an attempt to prevent future aggression but ultimately helped pave the way for WWII.
This document provides a summary of World War I and America's entry into the war. It describes the origins and causes of the war in Europe, including imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It then discusses America's initial neutrality and eventual entry into the war in 1917 after attacks on American shipping. The U.S. mobilized over 4 million troops and helped turn the tide of war in 1918 through battles like Chateau-Thierry and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Finally, facing defeat, Germany requested an armistice in October 1918 to end the war based on President Wilson's 14 Points, bringing an end to over four years of devastating global conflict.
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The document summarizes key aspects of World War 1, including its causes, timeline of events, battles, weapons used, and conclusion. It discusses long-term causes like imperialism, nationalism, and military alliances. It outlines important battles like Somme, Vimy Ridge, and Verdun. Key figures involved are described, such as Archduke Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination precipitated the war, and Woodrow Wilson, who led the US entry. The document also summarizes America's mobilization efforts and how the war concluded with the Treaty of Versailles.
This document provides background information on World War I and its global impacts. It discusses the long term and short term causes of WWI in Europe, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. It describes the key events and battles in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. New military technologies are outlined. The document also examines the home fronts during the war, the Russian Revolution, American entry into the war, and the peace settlements after 1918. It analyzes the rise of nationalism in colonies in Africa, Asia, and India in the aftermath of the war. In particular, it focuses on the growth of the Indian independence movement and the emergence of Gandhi as a leader.
The document summarizes key events and aspects of World War 1 from the American perspective. It discusses the major causes of WWI, the alliances that formed, key events that led the US to join the war such as the sinking of the Lusitania, and America's involvement in the war through the establishment of the AEF led by General Pershing. It also covers aspects of the home front such as propaganda efforts, restrictions on civil liberties, and anti-German sentiment. President Wilson sought to establish lasting peace through his 14 Points program.
The document summarizes key events related to World War I and its aftermath. It describes how nationalism, imperialism, and militarism contributed to tensions between European powers. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing other countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats attacked American ships. After mobilizing troops and industry, American forces arrived in Europe in 1917 and helped the Allies defeat Germany by 1918. However, the Treaty of Versailles establishing peace was rejected by the U.S. Senate.
World War 1 started in 1914 in Europe due to rising nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances that pulled nations into war. The U.S. remained neutral until 1917 when German attacks on merchant ships and the Zimmerman Telegram led the U.S. to join the Allies. After the war, President Wilson's Fourteen Points and League of Nations proposal failed due to isolationist sentiment in the U.S., which rejected the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League.
Section 1 discusses how the US adopted imperialist policies in the Caribbean and Asia during the progressive era to expand its economic and political influence overseas. Section 2 outlines the origins and stalemate of WWI in Europe and the struggle for US neutrality. Section 3 covers America's mobilization and contribution to the Allied war effort. Section 4 explains how Wilson's vision for postwar peace with the League of Nations was undermined by European self-interest at Versailles and rejection by isolationists in the US Senate.
The document provides background information on the status of the United States after World War I, the rise of fascist dictators like Mussolini and Hitler in the 1930s, America's isolationist policies including neutrality acts, and key events leading up to World War II. It discusses America's non-interventionist "Good Neighbor Policy", Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Germany's annexation of territories through appeasement, and the debate in the US over isolationism versus internationalism as war engulfed Europe.
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
The document summarizes the key events leading up to and during World War I and the United States' involvement. It describes how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling in allies on both sides. While the US initially remained neutral, attacks on American ships by German U-boats and the discovery of a German plot with Mexico turned public opinion against Germany. President Wilson asked Congress to declare war in April 1917. Over 4 million American troops were deployed, known as the American Expeditionary Forces, who arrived on the Western Front in mid-1918 and helped secure an Allied victory before the war ended on November 11, 1918.
2312 12 Ground US in WWI and Early InterwarDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of America's involvement in World War I from its outbreak to the end of the war and aftermath. It discusses how Americans reacted to the initial fighting in Europe and Wilson's goal of neutrality. It describes how US economic and military involvement increased over time, from lucrative trade to direct entry into battle in 1918 which helped shift the war's momentum in favor of the Allies. The document concludes with notes on Wilson's Fourteen Points plan and the Paris Peace Conference that negotiated the post-war treaties.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It also discusses the initial neutrality of the US before its entry into the war in 1917 due to events like the sinking of the Lusitania passenger ship and the Zimmerman Telegram. After joining the Allies, the US mobilized its economy and military under President Wilson. Though Wilson advocated for post-war peace through the League of Nations, the US ultimately adopted a policy of isolationism and rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
1) The document outlines several key causes that led to the start of WWII, including the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and the failure of the League of Nations to stop aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan.
2) It then describes the political and military situations in Germany, Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the US in the late 1930s.
3) The outbreak of war is traced from Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which brought the US fully into the war.
The document summarizes key events around America's entry into World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. It outlines the major theaters of the war in both Europe and the Pacific, including important turning point battles like Midway, Stalingrad, and North Africa. It also discusses major Allied conferences like Casablanca and Yalta, and Allied operations in Europe such as D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
This document provides an overview of the evolution of warfare from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the concept of total war seen in ancient civilizations, where military action extended beyond soldiers to target civilians. Over time, rules and limitations emerged through concepts like just war theory, which aimed to protect non-combatants. The document then outlines key changes in warfare, such as the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in the 1600s and the rise of large national armies during the Napoleonic Wars that relied on civilian support. It analyzes how warfare has attempted to become more civilized over time.
The document provides a detailed overview of World War II, including:
1) Key dates from 1939-1945 when major events unfolded such as Germany invading Poland in 1939 and the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
2) The major players in the war including the Allied powers of the UK, US, Soviet Union, and others against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, Japan and others.
3) Statistics on the enormous human and financial costs of the war including over 50 million deaths and the US debt increasing from $9 billion to $98 billion.
His 122 ch 24 america and the great war fall 2013dcyw1112
Wilson had no foreign policy experience but sought to "spread democracy around the world" through idealistic diplomacy. This led to interventions in Mexico following incidents there. At the same time, European alliances had formed that pulled nations into World War I following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany declared war on Russia and France, invading Belgium which drew Britain into the war. The conflict quickly resulted in trench warfare and a stalemate on the Western Front. Wilson kept the US out of the war initially but American entry in 1917 helped shift momentum to the Allies.
The document summarizes America's entry into World War I from neutrality to declaring war in April 1917. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of American ships by German U-boats, especially the Lusitania disaster, and the Zimmerman Telegram, which proposed a German alliance with Mexico if the US entered the war. Over 2 million American troops were deployed to Europe led by General Pershing, tipping the balance in favor of the Allies, though they faced modern weapons and hazardous conditions in trench warfare.
The document outlines key events leading up to and during World War 1 and their effects on the USA:
1) Several alliances were formed in Europe in the late 19th/early 20th century increasing tensions prior to WW1.
2) World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Bosnian revolutionary.
3) The USA initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and killed American citizens.
4) With the addition of American troops and resources, the Central Powers collapsed and an armistice was signed in 1918 ending World War 1.
World War II began in 1935 as Germany and Japan aggressively expanded their territories in violation of treaties from World War I. Adolf Hitler instituted a military buildup in Germany and remilitarized the Rhineland, alarming other European nations. Germany then annexed Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, showing that the policy of appeasement was emboldening German aggression. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, marking the start of World War II in Europe. Japan also aggressively expanded in Asia, invading Manchuria in 1931 and engaging in a full-scale war with China from 1937. In 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war against Germany and Japan. Over
The document summarizes the events leading up to World War I. It describes the complex web of alliances between European powers and how these shifted over time. It then details the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife by a Serbian nationalist, which served as the spark that ignited World War I due to existing tensions between the great powers.
This document contains notes and materials from a history lesson on the causes of World War II and the United States' entry into the war. It includes key terms, objectives, and information on factors like fascism, totalitarianism, the Treaty of Versailles, appeasement, and Axis powers aggression. It also discusses the United States' initial isolationism and neutrality acts, as well as events like Pearl Harbor that eventually led the US into the war. Quizzes and assessments are announced to help students prepare for tests on this content.
Eastern Europe has diverse physical and cultural geography. The region contains flat plains, mountain ranges, seas, and rivers. It has a variety of climates and vegetation types. The Baltic coast has dense forests and cold weather while the Balkan coast has a Mediterranean climate. The region has been influenced by many groups throughout history, including Slavs, Romans, and Ottomans. Languages, religions, and customs vary significantly across Eastern Europe. The countries now face challenges rebuilding their economies after Soviet rule.
The document summarizes the key events and reforms of the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. It describes the rise of political corruption and the influence of big business that spurred calls for reform. Key reforms included civil service laws, antitrust acts, women's suffrage, conservation efforts, consumer protections, and the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson supported many of these reforms through new laws and constitutional amendments. Women played an increasing role in reform movements and campaigns for women's rights during this period.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and its geography, economy, and way of life. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egyptian civilization by flooding annually and depositing fertile soil. Egyptians developed agricultural techniques like irrigation canals and shadoofs to control the floods and farm the rich land. Society was organized around farming and trade, with specialized jobs like priests, artisans, traders, and slaves. Egyptians also made advances in areas like math, science, medicine, and writing. They had a positive view of the afterlife and developed elaborate burial rituals like mummification to prepare the dead for the next world.
The British Isles are made up of two countries: the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). The Celts first arrived in 450 BC, settling in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Later, the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings established small kingdoms from the 400s to 1000s AD. The Normans subsequently conquered England in the 11th century. The UK's strong economy and navy allowed it to build a vast global empire. However, independence movements in Ireland and other colonies weakened the UK in the 1900s. Today, tensions continue in Northern Ireland between the Protestant majority and Catholic minority over whether the region should remain part of the UK or join the Republic of Ireland.
Section 1 discusses how the US adopted imperialist policies in the Caribbean and Asia during the progressive era to expand its economic and political influence overseas. Section 2 outlines the origins and stalemate of WWI in Europe and the struggle for US neutrality. Section 3 covers America's mobilization and contribution to the Allied war effort. Section 4 explains how Wilson's vision for postwar peace with the League of Nations was undermined by European self-interest at Versailles and rejection by isolationists in the US Senate.
The document provides background information on the status of the United States after World War I, the rise of fascist dictators like Mussolini and Hitler in the 1930s, America's isolationist policies including neutrality acts, and key events leading up to World War II. It discusses America's non-interventionist "Good Neighbor Policy", Japan's invasion of Manchuria, Germany's annexation of territories through appeasement, and the debate in the US over isolationism versus internationalism as war engulfed Europe.
The document provides background information on World War I, including long term causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism which led European powers to build up their armed forces and form alliances that pulled them into war. It discusses key events that sparked the war such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and how Germany's invasion of Belgium drew other European countries into the war. The document also examines how new military technologies and America's entry into the war in 1917 helped bring about an Allied victory.
The document summarizes the key events leading up to and during World War I and the United States' involvement. It describes how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, pulling in allies on both sides. While the US initially remained neutral, attacks on American ships by German U-boats and the discovery of a German plot with Mexico turned public opinion against Germany. President Wilson asked Congress to declare war in April 1917. Over 4 million American troops were deployed, known as the American Expeditionary Forces, who arrived on the Western Front in mid-1918 and helped secure an Allied victory before the war ended on November 11, 1918.
2312 12 Ground US in WWI and Early InterwarDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of America's involvement in World War I from its outbreak to the end of the war and aftermath. It discusses how Americans reacted to the initial fighting in Europe and Wilson's goal of neutrality. It describes how US economic and military involvement increased over time, from lucrative trade to direct entry into battle in 1918 which helped shift the war's momentum in favor of the Allies. The document concludes with notes on Wilson's Fourteen Points plan and the Paris Peace Conference that negotiated the post-war treaties.
This document provides context on America's status after WWI, including its isolationist stance. It discusses FDR's foreign policy approach and his "Good Neighbor" policy in Latin America. It outlines the rise of dictators like Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, and factors that contributed to Hitler's rise to power. It discusses European appeasement of Hitler and failures of the League of Nations. It also summarizes events in Asia, including Japan's invasion of Manchuria in the 1930s.
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1: nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system. It also discusses the initial neutrality of the US before its entry into the war in 1917 due to events like the sinking of the Lusitania passenger ship and the Zimmerman Telegram. After joining the Allies, the US mobilized its economy and military under President Wilson. Though Wilson advocated for post-war peace through the League of Nations, the US ultimately adopted a policy of isolationism and rejected the Treaty of Versailles.
1) The document outlines several key causes that led to the start of WWII, including the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and the failure of the League of Nations to stop aggression by Germany, Italy, and Japan.
2) It then describes the political and military situations in Germany, Italy, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the US in the late 1930s.
3) The outbreak of war is traced from Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, which brought the US fully into the war.
The document summarizes key events around America's entry into World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. It outlines the major theaters of the war in both Europe and the Pacific, including important turning point battles like Midway, Stalingrad, and North Africa. It also discusses major Allied conferences like Casablanca and Yalta, and Allied operations in Europe such as D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge.
Found at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CC8QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myhistoryclass.net%2Fpowerpoint%2Fchapter_17_powerpt.ppt&ei=r3BhU9rhMKfKsQTFi4CwBA&usg=AFQjCNHjwTnHrPt4eeMySYNnhttevFTJEQ&bvm=bv.65636070,d.cWc&cad=rja
Added in some slides and information
This document provides an overview of the evolution of warfare from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the concept of total war seen in ancient civilizations, where military action extended beyond soldiers to target civilians. Over time, rules and limitations emerged through concepts like just war theory, which aimed to protect non-combatants. The document then outlines key changes in warfare, such as the distinction between combatants and non-combatants in the 1600s and the rise of large national armies during the Napoleonic Wars that relied on civilian support. It analyzes how warfare has attempted to become more civilized over time.
The document provides a detailed overview of World War II, including:
1) Key dates from 1939-1945 when major events unfolded such as Germany invading Poland in 1939 and the US dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
2) The major players in the war including the Allied powers of the UK, US, Soviet Union, and others against the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, Japan and others.
3) Statistics on the enormous human and financial costs of the war including over 50 million deaths and the US debt increasing from $9 billion to $98 billion.
His 122 ch 24 america and the great war fall 2013dcyw1112
Wilson had no foreign policy experience but sought to "spread democracy around the world" through idealistic diplomacy. This led to interventions in Mexico following incidents there. At the same time, European alliances had formed that pulled nations into World War I following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany declared war on Russia and France, invading Belgium which drew Britain into the war. The conflict quickly resulted in trench warfare and a stalemate on the Western Front. Wilson kept the US out of the war initially but American entry in 1917 helped shift momentum to the Allies.
The document summarizes America's entry into World War I from neutrality to declaring war in April 1917. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of American ships by German U-boats, especially the Lusitania disaster, and the Zimmerman Telegram, which proposed a German alliance with Mexico if the US entered the war. Over 2 million American troops were deployed to Europe led by General Pershing, tipping the balance in favor of the Allies, though they faced modern weapons and hazardous conditions in trench warfare.
The document outlines key events leading up to and during World War 1 and their effects on the USA:
1) Several alliances were formed in Europe in the late 19th/early 20th century increasing tensions prior to WW1.
2) World War 1 began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Bosnian revolutionary.
3) The USA initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and killed American citizens.
4) With the addition of American troops and resources, the Central Powers collapsed and an armistice was signed in 1918 ending World War 1.
World War II began in 1935 as Germany and Japan aggressively expanded their territories in violation of treaties from World War I. Adolf Hitler instituted a military buildup in Germany and remilitarized the Rhineland, alarming other European nations. Germany then annexed Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia, showing that the policy of appeasement was emboldening German aggression. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war, marking the start of World War II in Europe. Japan also aggressively expanded in Asia, invading Manchuria in 1931 and engaging in a full-scale war with China from 1937. In 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into the war against Germany and Japan. Over
The document summarizes the events leading up to World War I. It describes the complex web of alliances between European powers and how these shifted over time. It then details the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife by a Serbian nationalist, which served as the spark that ignited World War I due to existing tensions between the great powers.
This document contains notes and materials from a history lesson on the causes of World War II and the United States' entry into the war. It includes key terms, objectives, and information on factors like fascism, totalitarianism, the Treaty of Versailles, appeasement, and Axis powers aggression. It also discusses the United States' initial isolationism and neutrality acts, as well as events like Pearl Harbor that eventually led the US into the war. Quizzes and assessments are announced to help students prepare for tests on this content.
Eastern Europe has diverse physical and cultural geography. The region contains flat plains, mountain ranges, seas, and rivers. It has a variety of climates and vegetation types. The Baltic coast has dense forests and cold weather while the Balkan coast has a Mediterranean climate. The region has been influenced by many groups throughout history, including Slavs, Romans, and Ottomans. Languages, religions, and customs vary significantly across Eastern Europe. The countries now face challenges rebuilding their economies after Soviet rule.
The document summarizes the key events and reforms of the Progressive Era in the United States from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. It describes the rise of political corruption and the influence of big business that spurred calls for reform. Key reforms included civil service laws, antitrust acts, women's suffrage, conservation efforts, consumer protections, and the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition. Progressive presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson supported many of these reforms through new laws and constitutional amendments. Women played an increasing role in reform movements and campaigns for women's rights during this period.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and its geography, economy, and way of life. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egyptian civilization by flooding annually and depositing fertile soil. Egyptians developed agricultural techniques like irrigation canals and shadoofs to control the floods and farm the rich land. Society was organized around farming and trade, with specialized jobs like priests, artisans, traders, and slaves. Egyptians also made advances in areas like math, science, medicine, and writing. They had a positive view of the afterlife and developed elaborate burial rituals like mummification to prepare the dead for the next world.
The British Isles are made up of two countries: the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). The Celts first arrived in 450 BC, settling in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Later, the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings established small kingdoms from the 400s to 1000s AD. The Normans subsequently conquered England in the 11th century. The UK's strong economy and navy allowed it to build a vast global empire. However, independence movements in Ireland and other colonies weakened the UK in the 1900s. Today, tensions continue in Northern Ireland between the Protestant majority and Catholic minority over whether the region should remain part of the UK or join the Republic of Ireland.
The document discusses the origins and early history of the Hebrew people. It describes how Abraham was chosen by God to be the father of the Hebrews and led his family from Ur to the Promised Land of Canaan around 1800 BC. The Hebrews believed in monotheism and the religion of Judaism. After a famine, the Israelites went to Egypt but were later enslaved; Moses then led them out of Egypt to Mount Sinai, where they received the Ten Commandments from God. Joshua then led the Israelites back to Canaan to reclaim the land, which took 200 years as the 12 tribes fought the local rulers and established themselves as farmers and herders in the divided land, guided during this time by
The document provides details about life in the United States during the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment that reached 25% as many industries declined. President Hoover initially responded through voluntary programs but the economic situation continued to deteriorate. When Franklin Roosevelt became president in 1933, he worked with Congress to pass New Deal programs that focused on relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal provided jobs through programs like the CCC and WPA and sought to reform the financial system through agencies and acts. However, the Depression had severe impacts and the New Deal faced obstacles from the Supreme Court and other critics.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document summarizes the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of North Africa. It describes the region's location between the Atlantic Ocean and Red Sea, with the Sahara desert to the south. It notes the importance of the Nile River in supporting agriculture and civilization in Egypt. The history section outlines the major civilizations and periods of control by Europeans and Arabs. Culture is unified by the Arabic language and Islam religion, with regional variations in foods, festivals, art, and literature. Current challenges include limited resources, poverty, and tensions between secular and Islamic influences in government.
The Golden Age of Athens began after their victory over the Persians in the Persian Wars in the late 5th century BC. This led to a period of cultural and intellectual achievement for Athens under the leadership of Pericles. However, tensions grew between Athens and Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian War from 431-404 BC, which devastated Athens and ended the Golden Age. Thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle continued to influence philosophy and education.
The Reconstruction era came to an end in 1877 as a result of several factors: declining support for Radical Republican policies of protecting African American rights, scandals in President Grant's administration that hurt Republican credibility, and the desire of both Northerners and Southerners to remove federal troops from the South. Republicans and Democrats made a deal in which Rutherford B. Hayes would become president if he agreed to remove troops, effectively ending Reconstruction. Once federal oversight ended, Southern states passed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise African Americans and enforce racial segregation, denying them political power and civil rights.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt and Kush, including their geography, economy, and social structure. It discusses how the fertile land along the Nile River supported the growth of cities and the development of specialized jobs. It describes important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, the first female pharaoh, and Akhenaten, who introduced reforms. The pyramid builders are highlighted, with details on the construction of structures like the Great Pyramid under Pharaoh Kufu.
The document discusses the expansion of industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s. Key developments included the discovery of natural resources which fueled industry, the use of tariffs to protect American industry, and technological innovations like steel production. Industries like oil, railroads, electricity, communications, and automobiles grew rapidly. Large corporations and monopolies formed, led by entrepreneurs and financed by bankers, though working conditions were often poor. Unions struggled to gain influence among the growing urban workforce.
The Emancipation Proclamation freed enslaved people in Confederate states in 1863. Lincoln had initially wanted to preserve the Union without ending slavery. However, the Proclamation changed the war's focus to ending slavery and dashed Britain's hopes of allying with the Confederacy. It motivated African Americans to support the Union war effort, with over 180,000 serving as soldiers and sailors despite facing discrimination. The Proclamation began to end slavery nationwide and weaken the Confederacy's economy and military.
Australia and New Zealand were first settled by Aboriginal and Maori people thousands of years ago. They were later colonized by Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Both countries have diverse climates and landscapes, and are wealthy, developed nations today. The Pacific Islands have a variety of climates and were some of the last places settled by humans, resulting in unique cultures. Antarctica is a frozen continent covered in ice and home only to research stations, with climate research being a major focus.
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and empires that arose in Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent region between 6000 BC and 500 BC. It describes how the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created fertile land for agriculture. Sumerian city-states like Ur and Babylon emerged around 3500 BC, with priests taking on political and religious leadership roles. Kingship and empires followed, including the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian empires, which controlled neighboring lands and instituted governance systems to administer their multi-ethnic territories.
The document provides an overview of the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of West Africa. It describes the key landforms and climates of the plains and highlands. It discusses important kingdoms that arose in the region as well as the transatlantic slave trade that devastated communities. Today, West African countries face challenges of poverty, population growth, and political instability as they develop their economies through agriculture, resources, and tourism. Nigeria stands out as the most populous country with a growing economy based on oil exports.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the fighting. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. American troops played a key role in helping the Allies defeat Germany by late 1918. The war ended with an armistice and the punitive Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. Over 10 million soldiers died making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists increased tensions between allies over imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. Over 20 countries were eventually involved in the war, with the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia fighting against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. After initial quick fighting, the war settled into brutal trench warfare with new technologies increasing casualties. The U.S. initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 by German attacks on merchant ships and the Zimmermann Telegram proposing a German-Mexican alliance against America.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists increased tensions between allies over imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. Over 20 countries were eventually involved in the war, dividing into the Allied powers of France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States, versus the Central powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. After initial quick offensives failed, fighting settled into brutal trench warfare with new technologies increasing casualties. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram outraged American public opinion.
World War I began in 1914 and involved many of the major world powers. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system all contributed to the outbreak of war. The US initially remained neutral but was drawn into the conflict in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram. Over 4 million American troops were deployed to Europe. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were finally able to gain the upper hand, leading to the Central Powers' defeat in late 1918.
The document discusses key details about World War 1, including when it took place from 1914-1918, the countries involved, and the long and short term causes. It also discusses America's initial isolationism, what eventually convinced the US to join the war in 1917, including German submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram. The US then helped supply the Allies with troops, money and resources to aid their efforts and turn the tide of the war. The war had social impacts on the US such as more women working and African Americans migrating north.
The document discusses key details about World War 1, including when it took place from 1914-1918, the major countries involved, and why the US initially did not join. It then explains the key events that eventually led the US to enter the war in 1917, such as German submarine warfare and the sinking of passenger ships. The document also summarizes how the war impacted the US through changes like women filling new jobs and the post-war push for women's suffrage.
The document discusses the causes of World War 1, including militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and the system of alliances that developed between European powers. It also describes trench warfare and reasons for US entry into the war, such as the sinking of the Lusitania passenger ship. The war ended with an Allied victory in November 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles imposed punitive terms on Germany.
World War I began in 1914 in Europe and eventually involved many countries around the world, including the United States. There were several long-term causes of the war, including nationalism, militarism, the alliance system, and imperialism. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to threaten war against Serbia, dividing Europe into the Allied and Central Powers. The U.S. initially remained neutral but factors like attacks on U.S. shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram drew the country into the war in 1917. New military technologies led to brutal trench warfare stalemates. The U.S. sent troops under General Pershing and helped turn the tide of the war, which ended with an
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. The US initially remained neutral under President Woodrow Wilson's leadership. However, Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which resulted in American deaths, led the US to enter the war in 1917. Over 2 million American troops were deployed to Europe. New military technologies like tanks and airplanes were introduced. Germany surrendered in November 1918 after a massive American attack. The Treaty of Versailles after the war was unpopular as it imposed harsh terms on Germany.
1) European countries had industrialized and built up large armies and navies in the late 19th/early 20th century, and were engaged in imperialism and naval arms races, fueling nationalism and tensions.
2) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing in allies on both sides through a system of alliances and causing World War I to break out in 1914.
3) Germany launched a plan to quickly defeat France, but trench warfare ensued and the war dragged on, ultimately drawing the US into the war in 1917 after attacks on US shipping.
World War I began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. The major causes included imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and a system of alliances that divided Europe into two opposing sides. The war resulted in trench warfare and new military technologies. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. After mobilizing over 4 million troops, American involvement helped the Allies defeat Germany in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for the war but its terms sowed resentment and instability in Europe.
The document provides background information on World War I and its aftermath. It discusses the various causes of WWI, including nationalism, militarism, and alliances. It then describes how the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand led countries to take sides and declare war on each other. The war resulted in millions of casualties and heavy fighting in trenches. After huge costs, the war ended in 1918 and led to the restructuring of Europe and collapse of empires. The Treaty of Versailles imposed punishments on Germany but was ultimately unsatisfying and contributed to tensions.
This document provides an overview of World War I and the key events that led to the US entry into the war in 1917. It discusses the rise of nationalism, imperialism, and militarism in Europe in the early 20th century. Tensions escalated after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and the formation of allied powers on both sides. The US initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 after Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram. American forces played a key role in helping the allies achieve victory by late 1918.
World War I began in 1914 due to rising nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and systems of alliances between European powers. The immediate cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists. The US initially remained neutral but was drawn into the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American merchant shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the US. The addition of American troops and resources helped the Allies defeat the Central Powers by 1918. Over 20 million people died making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.
The document summarizes the key events and causes of World War 1. It describes the rise of imperialism and nationalism in Europe, the system of alliances that drew countries into war, and major battles like trench warfare. It also discusses America's initial neutrality and eventual entry into the war in 1917 after attacks on U.S. shipping. The aftermath included the harsh Treaty of Versailles and Wilson's failed attempt to establish the League of Nations.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War 1:
Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system caused rising tensions in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignited war after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the alliances pulled other nations into conflict. Over 4 years of brutal trench warfare ensued with new weapons and massive casualties, until American entry into the war in 1917 tipped the balance, and Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918, ending World War 1.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War 1:
Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system caused rising tensions in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignited war after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the alliances pulled other nations into conflict. Over 4 years of brutal trench warfare ensued with new weapons and massive casualties, until American entry into the war in 1917 tipped the balance, and Germany surrendered on November 11, 1918, ending World War 1.
The First World War was caused by rising nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and a complex system of alliances that drew European powers into conflict. While the U.S. initially remained neutral, unrestricted German submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram drew America into the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies. The addition of American troops and resources helped tip the balance in favor of the Allies, leading to the defeat of Germany and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. However, the harsh treaty terms humiliated Germany and failed to achieve a lasting peace in Europe.
The document discusses the role of the U.S. during World War I. Initially, President Wilson proclaimed neutrality. However, Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare threatened U.S. trade and lives. The intercepted Zimmerman Telegram also increased tensions. In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war to "make the world safe for democracy." The U.S. mobilized troops and supplies to support the Allies, who were struggling by 1918. American involvement helped shift the war in favor of the Allies, and Germany surrendered in November 1918.
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and development of religions in ancient India. It describes the physical features of India, including the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains and major rivers. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization and the later Vedic civilization brought by Aryan migrations. The document also outlines the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism, the rise and spread of these religions under empires like the Maurya and Gupta, and their continuing legacy today.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The geography of Greece, including its mountainous landscape and lack of natural resources, made unity and trade difficult but also fostered the development of seafaring and city-states.
2) Greek society was organized around the city-state and centered on religion, mythology, and honoring the gods through festivals and the Olympics. Early literature like the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aesop's Fables were also important cultural influences.
3) Athens developed one of the earliest forms of democracy through reforms that increased citizen participation and distributed power, moving from monarchy to limited democracy
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape divided the region into small areas and made unity difficult. It discusses the rise of independent city-states and different forms of government, including monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and tyrannies. It focuses on reforms in Athens that established a limited direct democracy, where male citizens voted directly on laws.
The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It discusses:
1) The founding of Rome in 753 BC by the twins Romulus and Remus according to legend, with Romulus killing Remus and tracing the city boundaries around Palatine Hill.
2) How the Etruscans conquered Rome in the 600s BC but the Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings to regain self-rule, marking the beginnings of the Roman Republic.
3) How Rome was established on seven hills along the Tiber River for its strategic location and fertile farmland, and grew from a city to a large empire over centuries of expansion.
The United States expanded its overseas interests between 1853-1915. In 1853, Commodore Perry opened trade with Japan through force. The U.S. later purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 1800s, expansionists argued the U.S. needed new frontiers overseas for economic growth and to spread American values. This contributed to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. then built the Panama Canal between 1904-1914 to further economic and military interests in Latin America and Asia.
The document summarizes the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus around 753 BC and established on Palatine Hill. Over subsequent centuries, Rome grew from a city to a large empire through expansion across the Italian peninsula and defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. The early Roman Republic established a tripartite government consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive branches to govern the growing city-state.
Ancient China was shaped by its geography. The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supported agriculture and civilization, while surrounding deserts and mountains isolated China. Three influential philosophies emerged during a period of conflict: Legalism emphasized strong government and law; Confucianism focused on social harmony through respect and proper conduct; Daoism viewed nature and individual harmony as most important. The Qin and Han dynasties unified China under centralized rule, expanding the empire while adopting elements of Chinese culture. The Silk Road opened trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and religions like Buddhism across Asia and into Europe. Chinese innovations in agriculture, paper, and silk had lasting global impacts.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt and the Kush civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land for agriculture. Egyptian society was organized around pharaoh rule and religion, with jobs including farmers, craftspeople, traders, and priests. Major accomplishments were early forms of writing, math, and science. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of pyramid building under pharaohs like Kufu. The New Kingdom was a period of Egyptian power under rulers like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. To the south, the kingdom of Kush also rose in power at times controlling Egypt.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but began settling into permanent villages around 10,000 years ago as agriculture developed. Farming allowed for food surpluses which supported larger populations and more complex societies with specialized workers. One such early complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, which had over 8,000 residents and evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, trade, and occupational specialization. The development of permanent settlements and agriculture marked a major transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 19th century. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and facilitated further settlement. Farming on the plains was difficult due to scarce water and unpredictable weather, and many homesteaders could not last the required 5 years to own their land. Native Americans struggled as settlers and loss of buffalo encroached on their traditional lands and way of life.
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 1800s. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and further accelerated settlement. Native Americans struggled as settlers encroached on their lands, breaking treaties. Battles like the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee marked the decline of Native cultures. At the same time, cattle ranching became a major industry on the open range of the West.
The document summarizes Reconstruction and the New South after the Civil War. It describes the huge problems in the South after the war ended, including widespread ruin and refugees needing food, shelter, and work. It outlines Lincoln and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and Congress' push for stricter plans. It discusses the Freedmen's Bureau, black codes, and the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. It also summarizes the rise and fall of Radical Reconstruction, the emergence of Jim Crow laws and segregation, and the transition to a "New South" economy.
The Reconstruction era came to an end due to declining support for Radical Republican policies and several scandals under President Grant that hurt his reputation. Both Northerners and Southerners wanted the withdrawal of federal troops and amnesty for Confederates. Republicans began losing control of Southern states in 1869 and African American rights were reduced. The disputed 1876 presidential election was decided by a special commission that awarded the election to Republican Hayes, on the condition that he would remove federal troops from the South to end Reconstruction. After the troops withdrew, Southern states implemented Jim Crow laws and practices like poll taxes and literacy tests that suppressed African American voting and instituted segregation. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, establishing the "
The document summarizes the political conflict over Reconstruction between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Johnson proposed a lenient Reconstruction plan that did not protect the rights of freed slaves, while Congress passed laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and equal protection for African Americans. Radical Republicans gained control of Congress and imposed stricter Reconstruction plans, dividing the South under military rule until new governments were formed that protected black rights. However, the Ku Klux Klan used violence and terror to resist Reconstruction, leading to ongoing political battles over civil rights.
The document summarizes Reconstruction efforts after the Civil War. It discusses Lincoln's lenient reconstruction plan, opposition from Radical Republicans who wanted a stricter plan, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau to provide relief to freed slaves and refugees, and its roles in education, job placement, and dispute resolution. It also notes the assassination of Lincoln in 1865 and Andrew Johnson becoming the new President.
The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
The document summarizes the physical geography, history, culture, and current state of the Indian subcontinent and its neighboring countries. It describes the region's mountain ranges, river systems, climate zones, and how they have shaped settlement and agriculture. It provides an overview of the major empires and civilizations that have risen and fallen across the subcontinent over millennia, and how the British came to dominate the region politically and economically in modern times. Religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are discussed in relation to their influence on culture and society. Challenges facing modern India and its neighbors like large populations, poverty, and political conflicts are also highlighted.
The document summarizes the rise of totalitarian regimes in the 1920s-1930s including Stalin's Soviet Union, Mussolini's fascist Italy, and Hitler's Nazi Germany. It also discusses Japanese militarism and the aggression and expansion of these regimes which violated international agreements and led countries into World War II, including Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 which prompted Britain and France's declaration of war against Germany.
The geography of Greece, with its mountainous terrain and many islands, made transportation and unified government difficult. However, it also fostered Greek maritime skills and the establishment of independent city-states. Two major city-states, Athens and Sparta, developed different forms of government - Athens gradually developed a limited democracy while Sparta was a strict military state. These differences came to a head during the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC, when the Greek city-states united to defeat the invading Persian forces in key battles.
Central America and the Caribbean are physically diverse regions connected by similar histories of European colonization. Central America consists of 7 countries situated on an isthmus between North and South America, featuring volcanic mountains and rainforests. The Caribbean is comprised of hundreds of islands, divided into the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and Bahamas. These areas have warm climates suitable for agriculture, though limited resources have constrained development. Culturally, the regions show influences from indigenous, European, and African peoples and languages. Economies today rely on tourism, agriculture, and foreign investment and trade.
3. Origins of World War I Causes of WWI Imperialism: European competition for trade & territory in Africa, Asia, & Pacific Fed militarism (glorification of the military) Nations built up forces (protection & glory) Military leaders gained influence in governments Nationalism: (pride in one’s nation or ethnic group) Boosted tensions National groups sought freedom from Austria-Hungary Serbians & Balkan nationalists (powder keg of Europe) Alliance System: formed as tensions mounted Germany & Austria-Hungary France, Britain, & Russia Conflict between 2, would soon involve others War Begins June 28, 1914 Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary throne A-H accused Serbia of supporting terrorism; declared war on July 29 20 countries became involved Allies: led by France, Britain, & Russia Central Powers: led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, & the Ottoman Empire
4. The Deadliest War Quick victory sought by both sides September Germany: 30 miles from Paris, France 1st Battle of Marne French & British halted German advance Area became known as Western Front Fighting settled into a long stalemate w/ trench warfare Charges on the enemy resulted in mass casualties as both sides fought back & forth over the same piece of land
5. Technological Advances Made war more lethal Airplanes: scouting & ground support Armored tanks Machine Guns Heavy artillery Poison gas: most feared 1st used by Germans Caused choking, blinding, severe skin blisters Banned by 140 nations after the war
6. American Neutrality President Woodrow Wilson Issued proclamation of strict & impartial neutrality Ethnic Loyalties Americans supported ethnic group German Americans: central powers Irish: central powers; hated England British propaganda Used to win American support Spread of information designed to win support for a cause Focused on Germany’s brutal treatment of Belgians
7. Supplying the Allies American firms Could sell to both sides Most traded w/ Allies Banks also lent to Allies British blockade Stopped supplies from reaching Germany Wilson agreed w/ blockade only if British bought more American cotton to make up lost sales w/ Germany
8. The Lusitania Germany’s navy Few surface vessels to impose blockade Large supply of U-boats 1905 Germany announces use of U-boats to blockade Britain May 7, 1915 Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat 1,200 people died 128 Americans President Wilson & American public were outraged Germany said Lusitania was carrying ammunition to England Germany announced U-boats would no longer target passenger liners fearing U.S. entering the war
9. Entering the War November 1916 Wilson reelected under slogan “he kept us out of war” Tried to make peace with warring powers Attempt failed Germany continued unrestricted U-boat attacks in February 1916 Wanted to cut off British supplies from U.S. Break stalemate on Western Front U.S. cut diplomatic ties w/ Germany
10. Zimmermann Telegram February 24 British intercepted German telegraph Wilson was shown telegraph Germany proposed Mexico to join the war on Germany’s side Germany would help Mexico re-conquer New Mexico, Texas, & Arizona Released to press on March 1 Americans were outraged Ready for war after U-boats sank 3 American merchant ships
11. Russian Revolution March 1917 Military defeats & food shortages led to an uprising Russian tsar overthrown New gov’t vowed to keep Russia out of War U.S. could now enter the war Joined Allied powers Did not side w/ a tyrant Sided w/ other democracies to fight tyranny
12. Declaring War April 2 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Central Powers Goal: To fight “…for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy.”
14. U.S. Had large navy World’s 16th largest army (125,000 men) Would have to mobilize quickly to contribute Selective Service Declaration of War = eager young men volunteering for military service Not enough to expand army Wilson wanted draft established Selective Service Act passed All young men between 21-30 to register for the military draft Building the Military
15. Not subject to draft 30,000 volunteered Most served in Army & Navy Nurse Corps Others preformed clerical work Women were divided on war topic Some favored war, others opposed it Jane Addams Cofounded Women’s Peace Party in 1915 Jeannette Rankin of Montana 1st women elected to Congress Voted against Wilson’s war resolution Carrie Chapman Catt Urged women to support war effort Hoped it would gain women the right to vote Women in the Military
16. Reflected diversity within the U.S. 1 in 5 recruits had been born in foreign lands Philippines, Mexico, Italy, etc. Native Americans, who were not U.S. citizens, fought in WWI A Diverse Force
17. African Americans Serve 38,000 served Opportunities restricted Encouraged to support the war effort by W.E.B. Du Bois Faced discrimination in military Placed in all black units 10% sent to combat Most unloaded ships, worked in kitchens, or constructed barracks Some served w/ French units Harlem hell Fighters received France’s highest medal for bravery, the cross of war
18. 1 in 4 draftees were illiterate Some from poor rural areas not use to eating daily meals, taking regular baths, or using indoor plumbing Military taught men how to fight & read Also learned about nutrition, personal hygiene, & patriotism The Military as Educator
19. Managing food supplies: Herbert Hoover lead Food Administration Job was to assure adequate food supplies to civilians & troops Americans urged to conserve: “wheatless Mondays” “meatless Tuesdays” Producing for War American industry demands increased War Industries Board set up Oversaw shift to war production Had limited power at 1st w/ new head WIB had power to tell industries what to produce, how much to charge, & how to use scarce resources Managing the War Effort
20. Labor shortage w/ war Millions of men joined military Decline in immigration Business owners turned to 2 sources Women: took on roles denied to them before the war African Americans: left rural South to work in factories Finding Workers
21. Shaping Public Opinion Calling for Patriotism Committee on Public Information 75,000 “Four-Minute Men” recruited Delivered brief patriotic speeches Artists Produced pro-war cartoons & posters Liberty Bonds Issued to help finance war
22. Suppressing Dissent Measures take to suppress critics of the war Espionage Act of 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 Newspapers closes & individuals jailed for expressing antiwar views War fever often collided with personal freedoms Private organizations started that encouraged people to spy on their neighbors American Protective League 2000,000 members Opened peoples mail, tapped phones, & pried into medical records
23. German Americans Shunned, harassed, & assaulted across the country Some tarred & feathered Schools stopped teaching German language Also affected language Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage” German measles became “liberty measles” Anti-German Hysteria
25. Joining the Fight As U.S. prepared U-boats continued assault on supplies ships 844 Allied ships sunk Protecting Allied Shipping Convoy system developed Large group of merchant vessels sailing together Light & fast Allied destroyers accompanied convoy
26. American Expeditionary Force John J. Pershing Commander of American Expeditionary Force Wanted Americans to fight in separate units under American command June 1917 American troops reached Europe Not ready to combat; meant to increase French moral; symbolized American commitment to the war
27. Setbacks & Advances 1917 Allies waited for more American troops Western Front: British offensive slowed in Belgium Central Powers: major victory over Italians at Caporetto Russia Makes Peace New gov’t struggled w/ war effort 2 million soldiers deserted front lines German troops drove deep into Russia
28. Vladimir Lenin Leader of Bolsheviks; seized power on Nov. 7, 1917 Wanted communism Embraced ideas of German thinker Karl Marx Workers around the world would unite to overthrow the ruling class March 1918 Russia & Germany sign peace treaty Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 30% of Russia’s territory to Germany Setback Peace in the east 40 divisions of German army now re-focused to Western Front
29. Germany Attacks March 21, 1918 Series of daring attacks Goal: defeat allies quickly & bring peace on German terms Pershing Pledged U.S. troops would now fight under French command “Infantry, artillery, aviation, all that we have are yours”, “Use them as you wish” 2 months before significant contributions made Germans Broke through Allied line in Belgium & France Reached Chateau Thierry (50 miles from Paris) U.S. troops arrived to reinforce the Allies
30. Turning the Tide American & French counterattacked Germans near Chateau-Thierry Americans: evict Germans from Belleau Wood Filled w/ barbed wire, artillery, & machine guns Suffered heavy casualties, but were successful 2nd battle of Marne Germans second attempt to reach Paris Gained ground, but stalled Allies counterattacked
31. Battle of the Argonne Forest German troops Became weakened by influenza & deprived of supplies; started losing will to fight September 1918 Allied forces pushed forward from North Sea to Verdun 1 million Americans advanced towards Meuse River & Argonne Forest Advanced slow at first; by November German defense crumbled under unrelenting assault
32. The Armistice Cause was lost Realized by military & political leaders of Germany No reserves left Sought an armistice or halt in fighting Germans Knew French & British wanted harsh settlement Germans wanted peace on Wilson’s “14 Points” October 16, Germans requested armistice based on 14-Points, but Wilson was reluctant
33. A Harsh Armistice France & Britain Dictated terms of armistice Germany: pull back forces on Western Front, cancel Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, & hand over fleet of U-boats Other Central Powers: also wanted armistice; in no position to resist Allied demands Wilson Insisted Kaiser (absolute monarch of Germany) step down Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland & soon gave up the throne & Germany became a republic
34. War’s Deadly Toll Armistice Took effect 11 a.m. on November 11 11 day of 11 month of 1918 10 million military personnel died Millions of other soldiers were blinded, lost limbs, suffered permanent lung damage, or experienced psychological problems Unknown civilian deaths
36. The Fourteen Points Presented to Congress before war ended Plan made in idealistic terms Hoped to prevent future wars 1st 5 Points Factors that led to war Wanted to eliminate secret international agreements Freedom of seas Free trade among nations Sharp reduction in world’s military force Settlement of colonial claims
37. Points 6-13 Dealt w/ specific territorial issues Self rule for national minority groups in A-H & OE Later turned into call for self-determination Right of a group to decide its own form of government Point 14 Setting up an international organization to guarantee world peace
38. Peace Conference in Paris Wilson, Lloyd George, & Clemenceau organized in Paris for peace conference Wilson’s 14 Points thrilled Europe’s population The Big 4 Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, & Vittorio Orlando Made major decisions at conference All did not agree w/ Wilson’s idealistic goal of peace Wanted to punish Germany Secret treaties were also signed during the war dividing up the territories & colonies of Central Powers
39. The Treaty of Versailles Dealt w/ Germany severely Territory on Germany’s borders & colonies stripped away Forced to accept full responsibility for war & pay Allies huge reparations Placed limits on size & nature of Germany’s military League of Nations formed Provided place for countries to meet, settle disputes peacefully, & punish any nation that broke the peace June 28, 1919 Germany reluctantly signed treaty Anger at Treaty of Versailles would set the stage for WWII
40. Other Treaties Treaties arranged w/ other Central Powers Applied principle of self-determination for people of Eastern Europe Did not apply to non-Europeans Britain & France divided Germany’s African colonies Ottoman Empire dissolved, became Turkey
41. Battle Over the League Wilson urged Senate to ratify Treaty of Versailles Forcefully backed League of Nations U.S. must accept its destiny to lead the world on a new path Lodge Opposes Many Senators opposed treaty Henry Cabot Lodge Opposed U.S. joining LON Would restrict the right of U.S. to act independently
42. Wilson’s Last Battle September Wilson set out on a tour to gain public support 8,000 miles in 3 weeks, giving 40 speeches October 2 Suffered major stroke, paralyzed left side Continued to reject all compromise on the treaty November 1919 Senate voted to reject the treaty Absence of U.S. crippled LON to stem the crises that came in the 1930s
43. Postwar Troubles U.S. didn’t adjust easily to peace after war Influenza Epidemic Took 500,000 lives in 1918 in the U.S. Labor Unrest High employment rates as soldiers came home to seek jobs Union’s demanded higher wages w/ stiff resistance from management 1919 4 million laborers went on strike Red Scare Americans feared Communists were behind labor unrest Fear of Communist revolution gripped the nation General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered immigrants suspected of radical views to be rounded up and deported