Comparison of Different Evapotranspiration Estimation Techniques for Mohanpur...ijceronline
The accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a pivotal role in water resources planning and management studies. The present study was attempted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using three temperature based methods namely, Blaney-Criddle method, Thornthwaite method and Hargreaves-Samani model and three radiation based methods namely, Turc method, Priestly-Taylor model, and FAO - 24 Radiation Model for Mohanpur area, Nadia district, West Bengal. ET estimates of the above mentioned methods were then compared with FAO Penman - Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method, which was considered as the standard method of ETo estimation, to check the capabilities of different models to predict ETo for the study area. The present analysis was carried out using 10-years daily weather data of Mohanpur weather station. The results of the study revealed that, the ETo values at Mohanpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India were in the range of 3.5 mm/day to 5.0 mm/day. A rank was assigned to different methods based on the comparative analysis of different ETo estimation methods with FAO-56 PM method and it could be inferred that Turc method as the closest method and Thornthwaite method as the least-matched method to FAO 56 Penman-Monteith for the study area
Comparative evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration estimation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative study of evaluation of evapotranspiration methods and calculation...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on methods for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) and compares seven methods to the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Previous studies found FAO-56 PM to be the most accurate across climates but require significant data. Other methods are popular due to lower data needs. This study calculates ET for the left bank canal of the Chaskaman Dam in India using temperature-based, radiation-based, and combined methods and compares them to FAO-56 PM using statistical analyses to identify the next best method when data is limited. Crop water requirements will then be calculated to aid irrigation planning for the command area.
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
This document evaluates the performance of 20 radiation-based equations for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) against the FAO Penman-Monteith method using 24 years of weather data from Pantnagar, India. The FAO24-Radiation method provided ET0 values that most closely matched the FAO Penman-Monteith method based on agreement index and RMSE values on daily, weekly, and monthly timescales. The Castaneda-Rao method estimated ET0 values that were almost equal to the FAO Penman-Monteith values. Overall, the FAO24-Radiation method performed the best among the 20 radiation-based equations evaluated for the sub-humid climate
EVALUATION OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT...IAEME Publication
This study is an attempt to find best alternative method to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir Project [NSRP], command area located at Andhra Pradesh, India. When input climatic parameters are insufficient to apply standard Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Penman–Monteith (P–M) method. To identify the best alternative climatic based method that yield results closest to the P–M method, performances of four climate based methods namely Blaney–Criddle, Radiation, Modified Penman and Pan evaporation were compared with the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method. Performances were evaluated using the statistical indices.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
weather forecasting, types, advantages, role, drought climatology, weather forecasting tools, use in agriculture, role in agriculture, nowcasting, medium, long range,Indian meteorological department
Comparison of Different Evapotranspiration Estimation Techniques for Mohanpur...ijceronline
The accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a pivotal role in water resources planning and management studies. The present study was attempted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using three temperature based methods namely, Blaney-Criddle method, Thornthwaite method and Hargreaves-Samani model and three radiation based methods namely, Turc method, Priestly-Taylor model, and FAO - 24 Radiation Model for Mohanpur area, Nadia district, West Bengal. ET estimates of the above mentioned methods were then compared with FAO Penman - Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method, which was considered as the standard method of ETo estimation, to check the capabilities of different models to predict ETo for the study area. The present analysis was carried out using 10-years daily weather data of Mohanpur weather station. The results of the study revealed that, the ETo values at Mohanpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India were in the range of 3.5 mm/day to 5.0 mm/day. A rank was assigned to different methods based on the comparative analysis of different ETo estimation methods with FAO-56 PM method and it could be inferred that Turc method as the closest method and Thornthwaite method as the least-matched method to FAO 56 Penman-Monteith for the study area
Comparative evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration estimation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative study of evaluation of evapotranspiration methods and calculation...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on methods for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) and compares seven methods to the standard FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Previous studies found FAO-56 PM to be the most accurate across climates but require significant data. Other methods are popular due to lower data needs. This study calculates ET for the left bank canal of the Chaskaman Dam in India using temperature-based, radiation-based, and combined methods and compares them to FAO-56 PM using statistical analyses to identify the next best method when data is limited. Crop water requirements will then be calculated to aid irrigation planning for the command area.
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
This document evaluates the performance of 20 radiation-based equations for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) against the FAO Penman-Monteith method using 24 years of weather data from Pantnagar, India. The FAO24-Radiation method provided ET0 values that most closely matched the FAO Penman-Monteith method based on agreement index and RMSE values on daily, weekly, and monthly timescales. The Castaneda-Rao method estimated ET0 values that were almost equal to the FAO Penman-Monteith values. Overall, the FAO24-Radiation method performed the best among the 20 radiation-based equations evaluated for the sub-humid climate
EVALUATION OF REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT...IAEME Publication
This study is an attempt to find best alternative method to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir Project [NSRP], command area located at Andhra Pradesh, India. When input climatic parameters are insufficient to apply standard Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Penman–Monteith (P–M) method. To identify the best alternative climatic based method that yield results closest to the P–M method, performances of four climate based methods namely Blaney–Criddle, Radiation, Modified Penman and Pan evaporation were compared with the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method. Performances were evaluated using the statistical indices.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
weather forecasting, types, advantages, role, drought climatology, weather forecasting tools, use in agriculture, role in agriculture, nowcasting, medium, long range,Indian meteorological department
This document discusses various approaches for estimating crop evapotranspiration (ET) at the field scale. It describes different methods for measuring and estimating reference ET such as lysimeters, soil water balance, and energy balance methods. It also discusses the FAO Penman-Monteith method as well as analytical models like Hargreaves and radiation methods. Case studies applying these methods in India found that Hargreaves performed best in semi-arid conditions while Penman-Monteith was most accurate in sub-humid regions. The document concludes that direct ET measurement is limited while weather-based estimates using standardized methods like Penman-Monteith are commonly used.
IRJET- Boosting Irrigation using Wsn with Blaney-Criddle : Indian AgricultureIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to boost Indian agriculture through efficient irrigation management using wireless sensor networks and the Blaney-Criddle method. Sensors would monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in cultivated fields and transmit that data to a base station. A decision support system would then calculate the optimal water needs for irrigation of different crops in specific zones based on the sensor data and historical patterns, helping farmers better manage water resources. The system is intended to address water scarcity and promote more efficient irrigation practices in Indian agriculture.
This document discusses tools for quantifying the outcomes of conservation practices related to climate and water quality. It provides context on why quantification is important, reviews 10 tools based on criteria like usability and functionality, and shares preliminary findings. The document recommends establishing standardized reporting requirements for field data to calibrate and validate models. It also discusses a new American Farmland Trust grant project that will quantify economic, soil health, water quality, and greenhouse gas outcomes of conservation practices using specific tools.
SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT DISEASE ANALYZERIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a soil fertility and plant disease analyzer system that would leverage machine learning and data analytics to analyze historical and real-time sensor data to provide accurate recommendations to farmers.
2) By detecting diseases early and considering soil quality factors, the system aims to help farmers select optimal crops and improve yields while reducing risks from diseases or soil issues.
3) The system has the potential to revolutionize how farmers make decisions and help address challenges in Indian agriculture through timely recommendations accessible on mobile and web apps.
Assessment of the State of Optimal Control of Surface Moisture as the Main Fa...BRNSS Publication Hub
The current information on moisture and the temperature of the ground in managerial system by production
to agricultural product necessary, in the first place, for taking the operative decisions at development of
ecological clean technology irrigation under growing agricultural cultures to achieve the maximum harvest.
IRJET- Water Irrigation System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a water irrigation system that uses an Arduino microcontroller board. The system uses soil moisture and temperature sensors to detect the water quantity in agricultural fields. It then uses the Arduino microcontroller to control the irrigation process. The goal is to automate irrigation to reduce water usage and optimize water supply for crops. Key components discussed include the Arduino UNO microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, water level sensors, and a water pump.
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to Achieve Ecological Clean Products by Aliev ZH in International Journal of Medical Sciences
This document describes a proposed system for monitoring soil conditions and controlling irrigation in agricultural fields using sensors and an ARM controller. The system would use various sensors to measure soil moisture, humidity, temperature, light intensity, and phosphorus levels. It would then use this sensor data to determine the appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer needed for optimal plant growth. Solenoid valves connected to a drip irrigation system would be controlled to supply water and fertilizer as needed. The goal is to increase crop yields by precisely meeting the nutrient and water requirements of plants throughout their growth cycles.
Development and evaluation of a weighable lysimeter to determine crop evapotr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The development and evaluation of a weighable lysimeter to determine crop evapotranspiration is presented. A weighable lysimeter with a diameter of 31 cm and a depth of 37 cm was constructed. The lysimeter was evaluated by using it to estimate the crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf in Umudike in Southeastern Nigeria. The evapotranspiration (ETc) estimates by Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods were compared with the estimation of the weighable lysimeter which provides the most reasonable estimation of ETc and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc Lysimeter) between the months of July/ August, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between July and August was 141.32 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 147.72 mm, 136.81 mm, 131.61 mm and 132.52 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the means of the ET by lysimeter and each of the other methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) for a 5% level of significance as z-cal < z-critical for the growth period of 15th July to 18th August, 2013.
Keywords: Weighable Lysimeter, Evapotranspiration, Waterleaf.
RECOMMENDATION OF CROP AND PESTICIDES USING MACHINE LEARNINGIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that uses machine learning algorithms to recommend crops, fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers based on soil properties and environmental conditions. The study collects data on factors like soil pH, moisture, temperature, and rainfall from soil testing laboratories and online sources. It then uses random forest, KNN, and decision tree algorithms to analyze the data and make recommendations. The random forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy of 97% compared to 78% for decision tree and 83% for KNN. The goal is to help farmers select optimal crops and maximize yields by accounting for land conditions. The researchers conclude machine learning is an effective approach that can improve agricultural productivity and economic outcomes for farmers.
The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU (CAP) contains incentives for consolidation of resources and integration of organizations. The entire CAP follows the concept of efficiency achieved through product structure optimization and economies of scale. CAP imposes an advantage for the concept of efficiency at each level of the economic system. For this reason, integration-horizontal and vertical has been imposed as more important for farmers than competition. Such an approach stimulates large-scale exchange and consolidation of resources, at the same time being a prerequisite for problems for market competition. The Chicago School addresses the concept of efficiency in relation to the “antitrust paradox”.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Gardening and landscaping @Rajeev Ranjan.pptRajeev Verma
This document discusses weather patterns in crop seasons and weather forecasting. It describes the three main cropping seasons in India: Kharif crops (monsoon season), Rabi crops (winter season), and Zaid crops (spring season). It then explains what weather forecasting is, its importance, types including short range, medium range and long range forecasts. It outlines methods used like synoptic, statistical and numerical prediction techniques. Finally, it details the weather forecasting process of observation and analysis, extrapolation, and estimation.
How is the climate changing? Climate monitoring based on observations Copernicus ECMWF
"How is the climate changing? Climate monitoring based on observations" presentation prepared by Dick Dee and Adrian Simmons, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the Common Future Conference session on Copernicus Climate Change Service: a European answer to Climate Change Challenges held in Paris (France), 09 July 2015.
REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROL FOR ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING DIGITAL IRRIGATIONijait
The remotely sensed data from an unknown location is transmitted in real time through internet and gathered in a PC. The data is collected for a considerable period of time and analyzed in PC as to assess the suitability and fertility of the land for establishing an electronic plantation in that area. The analysis also helps deciding the plantation of appropriate plants in the location identified. The system performing this task with appropriate transducers installed in remote area, the methodologies involved in transmission and data gathering are reported.. The second part of the project deals with data gathering from remote site and issuing control signals to remote appliances in the site; all performed through internet. Therefore,
this control scheme is a duplex system monitoring the irrigation activities by collecting data in one direction and issuing commands on the opposite direction. This scheme maintains the digital irrigation systems effectively and efficiently as to utilize the resources optimally for yielding enhanced production.
The methodologies involved in extending the two way communication of data are presented.
This document describes a weather monitoring system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses sensors to measure various meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. It then transmits the sensor data to an LCD display or to a computer for storage and analysis. Setting up the system involves connecting the sensors to the Arduino, writing a program to collect and process the sensor data, and configuring a display or storage device. Once built, the weather monitoring system can monitor conditions in real-time or analyze trends over time. It can also trigger alerts when specific weather thresholds are reached.
Climate data can provide a great deal of information about the atmospheric environment that impacts almost all aspects of human endeavour. This module explains the importance of climate data, its storage, security, applications and other aspects, in a nutshell.
Application of Remote Sensing A Revolution in Farm Management.pptxKhetiBuddy2
Remote sensing technology revolutionizes farming by using satellites and sensors to collect data from afar. It helps farmers monitor crops, soil, and weather conditions, leading to better decisions on water, fertilizers, and pest control. Kheti Buddy offers smart farming solutions powered by remote sensing for efficient and sustainable agriculture. https://khetibuddy.com/platform/remote-sensing/
The document describes the design and implementation of a digital humidity and temperature meter. Key points:
1. A digital humidity and temperature meter was designed using components like an Arduino Uno, DHT11 sensor, LCD display, and other hardware.
2. The system measures temperature from 0-100°C and humidity from 0-100% RH, displaying the readings on a 7-segment display.
3. Testing showed the portable, battery-operated system accurately measures temperature and humidity, making it suitable for applications like food storage, greenhouses, and paper manufacturing.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
This document discusses various approaches for estimating crop evapotranspiration (ET) at the field scale. It describes different methods for measuring and estimating reference ET such as lysimeters, soil water balance, and energy balance methods. It also discusses the FAO Penman-Monteith method as well as analytical models like Hargreaves and radiation methods. Case studies applying these methods in India found that Hargreaves performed best in semi-arid conditions while Penman-Monteith was most accurate in sub-humid regions. The document concludes that direct ET measurement is limited while weather-based estimates using standardized methods like Penman-Monteith are commonly used.
IRJET- Boosting Irrigation using Wsn with Blaney-Criddle : Indian AgricultureIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to boost Indian agriculture through efficient irrigation management using wireless sensor networks and the Blaney-Criddle method. Sensors would monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity in cultivated fields and transmit that data to a base station. A decision support system would then calculate the optimal water needs for irrigation of different crops in specific zones based on the sensor data and historical patterns, helping farmers better manage water resources. The system is intended to address water scarcity and promote more efficient irrigation practices in Indian agriculture.
This document discusses tools for quantifying the outcomes of conservation practices related to climate and water quality. It provides context on why quantification is important, reviews 10 tools based on criteria like usability and functionality, and shares preliminary findings. The document recommends establishing standardized reporting requirements for field data to calibrate and validate models. It also discusses a new American Farmland Trust grant project that will quantify economic, soil health, water quality, and greenhouse gas outcomes of conservation practices using specific tools.
SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT DISEASE ANALYZERIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes a soil fertility and plant disease analyzer system that would leverage machine learning and data analytics to analyze historical and real-time sensor data to provide accurate recommendations to farmers.
2) By detecting diseases early and considering soil quality factors, the system aims to help farmers select optimal crops and improve yields while reducing risks from diseases or soil issues.
3) The system has the potential to revolutionize how farmers make decisions and help address challenges in Indian agriculture through timely recommendations accessible on mobile and web apps.
Assessment of the State of Optimal Control of Surface Moisture as the Main Fa...BRNSS Publication Hub
The current information on moisture and the temperature of the ground in managerial system by production
to agricultural product necessary, in the first place, for taking the operative decisions at development of
ecological clean technology irrigation under growing agricultural cultures to achieve the maximum harvest.
IRJET- Water Irrigation System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a water irrigation system that uses an Arduino microcontroller board. The system uses soil moisture and temperature sensors to detect the water quantity in agricultural fields. It then uses the Arduino microcontroller to control the irrigation process. The goal is to automate irrigation to reduce water usage and optimize water supply for crops. Key components discussed include the Arduino UNO microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, water level sensors, and a water pump.
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to ...CrimsonpublishersMedical
Condition Studied Moisture of Ground Agryculture Production in Azerbaijan to Achieve Ecological Clean Products by Aliev ZH in International Journal of Medical Sciences
This document describes a proposed system for monitoring soil conditions and controlling irrigation in agricultural fields using sensors and an ARM controller. The system would use various sensors to measure soil moisture, humidity, temperature, light intensity, and phosphorus levels. It would then use this sensor data to determine the appropriate amounts of water and fertilizer needed for optimal plant growth. Solenoid valves connected to a drip irrigation system would be controlled to supply water and fertilizer as needed. The goal is to increase crop yields by precisely meeting the nutrient and water requirements of plants throughout their growth cycles.
Development and evaluation of a weighable lysimeter to determine crop evapotr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The development and evaluation of a weighable lysimeter to determine crop evapotranspiration is presented. A weighable lysimeter with a diameter of 31 cm and a depth of 37 cm was constructed. The lysimeter was evaluated by using it to estimate the crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf in Umudike in Southeastern Nigeria. The evapotranspiration (ETc) estimates by Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods were compared with the estimation of the weighable lysimeter which provides the most reasonable estimation of ETc and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc Lysimeter) between the months of July/ August, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between July and August was 141.32 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 147.72 mm, 136.81 mm, 131.61 mm and 132.52 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the means of the ET by lysimeter and each of the other methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) for a 5% level of significance as z-cal < z-critical for the growth period of 15th July to 18th August, 2013.
Keywords: Weighable Lysimeter, Evapotranspiration, Waterleaf.
RECOMMENDATION OF CROP AND PESTICIDES USING MACHINE LEARNINGIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that uses machine learning algorithms to recommend crops, fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers based on soil properties and environmental conditions. The study collects data on factors like soil pH, moisture, temperature, and rainfall from soil testing laboratories and online sources. It then uses random forest, KNN, and decision tree algorithms to analyze the data and make recommendations. The random forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy of 97% compared to 78% for decision tree and 83% for KNN. The goal is to help farmers select optimal crops and maximize yields by accounting for land conditions. The researchers conclude machine learning is an effective approach that can improve agricultural productivity and economic outcomes for farmers.
The Common Agricultural Policy of the EU (CAP) contains incentives for consolidation of resources and integration of organizations. The entire CAP follows the concept of efficiency achieved through product structure optimization and economies of scale. CAP imposes an advantage for the concept of efficiency at each level of the economic system. For this reason, integration-horizontal and vertical has been imposed as more important for farmers than competition. Such an approach stimulates large-scale exchange and consolidation of resources, at the same time being a prerequisite for problems for market competition. The Chicago School addresses the concept of efficiency in relation to the “antitrust paradox”.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Gardening and landscaping @Rajeev Ranjan.pptRajeev Verma
This document discusses weather patterns in crop seasons and weather forecasting. It describes the three main cropping seasons in India: Kharif crops (monsoon season), Rabi crops (winter season), and Zaid crops (spring season). It then explains what weather forecasting is, its importance, types including short range, medium range and long range forecasts. It outlines methods used like synoptic, statistical and numerical prediction techniques. Finally, it details the weather forecasting process of observation and analysis, extrapolation, and estimation.
How is the climate changing? Climate monitoring based on observations Copernicus ECMWF
"How is the climate changing? Climate monitoring based on observations" presentation prepared by Dick Dee and Adrian Simmons, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the Common Future Conference session on Copernicus Climate Change Service: a European answer to Climate Change Challenges held in Paris (France), 09 July 2015.
REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROL FOR ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING DIGITAL IRRIGATIONijait
The remotely sensed data from an unknown location is transmitted in real time through internet and gathered in a PC. The data is collected for a considerable period of time and analyzed in PC as to assess the suitability and fertility of the land for establishing an electronic plantation in that area. The analysis also helps deciding the plantation of appropriate plants in the location identified. The system performing this task with appropriate transducers installed in remote area, the methodologies involved in transmission and data gathering are reported.. The second part of the project deals with data gathering from remote site and issuing control signals to remote appliances in the site; all performed through internet. Therefore,
this control scheme is a duplex system monitoring the irrigation activities by collecting data in one direction and issuing commands on the opposite direction. This scheme maintains the digital irrigation systems effectively and efficiently as to utilize the resources optimally for yielding enhanced production.
The methodologies involved in extending the two way communication of data are presented.
This document describes a weather monitoring system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses sensors to measure various meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. It then transmits the sensor data to an LCD display or to a computer for storage and analysis. Setting up the system involves connecting the sensors to the Arduino, writing a program to collect and process the sensor data, and configuring a display or storage device. Once built, the weather monitoring system can monitor conditions in real-time or analyze trends over time. It can also trigger alerts when specific weather thresholds are reached.
Climate data can provide a great deal of information about the atmospheric environment that impacts almost all aspects of human endeavour. This module explains the importance of climate data, its storage, security, applications and other aspects, in a nutshell.
Application of Remote Sensing A Revolution in Farm Management.pptxKhetiBuddy2
Remote sensing technology revolutionizes farming by using satellites and sensors to collect data from afar. It helps farmers monitor crops, soil, and weather conditions, leading to better decisions on water, fertilizers, and pest control. Kheti Buddy offers smart farming solutions powered by remote sensing for efficient and sustainable agriculture. https://khetibuddy.com/platform/remote-sensing/
The document describes the design and implementation of a digital humidity and temperature meter. Key points:
1. A digital humidity and temperature meter was designed using components like an Arduino Uno, DHT11 sensor, LCD display, and other hardware.
2. The system measures temperature from 0-100°C and humidity from 0-100% RH, displaying the readings on a 7-segment display.
3. Testing showed the portable, battery-operated system accurately measures temperature and humidity, making it suitable for applications like food storage, greenhouses, and paper manufacturing.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
2. – Crop water requirements are a critical aspect of
irrigation management, as they determine the
amount of water a crop needs to grow and produce
high yields
– The accurate determination of crop water
requirements is essential for effective and efficient
irrigation practices, and has far-reaching
implications for both agricultural production and
water resource management
– One of the key benefits of determining crop water
requirements is that it helps to ensure optimal crop
growth
– Another important aspect of crop water
requirements is water conservation
3. – Accurately determining crop water requirements
helps to reduce water waste by avoiding
overwatering or underwatering of crops, which
can lead to the loss of water through
evaporation or runoff, respectively
– Determining crop water requirements is critical
for planning and managing irrigation systems
– However, the method requires a significant
amount of data and can be time-consuming to
calculate, which can limit its practicality for some
users
4. Climate change impact on
crop water requirements
– Climate change is expected to have significant
impacts on crop water requirements, both in
terms of the amount and timing of water
needed for crop growth
– These impacts will vary depending on the
location, crop type, and climate scenario, but
some general trends can be identified
– One of the most significant impacts of climate
change on crop water requirements is an
increase in evapotranspiration rates due to
higher temperatures
– Another impact of climate change on crop
water requirements is changes in precipitation
patterns
– Changes in the timing and intensity of extreme
weather events, such as heat waves and
heavy rainfall, can also have significant
impacts on crop water requirements
5. Climate change impact on
crop water requirements
– Weather variation and climate change
continue to have an impact on delicate eco-
regions, such as the Indian Hot Arid Zone,
which has a high density of people and
animals and is heavily dependent on
climatically vulnerable industries like
agriculture and animal husbandry
– According to the IPCC's fifth assessment
report, climate change is expected to
significantly impact crop water requirements
6. Methodologies
for ET
Estimation
– There are several methods for
estimating evapotranspiration , which
is the process of water loss from the
soil surface, plants, and surrounding
atmosphere
– These methods include
– 2) Soil Water Balance 3)Crop
Coefficient 4) Remote Sensing
Method 5)Penman-Monteith Method
6) Blaney-Criddle Method
7)Thornthwaite Method 8)Turc Method
9) Hargreaves Method
7. Eddy
Covariance
– The Eddy Covariance approach for ET estimation,
the eddy covariance method is frequently used to
verify the outcomes of other ET estimate methods
– Because to the specific equipment and expertise
needed to apply the EC technique, this study
relies on the EC ET estimations for validation of
the outcomes of the other methods rather than as
a possible suggestion for wider implementation
– Latent heat flux is measured by the EC technique
as the covariance between vertical wind speed
and water vapour density over a footprint area
8. Soil Water
Balance
Soil Water Balance is a simple and widely
used method for estimating
evapotranspiration
It involves monitoring the soil moisture
content over time to estimate the amount
of water lost through evapotranspiration
Soil Water Balance was first introduced in
the early 1900s by Thornthwaite
9. Crop
Coefficient
– The crop coefficient method has been
shown to reliably estimate ET for
irrigation scheduling purposes
– The Kc method relies on the
correlation between reference ET and
actual ET at different stages in crop
development to estimate ETa
– The Kc method estimates actual ET
using the following equation ETpm is
defined as the ET rate of an idealized
reference crop that is not
waterstressed
10. Remote
Sensing
Method
– Remote Sensing Method is a technique used for
estimating evapotranspiration by measuring and
analyzing the electromagnetic radiation reflected
or emitted by the Earth's surface using remote
sensors
– The method utilizes satellite-based sensors, such
as the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer and Landsat, to obtain data on
surface temperature, vegetation indices, and other
environmental variables that are used to estimate
ET
– The Remote Sensing Method is based on the
principle that the energy emitted by the Earth's
surface is proportional to the surface temperature
and vegetation cover, which are indicators of ET
11. The Penman-
Monteith method
– The Penman-Monteith method is one of the most
widely used methods for estimating
evapotranspiration
– It is considered as a standard method for
calculating reference evapotranspiration , which is
the amount of water that would be evaporated or
transpired by a hypothetical grass crop under
standard climatic conditions
– The method takes into account the effect of both
the energy balance and the aerodynamic
resistance, and is recommended by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for
use in crop water requirements estimation
12. Blaney-
Criddle
Method
The Blaney-Criddle Method is a widely used empirical
method for estimating reference evapotranspiration
The equation for the Blaney-Criddle Method is given as:
where ETo is the reference evapotranspiration in
mm/day, H is the number of daylight hours in the day,
and tmean is the average daily temperature in °C
The method was developed by Blaney and Criddle in
1950 and is widely used due to its simplicity and the
ease of obtaining the required input data
13. Thornthwaite
Method
The Thornthwaite Method is an empirical method
for estimating potential evapotranspiration based
on monthly mean temperature data
The method was developed by C.W
The Thornthwaite Method is easy to use and
requires only monthly temperature data
14. Turc
Method
The Turc method is an empirical method used for
estimating potential evapotranspiration based on
temperature data
It is a relatively simple method that does not
require any additional weather data beyond
temperature, making it particularly useful in
regions where data availability is limited
The method was developed by Turc in 1961 and
is commonly used in arid and semi-arid regions
15. Hargreaves
Method
– The Hargreaves Method is an
empirical method used for estimating
reference evapotranspiration
– The Hargreaves Method uses
temperature data to estimate the solar
radiation received by the earth's
surface
– The Hargreaves Method has been
shown to provide good estimates of
reference evapotranspiration when
compared to more complex methods
like the Penman-Monteith Method
16. Jensen-
Haise
Method
The Jensen-Haise Method is an empirical
method for estimating potential
evapotranspiration
The JH method is based on the principle that
PET is proportional to the net radiation, and is
also influenced by the air temperature and
humidity
The JH method is suitable for areas with high
humidity and moderate temperatures, and can be
used for both short-term and long-term PET
estimations
17. Priestley-
Taylor
Method
The Priestley-Taylor method is an empirical
method for estimating evapotranspiration based
on the energy balance equation
This method uses only net radiation and air
temperature data to estimate ET
The Priestley-Taylor coefficient is a
dimensionless parameter that varies between 0
and 2, with values typically ranging from 1.2 to
1.5 for different land surfaces
18. Abtew Method
– The Abtew Method is an empirical
method developed to estimate
daily reference evapotranspiration
– It was developed by Alemu Abtew
in 1999 for use in the United
States
– The Abtew Method has been
found to be a reliable method for
estimating reference
evapotranspiration in many
regions of the United States
19. Advancement of Machine
Learning Models to estimate
crop water requirements
– The use of advanced machine learning
models for estimating crop water
requirements has been growing in
popularity in recent years due to their many
advantages over traditional methods
– One of the main advantages of advanced
machine learning models is their increased
accuracy
– Another advantage of advanced machine
learning models is that they can provide
real-time predictions of crop water
requirements
20. Potential
Evapotranspirati
on estimation for
Indian conditions
The potential evapotranspiration estimation equation used for a
particular region should be suitable for the climatic and environmental
conditions of that region
India is a vast country with diverse climatic conditions ranging from
humid tropical to arid regions, which makes it necessary to use an
equation suitable for the specific conditions
The Penman-Monteith equation is considered the most suitable
method for estimating PET in India
The study was carried out in the state of Telangana, India, where
daily weather data such as maximum and minimum temperatures,
wind speed, and relative humidity were collected for the years 2010
21. Potential Evapotranspiration
estimation for Indian
conditions
– The six empirical methods
considered in the study
were the Penman-Monteith
method, Hargreaves
method, Priestley-Taylor
method, Jensen-Haise
method, Turc method, and
the Blaney-Criddle method
22. Irrigation Scheduling
Using
Evapotranspiration
– Irrigation schedules can be done
based on evapotranspiration by using
an irrigation scheduling method called
the ET-based approach
– The first step in an ET-based irrigation
schedule is to measure actual ET
rates using an ET weather station or
other ET measurement tools
– The ET-based irrigation schedule can
be adjusted based on factors such as
soil moisture levels, rainfall, and crop
growth stage
23. Recent
advancemen
t in
estimation of
crop water
requirement
Based on the objectives of the study, mainly four
different sections of crop water requirement study
was explored which includes
2) Recent advancement in Different irrigation
system
3) Advancement in irrigation system for Tomato
24. Methods for
Estimating the
PET
– Pandey et al. : This study aimed to identify a suitable
alternative to the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation for
calculating reference evapotranspiration from chosen
temperature and radiation-based models utilizing monthly
meteorological data from 30 destinations in diverse agro-
ecological regions of the Northeast India i.e., Assam Bengal
Plain , eastern Himalaya , and the northeastern hilly region
– The study concluded that radiation-based IRMAK3 was
most appropriate in the ABP region
– The study area was located in the Bhadarabad region of
Hardwar district in Uttaranchal State, India
– The study concluded that using geomatic tools the irrigation
water requirement is less to the tune of 83.93 ha mm
25. Methods for
Estimating the
PET
– The authors evaluated the performance of
these methods using data from 330
weather stations around the world, covering
a wide range of Köppen climate classes
– The authors found that the Hargreaves-
Samani method performed the best overall,
with the lowest error in estimating
evapotranspiration across all Köppen
climate classes
– Brown et al. used simulated annealing for
on-farm irrigation scheduling considering
seasonal water limits
26. Recent advancement
in Different irrigation
system
– Kadbhane and Manekar : This study is about the
Agro-Hydrological Evaluation of Farm Pond for
Supplemental Irrigation in Nashik District, India
– The study looks at the potential of farm ponds to
provide supplemental irrigation in the Nashik
District of India, and evaluates their feasibility from
an agro-hydrological perspective
– The study begins by providing a brief overview of
the water resources of the Nashik District, and
then examines the potential of farm ponds for
providing supplemental irrigation
– Kadbhane and Manekar : This paper presents an
experimental study that looked at the effects of
two different irrigation systems on a grape orchard
in India
27. Recent advancement
in Different irrigation
system
– The authors discuss how
evapotranspiration is an important
process in the hydrological cycle and
affects the availability of water
resources
– The authors conclude that using GIS
and remote sensing for estimating pan
evaporation and actual
evapotranspiration is a viable and
cost-effective option for water
resource development in India
28. Advancement in
irrigation system for
Tomato
– Singh et al. : This paper examines the effects of
drip irrigation and black polyethylene mulch on the
growth, yield and water-use efficiency of tomatoes
– The study was conducted in an experimental field
in India, where the tomatoes were grown with drip
irrigation and without drip irrigation, with or without
black polyethylene mulch
– The results of the study showed that the tomatoes
grown with drip irrigation and black polyethylene
mulch had a higher yield and higher water-use
efficiency than those grown without drip irrigation
and without black polyethylene mulch
– The study concluded that drip irrigation and black
polyethylene mulch can be used to increase
tomato yields and water-use efficiency
29. Advancement in
irrigation system for
Tomato
– The researchers tested
different irrigation
scheduling and fertigation
regimes on a tomato crop
over a period of five years
30. Impact of Climate
Change on
Agriculture
– Arora : examines the impact of climate change on
agricultural production, and provides sustainable solutions
to mitigate the negative effects
– The author argues that climate change has had a major
impact on agricultural production, leading to a decrease in
crop yields and an increase in pest outbreaks
– The paper also identifies several sustainable solutions to
address these issues, such as using climate-smart
agricultural practices, investing in climate-resilient crops,
and promoting sustainable water and soil management
– The authors use a panel dataset from 31 provinces over the
period 2000-2015 to examine the impacts of climate change
on agricultural productivity in China
31. Impact of Climate
Change on
Agriculture
– The authors find that climate change has had negative
impacts on agricultural productivity in both the short and
long run
– The authors analyze the effects of climate change on crop
yields, water availability, and food security in the region
– The authors conclude that climate change is likely to have a
negative impact on agricultural productivity and food
security in the region, and suggest that policies to help
farmers adapt to climate change should be implemented
– The study uses data from a variety of sources including
existing studies, interviews with farmers and experts, and
surveys of local communities in order to identify and
analyze the various adaptation strategies
32. Author Year Objective Findings Conclusion
Pandey et al.
(2016)
2016 To identify a suitable alternative to the FAO-56 Penman-
Monteith equation for calculating reference
evapotranspiration (ET0) using temperature and
radiation-based models in diverse agro-ecological
regions of Northeast India
The radiation-based IRMAK3
model was found to be the most
appropriate in the Assam Bengal
Plain (ABP) region
The radiation-based IRMAK3
model can be used as an
alternative to the FAO-56
Penman-Monteith equation for
calculating ET0 in the ABP
region
Singh et al.
(2016)
2016 To evaluate irrigation scheduling using geomatics tools
and compare irrigation water requirements between
conventional and geomatics techniques in the
Bhadarabad region of Hardwar district, India
The use of geomatics tools
resulted in a reduction of
irrigation water requirement by
83.93 ha mm
Geomatics tools can effectively
optimize irrigation scheduling
and reduce water requirements
Almorox et al.
(2015)
2015 To compare the performance of five temperature-based
approaches for estimating evapotranspiration in different
climate classes
The Hargreaves-Samani method
performed the best overall in
estimating evapotranspiration
across all climate classes
The Hargreaves-Samani method
can be recommended for
estimating evapotranspiration in
different climate classes
Brown et al.
(2010)
2010 To optimize on-farm irrigation scheduling with a
seasonal water limit using simulated annealing and
maximize farm profit
Simulated annealing-based
optimization improved irrigation
scheduling and maximized farm
profit under seasonal water limits
Simulated annealing can be a
useful tool for optimizing on-farm
irrigation scheduling
Granata et al.
(2020)
2020 To examine the use of artificial intelligence-based
methods to estimate actual evapotranspiration in
wetlands
Artificial intelligence-based
methods using remote sensing
data and machine learning
algorithms accurately estimated
evapotranspiration in a wetland
Artificial intelligence-based
methods can be applied to
estimate evapotranspiration in
wetland environments
Important Literature on Methods for Estimating the PET
33. Recent advancement in Different irrigation system
Author Year Objective Findings Conclusion
Kadbhane and
Manekar (2013)
2013 Agro-Hydrological Evaluation of
Farm Pond for Supplemental
Irrigation in Nashik District, India
Farm ponds have the potential to
provide supplemental irrigation
in the Nashik District
Farm ponds could be a viable source of
supplemental irrigation in the Nashik
District
Kadbhane and
Manekar (2017)
2017 Experimental study comparing drip
irrigation and surface irrigation on
grape orchards in India
Drip irrigation was more effective
than surface irrigation in terms of
water utilization, soil moisture
conservation, and yield
Drip irrigation is a more efficient and
effective irrigation system for grape
orchards
Rathod and
Manekar (2017)
2017 Use of GIS and remote sensing to
estimate pan evaporation and actual
evapotranspiration in water resource
development in India
GIS and remote sensing are
viable and cost-effective options
for estimating evapotranspiration
in water resource development
Using GIS and remote sensing is a viable
and cost-effective option for water
resource development in India
Kaur & Sharma
(2022)
2022 Effects of different irrigation
management systems on rice
productivity and water use efficiency
in north-western India
Surface irrigation had the
greatest effect on rice
productivity and water use
efficiency, followed by sprinkler,
drip, sub-surface, and shallow
tube-well irrigation
Different irrigation management systems
can be used to increase rice productivity
and water use efficiency in north-western
India
Ghosh et al. (2010) 2010 Study of water user associations
(WUAs) and their role in managing
group dynamics under different
irrigation systems in an eastern
Indian state
WUAs can be effective in
managing group dynamics and
achieving consensus in water
resource management
The effectiveness of WUAs is influenced
by factors such as membership size, trust
among members, and presence of
external stakeholders
34. Advancement in irrigation system for Tomato
Author Year Objective Findings Conclusion
Singh et
al. (2009)
2009 Effects of drip irrigation and black
polyethylene mulch on tomatoes
Drip irrigation and black
polyethylene mulch increased
tomato yield and water-use
efficiency
Drip irrigation and black polyethylene
mulch can be used to increase tomato
yields and water-use efficiency
Gupta et
al. (2015)
2015 Potential of drip irrigation and
fertigation technology in hybrid
tomatoes
Drip irrigation and fertigation
technology can increase yields,
improve quality, and reduce water
and fertilizer use in hybrid
tomatoes
Drip irrigation and fertigation technology
offer potential benefits and should be
further researched and implemented
Singandh
upe et al.
(2003)
2003 Effects of fertigation and irrigation
scheduling on tomato crop yield in a
drip irrigation system
Proper irrigation scheduling and
fertigation can maximize tomato
crop yield
Irrigation scheduling and fertigation have
a significant impact on tomato crop yield
Kumar
and
Khanna
(2019)
2019 Comparative study of different
irrigation methods on tomato crop in
western Uttar Pradesh, India
Drip irrigation was the most
effective method, followed by
furrow irrigation, basin irrigation,
and traditional irrigation
Drip irrigation is the most suitable method
for tomato crop cultivation in western
Uttar Pradesh, India
35. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
Author Year Objective Findings Conclusion
Arora (2019) 2019 Impact of climate change on agricultural
production and sustainable solutions
Climate change negatively affects crop yields,
increases pest outbreaks. Sustainable solutions
include climate-smart agricultural practices,
resilient crops, and water and soil management.
Public policies and international cooperation are
essential.
Climate change negatively impacts agriculture, but
sustainable solutions and policies can mitigate its
effects.
Chandio et al.
(2020)
2020 Short and long-term impacts of climate
change on agriculture in China
Climate change negatively affects agricultural
productivity in China. Rising temperatures and
extreme weather events reduce yields, while
increased precipitation has a positive effect. Long-
term impacts are more pronounced. Mitigation
policies and technologies should be developed.
Climate change has negative impacts on agricultural
productivity in China, necessitating the development
of mitigation policies and technologies.
Bocchiola (2019) 2019 Impact of climate change on agricultural
productivity and food security in the
Himalayas
Climate change negatively affects crop yields,
water availability, and food security in the
Himalayas. Adaptations, such as new crop
varieties and increased irrigation, should be
implemented.
Climate change has a negative impact on agricultural
productivity and food security in the Himalayas.
Adaptation policies are crucial.
Aryal et al. (2020) 2020 Effects of climate change on agriculture
in South Asia and adaptation strategies
for smallholder farmers
Smallholder farmers need to adapt to mitigate
climate change effects. Various adaptation
strategies exist, but barriers such as resource
access and financial capability must be addressed.
More research is needed for better understanding
and appropriate adaptation strategies.
Smallholder farmers in South Asia should adopt
adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change
effects. Further research is necessary to develop
effective strategies.
Guntukula (2020) 2020 Impacts of climate change on Indian
agriculture, focusing on crop yields
Climate change negatively affects crop yields in
India, particularly in Punjab and Haryana.
Temperature and precipitation have the greatest
impact. Incentives for climate-smart agricultural
Climate change significantly reduces crop yields in
India, particularly in northern and central regions.
Incentives for climate-smart practices are necessary.
36. Research Gap
– Based on the above literature review fallowing points were observed and addressed in this study:
There is a need for accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in India due to the country's
reliance on agriculture and the need for efficient irrigation systems.
The use of empirical methods for PET estimation has limitations, such as the lack of representation of local
climatic conditions.
The Penman-Monteith method (PM) is considered the most accurate method for PET estimation, but it
requires extensive data input, which may be a challenge in data-scarce regions.
Remote sensing and machine learning techniques have shown potential for PET estimation, but there is a
need for further validation and comparison with traditional methods.
The impact of climate change on PET and crop water requirements is an important research gap that needs
to be addressed, given the potential effects on agricultural productivity and water resource management.
In addition to PET estimation, it is also observed that, there is need of scientific exploration of irrigation
method suitable for irrigation particularly in Maharashtra to have optimum usage of water.
37. Conclusion
• Estimating potential evapotranspiration is crucial for proper irrigation management,
especially in water-scarce regions like India.
• Various empirical and AI-based models are available for estimating potential
evapotranspiration.
• The accuracy of these models varies depending on climatic conditions and the availability of
input data.
• The Penman-Monteith method is considered the most accurate and reliable model for
estimating potential evapotranspiration.
• However, it requires extensive meteorological data and can be time-consuming to apply in
the field.
• There is a need to improve the accuracy of empirical models by calibrating coefficients and
improving input data quality.
• AI-based models like M5Tree and Random Forest should be explored further to enhance the
accuracy of potential evapotranspiration estimation.
• The development of more efficient irrigation systems should be promoted to reduce water
usage and ensure sustainable agriculture.
• The impact of climate change on agriculture should be considered in the development of