3. CONTENT
1. Weather pattern in crop seasons.
• Introduction (Cropping seasons in
India)
• Types of cropping seasons in India. (
Kharif, Rabi and Zaid Crops).
2. Weather Forecasting.
• What is the Weather forecasting
meaning?
• Importance of weather forecasting.
• Types of weather forecasting.
• Methods used to find weather
forecasting.
• Weather forecasting process.
3. Reference.
5. INTRODUCTION
• CROPPING SEASONS IN INDIA
India is a land of diverse
climates and a rich
agricultural heritage. It
experiences distinct
cropping seasons throughout
the year. These seasons play
a crucial role in shaping
the country’s agricultural
landscape. Each season
brings unique conditions
that influence the choice of
crops grown by farmers.
Understanding these cropping
seasons is essential for
6. Types of cropping seasons
in India
Every crop has unique
planting, harvesting,
and processing
procedures. However,
each crop can be
distinguished
genetically based on the
crop season. There are
three main Cropping
Seasons in India:
KHARIF CROP
RABI CROP
ZAID CROP
7. 1. KHARIF CROP: Kharif” comes from an Arabic word
that means fall. It describes the crop season for
Kharif crops. Kharif season crops, also known as
the monsoon crop season in India. It is sown at
the start of the rainy season and harvested at
its end. This period typically occurs between May
and October, give or take a few months, depending
on the crop. In states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Maharashtra, and Assam, kharif crops are well-
known. Eg: Maize, Rice, Sugercane, Cotton,
Groundnuts etc.
2. RABI CROP: “Rabi” is the Arabic word for spring.
Rabi crops are sown in October or mid-November
after the wet season. The harvest might occur in
April or May, depending on the crop type. They
are referred to as “winter crops.” Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,
and Uttarakhand state produce the most Rabi
crops. After Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana
are the two states that produce the majority of
wheat. Eg: Wheat, Barley, Mustard, Peas,
Chickpeas, Gram, Cumin etc.
3. ZAID CROP: The crops between Rabi and Kharif are
called “filler” crops. The Zaid crops love the
10. What is the Weather Forecast
Meaning?
Weather forecasting is the use of science and technology to forecast
atmospheric conditions for a certain place and period.
For centuries, people have tried to forecast the weather informally,
and officially since the nineteenth century. Weather forecasting,
which used to be done by hand and was focused mostly on variations in
barometric pressure, existing weather patterns, and sky state or
cloud cover, is now done using computer-based models that account for
a variety of atmospheric variables.
Weather predictions are created by gathering objective data about the
actual condition of the atmosphere at a certain location and using
meteorology to predict how the weather will behave in the future.
Human feedback is also required to choose the best possible forecast
11. Importance of Weather
Forecasting
There are various uses of weather forecasting in day-to-day life, it
can be as simple as deciding whether to take an umbrella with you on
your work or to deciding your outfit. Following are some of the places
where weather forecasting plays a major role:
1. Seasons and nature play a major role in agriculture and farming.
When it comes to the farming of various fruits, vegetables, and
pulses, temperature is extremely important. Farmers didn’t have a
better understanding of weather forecasts before, so they had to
rely on estimates to do their jobs. They do, however, sometimes
suffer losses as a result of inaccurate weather forecasts. Farmers
will now get all of their forecasts on their smartphones, thanks
to advances in technology and the use of unique weather
forecasting mechanisms. Of course, education in this area is
critical, but the majority of the farmer community at this point
understands the fundamentals, making it simple for them to use the
features.
2. It aids food grain transportation and storage.
3. It aids in the handling of cultural operations such as harrowing,
12. 4. It aids in the implementation of Livestock
protection initiatives
5. Weather Forecasting is crucial since it helps
to determine future climate changes. With the
use of latitude, we can determine the
probability of snow and hail reaching the
surface. We are able to identify the thermal
energy from the sun that is exposed to a region.
Climatology is the scientific study of climates,
which in simple words mean weather conditions
over a period.
A bunch of studies within atmospheric sciences
also takes the help of the variables and
averages of short-term and long-term weather
conditions accumulated. Climatology is different
from meteorology and can be divided into further
areas of study.
13. Types of Weather
Forecasting
• Short Range Forecasting: This forecasting will
last 1-2 days. The weather has an immense
influence on human daily patterns, the production
of food, and personal comfort zones. Forecasting
plays an important role in planning current and
future activities. So, there are other aspects
that may have a huge impact on the forecasting
outcome.
• Medium Range Forecasting: This kind of
forecasting lasts 3-4 days to 2 weeks. Medium-term
forecasts are made for small strategic resolutions
in correlation with the nature of the business.
They are very important in the area of business
budgeting and development and it is from this
forecast that company budgets are decided.
Inaccurate forecasting can have serious impacts on
the rest of the organization, the organization
will be forced to be with the unsold stock and
will have to overspend on production again. A huge
14. • Long-Range Forecasts: This forecasting is for
times longer than four weeks. Long-term
forecasts are for mainly major upcoming
strategic decisions to be taken within an
organization and for the organization, They
focus very much on how to use resources in an
optimum manner. In some strategies, For huge
industries, accurate predictions might be
needed for a decade or more to tackle the
changes. The disadvantage of such forecasts is
that they cannot be more than unclear.
Prediction planners blame the forecast when
things go wrong totally opposite what was
predicted and forecasting hence receives
criticism from all who are impacted.
15. Methods Used to Find the Weather
Forecasting
• Synoptic Method: A systematic study of recent weather
forecasts from a wide area is used in this method of
weather forecasting. Present weather conditions are linked
to comparable scenarios in the past, and predictions are
based on the premise that the current scenario would
behave similarly to the analogous situation in the past.
• Statistical Method: Regression equations or other
advanced relationships are formed between various weather
elements and the subsequent climate in this method of
weather forecasting. Predictions or weather criteria are
usually chosen based on a potential physical interaction
with the predictions.
• Numerical Weather Prediction Techniques: Numerical
weather prediction definition states that it forecasts
weather using statistical models of the atmosphere and
17. Weather Forecasting Process
A weather forecast is made up of three steps:
Observation and
Analysis
This is done by examining a large quantity of observation data
including surface observations, satellite imagery, radar data,
radiosonde data, upper-air data, wind profilers, aircraft
observations, river gauges, and simply looking outside. While data-
access policies differ by country, all of these reports are sent to
regional and global centers through the World Meteorological
Organization’s (WMO) Global Telecommunications System (GTS). To aid
the forecaster, the data is printed, mapped, and graphed in several
ways.
Extrapolation
Extrapolation involves the use of trends established by historical data to
make predictions about future values. The basic assumption of extrapolation
is that the pattern will continue into the future unless evidence suggests
otherwise.
18. Estimatio
n
Estimation is probably one of the most controversial topics,
Weather is not only about temperature: It includes wind, humidity,
sunlight, etc. Estimating is often simplified to timelines, but
estimations are about assessing risks, and addressing them.
Try to think about all the potential uncertainties and create a
buffer/plan for them. Just like you would when planning a trip and
you’re not sure if it’s going to rain, you better pack a good
jacket and rain boots, just in case.
In the current scenario, the forecaster must also apply knowledge
of average climatic conditions, local microclimate fluctuations,
and standard model behavior. The National weather service (NWS )
has made significant efforts to express this kind of additional
data using statistical regression equations. The coefficients in
these equations differ depending on the geographical area and
season.
