Chapter 19 section 2
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Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 after William McKinley was assassinated. As president, Roosevelt supported progressive goals and established a reputation as a "trustbuster" by using the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up large trusts like Northern Securities Company and Standard Oil that took advantage of workers and limited competition. He also sided with striking miners against mine owners and took action to conserve natural resources by establishing the U.S. Forest Service and setting aside land for national parks. Roosevelt did not run for re-election in 1908 and supported William Howard Taft, but later broke from Taft to run as the Progressive Party candidate in 1912, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency.
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The passage discusses three progressive US presidents from the early 20th century: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. It outlines some of their key policies and beliefs. Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 after McKinley's assassination. He believed in a strong and active federal government to protect people from big business. He took actions like trust-busting and establishing national parks. Woodrow Wilson defeated both Roosevelt and Taft in the 1912 election by advocating for restoring competition through trust-busting.
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The three progressive presidents were Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt became president in 1901 after McKinley's assassination. He believed in a strong and active federal government to protect people from big business abuse. His policies included trust busting, food and drug regulation, and establishing national parks. In 1908, Roosevelt chose Taft as his successor but was disappointed in Taft's more conservative policies. This led Roosevelt to run again in 1912 as a third party candidate, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the election on his platform of "New Freedom," regulating trusts more aggressively than Roosevelt's preferred approach.
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South Carolina supported the Federalist position on assuming state debts from the Revolutionary War and establishing a national bank. However, SC agreed with the Democratic-Republicans' opposition to Hamilton's protective tariff proposals. During the War of 1812, South Carolina supported declaring war on Great Britain in response to attacks on American ships and encouragement of Native American attacks on western settlers.
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The Progressive Era in America saw widespread reforms in the early 20th century to address issues like workers' rights, women's and children's rights, economic issues, and the environment. Reformers sought to (1) protect social welfare, (2) promote moral improvement, (3) create economic reform, and (4) foster efficiency. Notable progressive presidents included Theodore Roosevelt, who broke up trusts and conserved natural resources, and Woodrow Wilson, who strengthened antitrust laws and established the Federal Trade Commission. However, the movement failed to significantly advance civil rights for African Americans.
Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. Some of his major accomplishments included trust-busting, bringing over 40 anti-trust suits against large corporations, and establishing numerous national parks and forests. He was succeeded by William Howard Taft, who filed twice as many anti-trust suits as Roosevelt but faced criticism for reversing on tariff reform. Woodrow Wilson was elected as the 28th President in 1912 after splitting the Republican vote between Roosevelt and Taft. As president, Wilson established several progressive reforms including the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Trade Commission.
Chapter 18
The document summarizes political events in the United States during the Gilded Age from the 1870s-1890s. It discusses the rise of third parties like the Populists in response to economic hardship faced by farmers. It also covers civil service reform efforts and the growing conflict between pro-silver and pro-gold factions that came to a head in the 1896 presidential election between William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley.
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The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and development of religions in ancient India. It describes the physical features of India, including the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains and major rivers. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization and the later Vedic civilization brought by Aryan migrations. The document also outlines the emergence of Hinduism and Buddhism, the rise and spread of these religions under empires like the Maurya and Gupta, and their continuing legacy today.
Chapter 23
The document provides details about life in the United States during the Great Depression from 1929 to 1933. It describes how the stock market crash led to widespread unemployment that reached 25% as many industries declined. President Hoover initially responded through voluntary programs but the economic situation continued to deteriorate. When Franklin Roosevelt became president in 1933, he worked with Congress to pass New Deal programs that focused on relief, recovery, and reform. The New Deal provided jobs through programs like the CCC and WPA and sought to reform the financial system through agencies and acts. However, the Depression had severe impacts and the New Deal faced obstacles from the Supreme Court and other critics.
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This document provides an overview of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The geography of Greece, including its mountainous landscape and lack of natural resources, made unity and trade difficult but also fostered the development of seafaring and city-states.
2) Greek society was organized around the city-state and centered on religion, mythology, and honoring the gods through festivals and the Olympics. Early literature like the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aesop's Fables were also important cultural influences.
3) Athens developed one of the earliest forms of democracy through reforms that increased citizen participation and distributed power, moving from monarchy to limited democracy
Chapter 7
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek geography, society, and government. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape divided the region into small areas and made unity difficult. It discusses the rise of independent city-states and different forms of government, including monarchies, aristocracies, oligarchies, and tyrannies. It focuses on reforms in Athens that established a limited direct democracy, where male citizens voted directly on laws.
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World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and escalated due to rising nationalism, imperialism, and a system of alliances that drew more countries into the war. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies after German submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram. With the addition of American troops and resources, the Allies were able to turn the tide of war and force Germany to sign an armistice in 1918. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany in an attempt to prevent future aggression but ultimately helped pave the way for WWII.
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The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It discusses:
1) The founding of Rome in 753 BC by the twins Romulus and Remus according to legend, with Romulus killing Remus and tracing the city boundaries around Palatine Hill.
2) How the Etruscans conquered Rome in the 600s BC but the Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings to regain self-rule, marking the beginnings of the Roman Republic.
3) How Rome was established on seven hills along the Tiber River for its strategic location and fertile farmland, and grew from a city to a large empire over centuries of expansion.
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The United States expanded its overseas interests between 1853-1915. In 1853, Commodore Perry opened trade with Japan through force. The U.S. later purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 1800s, expansionists argued the U.S. needed new frontiers overseas for economic growth and to spread American values. This contributed to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. then built the Panama Canal between 1904-1914 to further economic and military interests in Latin America and Asia.
The beginnings of rome
The document summarizes the origins and early history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus around 753 BC and established on Palatine Hill. Over subsequent centuries, Rome grew from a city to a large empire through expansion across the Italian peninsula and defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. The early Roman Republic established a tripartite government consisting of legislative, judicial, and executive branches to govern the growing city-state.
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Ancient China was shaped by its geography. The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supported agriculture and civilization, while surrounding deserts and mountains isolated China. Three influential philosophies emerged during a period of conflict: Legalism emphasized strong government and law; Confucianism focused on social harmony through respect and proper conduct; Daoism viewed nature and individual harmony as most important. The Qin and Han dynasties unified China under centralized rule, expanding the empire while adopting elements of Chinese culture. The Silk Road opened trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and religions like Buddhism across Asia and into Europe. Chinese innovations in agriculture, paper, and silk had lasting global impacts.
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The document discusses the expansion of industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s. Key developments included the discovery of natural resources which fueled industry, the use of tariffs to protect American industry, and technological innovations like steel production. Industries like oil, railroads, electricity, communications, and automobiles grew rapidly. Large corporations and monopolies formed, led by entrepreneurs and financed by bankers, though working conditions were often poor. Unions struggled to gain influence among the growing urban workforce.
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The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt and the Kush civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which provided fertile land for agriculture. Egyptian society was organized around pharaoh rule and religion, with jobs including farmers, craftspeople, traders, and priests. Major accomplishments were early forms of writing, math, and science. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of pyramid building under pharaohs like Kufu. The New Kingdom was a period of Egyptian power under rulers like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. To the south, the kingdom of Kush also rose in power at times controlling Egypt.
Blog notes chapter 1
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but began settling into permanent villages around 10,000 years ago as agriculture developed. Farming allowed for food surpluses which supported larger populations and more complex societies with specialized workers. One such early complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, which had over 8,000 residents and evidence of agriculture, animal domestication, trade, and occupational specialization. The development of permanent settlements and agriculture marked a major transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 19th century. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and facilitated further settlement. Farming on the plains was difficult due to scarce water and unpredictable weather, and many homesteaders could not last the required 5 years to own their land. Native Americans struggled as settlers and loss of buffalo encroached on their traditional lands and way of life.
Chapter 17 for blog
Mining and railroads transformed the American West in the late 1800s. Gold and silver strikes attracted miners who established boomtowns near mining sites. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 connected the West to markets and further accelerated settlement. Native Americans struggled as settlers encroached on their lands, breaking treaties. Battles like the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee marked the decline of Native cultures. At the same time, cattle ranching became a major industry on the open range of the West.
Blog notes
The document summarizes Reconstruction and the New South after the Civil War. It describes the huge problems in the South after the war ended, including widespread ruin and refugees needing food, shelter, and work. It outlines Lincoln and Johnson's plans for Reconstruction and Congress' push for stricter plans. It discusses the Freedmen's Bureau, black codes, and the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. It also summarizes the rise and fall of Radical Reconstruction, the emergence of Jim Crow laws and segregation, and the transition to a "New South" economy.
Section 3
The Reconstruction era came to an end due to declining support for Radical Republican policies and several scandals under President Grant that hurt his reputation. Both Northerners and Southerners wanted the withdrawal of federal troops and amnesty for Confederates. Republicans began losing control of Southern states in 1869 and African American rights were reduced. The disputed 1876 presidential election was decided by a special commission that awarded the election to Republican Hayes, on the condition that he would remove federal troops from the South to end Reconstruction. After the troops withdrew, Southern states implemented Jim Crow laws and practices like poll taxes and literacy tests that suppressed African American voting and instituted segregation. The Supreme Court upheld segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, establishing the "
Section 2
The document summarizes the political conflict over Reconstruction between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Johnson proposed a lenient Reconstruction plan that did not protect the rights of freed slaves, while Congress passed laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment to guarantee citizenship and equal protection for African Americans. Radical Republicans gained control of Congress and imposed stricter Reconstruction plans, dividing the South under military rule until new governments were formed that protected black rights. However, the Ku Klux Klan used violence and terror to resist Reconstruction, leading to ongoing political battles over civil rights.
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The document summarizes Reconstruction efforts after the Civil War. It discusses Lincoln's lenient reconstruction plan, opposition from Radical Republicans who wanted a stricter plan, the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau to provide relief to freed slaves and refugees, and its roles in education, job placement, and dispute resolution. It also notes the assassination of Lincoln in 1865 and Andrew Johnson becoming the new President.
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The document summarizes key events at the start of the Civil War, including President Lincoln calling for troops after the attack on Fort Sumter, additional states seceding from the Union, and the divided loyalties in border states like Kentucky and Maryland. It also outlines early military strategies between the North and South, including the South's defensive strategy and the North's goal of gaining control of the Mississippi River. The First Battle of Bull Run resulted in the first major defeat for the Union and showed both sides the challenges of the war.
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Chapter 19 section 2
- 1. Section 2 The Progressive President
- 2. The First Progressive President September 6, 1901 President William McKinley assassinated by unemployed anarchist @ the world’s fair in Buffalo, NY Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became President 42 years old Youngest President to take office Supporter of Progressive goals
- 3. Teddy Roosevelt Came from wealthy NY family Suffered from asthma as child Built strength by lifting weights, running, & boxing @23 he was elected to NY state legislature Served on Civil Service Commission Headed NYC police department Assistant secretary of the navy 1898 Led U.S. troops in daring exploits against Spain Returned home a hero Elected governor of New York 2 years later was elected VP w/ McKinley
- 4. TR & Big Business TR won reputation as trustbuster (a person working to destroy monopolies & trusts) Was not against big business, saw difference between “good” & “bad” trusts Good trusts: were efficient & fair & should be left alone Bad trusts: took advantage of workers & cheated the public by eliminating competition. Gov’t must control or break them up 1902 Gov’t brought lawsuit against Northern Securities Company (was formed to control competition among railroads) TR said NSC used unfair business practices 1904 Supreme Court ruling: NSC violated Sherman Antitrust Act Order: trust to be broken up 1st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to break up trusts, not unions More suits followed Against: Standard Oil & American Tobacco Company Were later broke up because they attempted to limit free trade
- 5. A Boost for Organized Labor TR also clashed w/ mine owners 1902 PA coal miners strike Wanted: better pay & short workday Owners: refused to negotiate w/ miners’ union w/ winter approaching schools & hospitals ran out of coal TR threatened to send troops to run mines Mine owners negotiated w/ miners union & reached agreement TR 1st President to side w/ strikers
- 6. The Square Deal 1904 TR ran for President Promised a Square Deal Everyone from farmers and consumers to workers and owners should have the same opportunity to succeed Helped him win election
- 7. Conserving Natural Resources TR took action to protect wilderness areas Lumber companies were cutting down entire forests & miners were removing iron & coal, while leaving gaping holes in the earth to keep up w/ industrial growth TR loved the wilderness & pressed for conservation Not against using resources, but believed they had to be used wisely, w/ an eye toward the future 1905 U.S. Forest Service was formed Thousands of acres of land set aside for national parks
- 8. Protecting Consumers Sinclair’s novel The Jungle shocked TR He made public a report exposing unhealthy meatpacking plant conditions 1906 Congress passed a law allowing closer inspection of meatpacking houses Muckrakers Exposed drug companies for making false claims about medicines & adding harmful chemicals to canned food Congress passed Pure Food & Drug Act(required food & drug makers to list all ingredients on packages
- 9. Taft & Wilson 1908 TR did not run for reelection Supported William Howard Taft Trouble For Taft Taft: quite & cautious Was wary of power Supported Progressive causes Broke up more trusts, favored graduated income tax, approved safety rules for mines, created federal office to control child labor, & signed laws giving gov’t workers 8 hour workday
- 10. 1909 Lost Progressive support Signed a bill to raise tariffs Progressives argued this raised prices for consumers Modified conservation policies Progressives accused him of blocking conservaton
- 11. Election of 1912 TR broke away from Taft & ran against him for Republican nomination TR was loved by people, but Taft controlled party leadership Taft nominated by Republican Party TR & supporters formed new party Progressive Party, later known as the Bull Moose Party Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson Progressive candidate President of Princeton University & governor of New Jersey Brilliant scholar & cautious reformer Known as begin rigid & unwilling to compromise TR & Taft gained more votes than Wilson, but spilt Republican vote allowing Wilson to win the election of 1912
- 12. Wilson & the New Freedom Wanted to restore free competition Program called New Freedom Persuaded Congress to create Federal Trade Commission Power to investigate companies & order them to stop using unfair practices to destroy competitors 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act signed Banned some business practices that limited competition Stopped antitrust laws from being used against unions Federal Reserve Act Regulated banking Set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to raise or lower interest rates & control the money supply