This chapter examines the evolution of child welfare policy in the United States. Child protective services, foster care, adoption, and Head Start have been the focus of child welfare policy since the 1960s. The devolution of welfare to the states through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 has introduced questions about the prospects of poor children whose mothers are entering the labor market.
Fulll chapter of national diarroheal control programme in nepalMonikaRijal1
National diarroheal control programme in nepal , presented and prepared this information was taken on 2076/77 and will be valid untill the next update of NDHS comes out, this is useful for bachleor level, community Health Nursing
Mandate to Report, Responsibility to Prevent Child Abuse and NeglectJim McKay
Presentation to 2018 Principals Leadership Academy. This workshop will help principals understand their role and responsibility as a mandated reporter of suspected child abuse and neglect including recent updates to legislation enacted during the 2018 legislative session. By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to identify signs and indicators of child abuse and neglect, know what to do when a child discloses abuse, and strategies to help prevent abuse from occurring.
Fulll chapter of national diarroheal control programme in nepalMonikaRijal1
National diarroheal control programme in nepal , presented and prepared this information was taken on 2076/77 and will be valid untill the next update of NDHS comes out, this is useful for bachleor level, community Health Nursing
Mandate to Report, Responsibility to Prevent Child Abuse and NeglectJim McKay
Presentation to 2018 Principals Leadership Academy. This workshop will help principals understand their role and responsibility as a mandated reporter of suspected child abuse and neglect including recent updates to legislation enacted during the 2018 legislative session. By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to identify signs and indicators of child abuse and neglect, know what to do when a child discloses abuse, and strategies to help prevent abuse from occurring.
Chapter 10Intervention Reporting, Investigation, and AsseEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 10
Intervention: Reporting, Investigation, and Assessment
Culturally Sensitive Intervention:
Cultural Competence Defined
• Culture: goes beyond race and ethnicity, including religious
identification, gender identity/expression, & sexual
orientation.
• Cultural Competence: “a heightened consciousness of how
culturally diverse populations experience their uniqueness
and deal with their differences and similarities within a larger
social context” (NASW, 2015, p.10)
Culturally Sensitive Intervention: Putting
Cultural Competence into Practice
• Determine family’s level of acculturation and the reason for
their immigration
• Assess how the family views a social worker’s power
• Understand how the family views itself, and their sense of
family cohesion
• Acknowledge varying communication styles
• Learn about culture, but do not over-generalize
• Consult with bilingual and bicultural staff
• Know how one’s (helping professional’s) own values interface
with the client’s
Understanding the Intervention
Process: Reporting
• Mandated reporters: individuals who, in their professional
relationship with the child and family, may encounter child
maltreatment.
• State laws specify repointing agency, reportable conditions,
responsibility of mandated reporters, and the investigation
process
• Although anonymous reports may be accepted, they are not
preferred since they do not allow for follow-up questions
Understanding the Intervention
Process: Child Protection Teams
• Child Protection Teams (CPT): comprised of staff from
different disciplines
• Ex) School-based CPT include an administrator, a guidance
counselor, school nurse, and one or two teachers.
• Suspicions of child maltreatment are brought to CPT.
• If CPT agrees with the report, then the child protection
agency is notified.
• CPTs are effective in medical facilities & churches.
Understanding the Intervention Process:
Investigation & Assessment
• Intake worker meets with the child & his/her family to assess
risk, protective factors, and impact of disclosure on stability of
the family
• If the report is substantiated, the worker identifies goals and
strategies for the family
• If unsubstantiated, the case is referred or closed
• Treatment planning and services begins
• Must evaluate the family’s progress and revise service plan as
necessary
Understanding the Intervention Process:
Family Reactions & Home Visiting
• The family is in a state of crisis, disequilibrium, when
disclosure takes place, experiencing fear: fear of authority,
fear of having the child removed, the fear of helplessness.
• Responses (defense mechanisms) to fear: denial, projection,
blaming the system, antagonism towards social services, or
withdrawal.
• Workers must evaluate the family’s strengths too.
• Home visitation allows assessment, but also requires
additional sensitivity and interviewing skills.
Assessing Risk and Protective
Factors
• Is the ...
All You Need to Know About Foster Care Requirements.pdfmarkandrewma33
Foster care is a vital service that provides temporary homes for children who are unable to live with their biological families due to various reasons such as abuse, neglect, or parental incarceration.
Building Healthy Communities and Preventing Child NeglectJim McKay
Building Healthy Communities and Preventing Child Neglect: It’s more than a family matter.
Presentation at Ohio County Partners in Prevention Conference, Dec. 11, 2015.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCYTHE CORE 5EChapter 7 The Family a.docxcroysierkathey
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
THE CORE 5E
Chapter 7: The Family and
Delinquency
The Changing American Family
• Traditional family is a thing of the past
• Changing sex roles have created a family where women play a
greater role in the economic process
• Egalitarian family structure
• Fathers are now spending more time with children than they did
20 years ago and mothers are spending less time with children
than they did 20 years ago
Family Makeup
After a decades-long decline, 2/3 of underage minors now
live in two parent families
Significant racial differences in family makeup still exist:
75% of White, non-Hispanic children live with two parents
61% of Hispanic children live with two parents (decreased from 75% in
1980)
35% of Black children live with two parents
Teen Moms/Single Moms
Today, more than 90% of teens who give birth are
unmarried
Living a single parent home, especially one headed by an
unmarried teenage mother, has been long associated with
difficulties for both mother and child
Kids born into single-parent homes are more likely to live in poverty and
to experience long-term physical and social difficulties
There are fewer teenage moms in the population today,
due to birth control and the legalization of abortion
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Children Ages 0-17 Living in various
Family Arrangements
Child Care
• 48% of children ages 0-4 with employed moms are cared for by
a relative
• 24% are cared for in a formal daycare or center
• 14% are cared for by a nonrelative in a home-based
environment
• Day care workers are often paid minimum wage
• Family day care homes:
• Single provider takes care of three to nine children
• Although some states mandate registration and inspection of day
care providers, 90% are “underground”
• Children from working poor families are likely to suffer from
inadequate child care
• According to Polakow, lack of access to affordable high-quality
child care is related to family poverty, joblessness, and
homelessness
Economic Stress
• About 6 million American youth live in poverty
• Majority of the families live in substandard housing without
adequate health care, nutrition, or child care
• Recent political trends suggest that the social “safety net”
is under attack
• Poor families can expect less government aid in the coming
years
• Will this economic pressure be reduced in the future?
• The recent economic upheaval and high unemployment rate
has caused families to remain under stress…
Family’s Influence of Delinquency
The family is the primary unit in which children learn the
values and attitudes that guide their actions
Family disruption or changes can have a long lasting effect
Four categories of family dysfunction promote
delinquency:
① Families disrupted by spousal conflict or breakup
Family breakup
② Families involved in interpersonal ...
Information Sharing -Messages from Serious Case ReviewsScarletFire.co.uk
From the Conwy and Denbighshire Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Conference, March 2012.
www.conwy.gov.uk/lscb
Shared with kind permission from David Spicer.
Making a Difference WV Mandated Reporter Training Powerpoint - Updated April ...Jim McKay
Making a Difference: Mandate to Report, Responsibility to Prevent Child Abuse Training Powerpoint. Updated in April 2015. As presented to WV Principals Academy. April 16, 2015.
Chapter 10Intervention Reporting, Investigation, and AsseEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 10
Intervention: Reporting, Investigation, and Assessment
Culturally Sensitive Intervention:
Cultural Competence Defined
• Culture: goes beyond race and ethnicity, including religious
identification, gender identity/expression, & sexual
orientation.
• Cultural Competence: “a heightened consciousness of how
culturally diverse populations experience their uniqueness
and deal with their differences and similarities within a larger
social context” (NASW, 2015, p.10)
Culturally Sensitive Intervention: Putting
Cultural Competence into Practice
• Determine family’s level of acculturation and the reason for
their immigration
• Assess how the family views a social worker’s power
• Understand how the family views itself, and their sense of
family cohesion
• Acknowledge varying communication styles
• Learn about culture, but do not over-generalize
• Consult with bilingual and bicultural staff
• Know how one’s (helping professional’s) own values interface
with the client’s
Understanding the Intervention
Process: Reporting
• Mandated reporters: individuals who, in their professional
relationship with the child and family, may encounter child
maltreatment.
• State laws specify repointing agency, reportable conditions,
responsibility of mandated reporters, and the investigation
process
• Although anonymous reports may be accepted, they are not
preferred since they do not allow for follow-up questions
Understanding the Intervention
Process: Child Protection Teams
• Child Protection Teams (CPT): comprised of staff from
different disciplines
• Ex) School-based CPT include an administrator, a guidance
counselor, school nurse, and one or two teachers.
• Suspicions of child maltreatment are brought to CPT.
• If CPT agrees with the report, then the child protection
agency is notified.
• CPTs are effective in medical facilities & churches.
Understanding the Intervention Process:
Investigation & Assessment
• Intake worker meets with the child & his/her family to assess
risk, protective factors, and impact of disclosure on stability of
the family
• If the report is substantiated, the worker identifies goals and
strategies for the family
• If unsubstantiated, the case is referred or closed
• Treatment planning and services begins
• Must evaluate the family’s progress and revise service plan as
necessary
Understanding the Intervention Process:
Family Reactions & Home Visiting
• The family is in a state of crisis, disequilibrium, when
disclosure takes place, experiencing fear: fear of authority,
fear of having the child removed, the fear of helplessness.
• Responses (defense mechanisms) to fear: denial, projection,
blaming the system, antagonism towards social services, or
withdrawal.
• Workers must evaluate the family’s strengths too.
• Home visitation allows assessment, but also requires
additional sensitivity and interviewing skills.
Assessing Risk and Protective
Factors
• Is the ...
All You Need to Know About Foster Care Requirements.pdfmarkandrewma33
Foster care is a vital service that provides temporary homes for children who are unable to live with their biological families due to various reasons such as abuse, neglect, or parental incarceration.
Building Healthy Communities and Preventing Child NeglectJim McKay
Building Healthy Communities and Preventing Child Neglect: It’s more than a family matter.
Presentation at Ohio County Partners in Prevention Conference, Dec. 11, 2015.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCYTHE CORE 5EChapter 7 The Family a.docxcroysierkathey
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
THE CORE 5E
Chapter 7: The Family and
Delinquency
The Changing American Family
• Traditional family is a thing of the past
• Changing sex roles have created a family where women play a
greater role in the economic process
• Egalitarian family structure
• Fathers are now spending more time with children than they did
20 years ago and mothers are spending less time with children
than they did 20 years ago
Family Makeup
After a decades-long decline, 2/3 of underage minors now
live in two parent families
Significant racial differences in family makeup still exist:
75% of White, non-Hispanic children live with two parents
61% of Hispanic children live with two parents (decreased from 75% in
1980)
35% of Black children live with two parents
Teen Moms/Single Moms
Today, more than 90% of teens who give birth are
unmarried
Living a single parent home, especially one headed by an
unmarried teenage mother, has been long associated with
difficulties for both mother and child
Kids born into single-parent homes are more likely to live in poverty and
to experience long-term physical and social difficulties
There are fewer teenage moms in the population today,
due to birth control and the legalization of abortion
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Children Ages 0-17 Living in various
Family Arrangements
Child Care
• 48% of children ages 0-4 with employed moms are cared for by
a relative
• 24% are cared for in a formal daycare or center
• 14% are cared for by a nonrelative in a home-based
environment
• Day care workers are often paid minimum wage
• Family day care homes:
• Single provider takes care of three to nine children
• Although some states mandate registration and inspection of day
care providers, 90% are “underground”
• Children from working poor families are likely to suffer from
inadequate child care
• According to Polakow, lack of access to affordable high-quality
child care is related to family poverty, joblessness, and
homelessness
Economic Stress
• About 6 million American youth live in poverty
• Majority of the families live in substandard housing without
adequate health care, nutrition, or child care
• Recent political trends suggest that the social “safety net”
is under attack
• Poor families can expect less government aid in the coming
years
• Will this economic pressure be reduced in the future?
• The recent economic upheaval and high unemployment rate
has caused families to remain under stress…
Family’s Influence of Delinquency
The family is the primary unit in which children learn the
values and attitudes that guide their actions
Family disruption or changes can have a long lasting effect
Four categories of family dysfunction promote
delinquency:
① Families disrupted by spousal conflict or breakup
Family breakup
② Families involved in interpersonal ...
Information Sharing -Messages from Serious Case ReviewsScarletFire.co.uk
From the Conwy and Denbighshire Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Conference, March 2012.
www.conwy.gov.uk/lscb
Shared with kind permission from David Spicer.
Making a Difference WV Mandated Reporter Training Powerpoint - Updated April ...Jim McKay
Making a Difference: Mandate to Report, Responsibility to Prevent Child Abuse Training Powerpoint. Updated in April 2015. As presented to WV Principals Academy. April 16, 2015.
Chapter 2 a brief history of the american social welfare state (2020 update)ALMA HERNANDEZ, JD, LMSW
This chapter examines the historical antecedents of the American social welfare state, examining the early institutions that addressed human needs. The influence of Judeo Christian charity customs is examined, as well as the English Poor Laws which served as an early model for much of American social welfare. These influential eras of social welfare development – colonial America, the Civil War, Progressivism, the Great Depression, Post-World War II, the Great Society – are linked to modern welfare state. The roles of industrialization and the voluntary sector are also examined. Early social welfare leaders who emerged throughout the 19th and 20th centuries created structures that would advance social justice in America, create models for social welfare responses, and champion causes to improve conditions for vulnerable populations.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. History of Child Welfare Policy
• No Federal interest in child welfare until 1912 (Mary Ellen happened 1874)
• Children’s Bureau established under Departments of Commerce and Labor
with a budget of $25, 640
• Primary concern is child labor issues – overworking and unhygienic work conditions
• Children’s Bureau Act of 1912 established to bureau to collect information on children
4. History of Child Welfare Policy
• Social Security Act of 1935
• Title IV introduced Aid to Dependent Children
• Title V reinstated Maternal and Child Welfare Services
• Mandated that Children’s Bureau provide for the “protection and care of homeless,
dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent.”
• Family relief and child welfare services provided by the states through their public
welfare departments
5. History of Child Welfare Policy
• Child protection is a state matter; federal government lacks a family
protection policy
• Historically, children were considered property and abusive behavior towards
child was seen as discipline
6. Protection Services for Children
• Since the inception of child welfare, policy has made it clear that primary
responsibility for the child rests with the parents
• State government is only a backup plan
• Child abuse discovered by pediatric radiologists who sounded the alarm to
the trend of children with broken bones
• Radiologists did not have patient confidentiality to worry about
7. Protection Services for Children
• Reasons doctors did not report child abuse:
• CA was not a traditional diagnosis
• Doctors could not believe a parent would do that to a child
• Doctors often viewed the family as the patient, so doctor-patient confidentiality
prevented them from speaking out
• Doctors saw involvement in criminal investigation/prosecution as time consuming
• Child abuse was labeled Battered Child Syndrome in 1962 and finally
recognized by doctors
8. Protection Services of Children
• Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act - established the National
Center for Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN), part of DHHS, which
established a model statute for state child protective programs and
• A standard definition of child abuse and neglect
• Methods for reporting and investigating abuse and neglect
• Immunity for those reporting suspected injuries inflicted on children
• Prevention and public education efforts to reduce incidents of abuse and
neglect
9. Protection Services of Children
• Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act and NCCAN allowed for the
reporting of trends in child abuse and the need for protective services.
10. Different types of Child Mistreatment
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
• Physical abuse is deliberate actions resulting in injuries to a child or genuine
threats of such actions, or concerns about physical injuries of an
unexplained or suspicious nature.
• Sexual abuse includes:
• Sexual indecency, sexual assault, or aggravated sexual assault.
• Failing to make a reasonable effort to prevent sexual conduct to a child.
• Using the child for the creation of obscene or pornographic material.
11. • Emotional abuse is an emotional or mental injury caused by the parent or
caregiver that results in an observable effect on the child.
• Psychological state - Concerns about the child's mental stability, as demonstrated by
mood, behavior, and thoughts.
Different types of Child Mistreatment
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
12. • Trafficking
• Labor trafficking - parent or caregiver forcing a child into labor or
services that are unhealthy or harmful to the child.
• Sex trafficking - parent or caregiver receiving compensation for forcing
a child to engage in prostitution or other sex acts.
Different types of Child Mistreatment
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
13. • Child Neglect
• Neglectful supervision means improper supervision of a child left alone
which could have resulted in substantial harm.
• Medical neglect is failure to seek, obtain or administer medical treatment
that could result in substantial harm.
Different types of Child Mistreatment
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
14. • Child Neglect
• Physical neglect is the failure to provide a child with the necessary food,
clothing, and shelter to maintain a healthy life.
• Abandonment and refusal to accept parental responsibility are where
the parent or caregiver left the child in a potentially harmful situation and did
not plan to return for the child.
• Refusal to accept parental responsibility - Child has been out of the home for any
reason, and parent/caregiver refuses to allow the child to return home.
Different types of Child Mistreatment
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
15. • Child Maltreatment – is the combination of abuse and neglect
• Abandonment
• Not providing adequate supervision
• Threats of harm
• Exploitation
• Congenital drug addiction
Protection Services of Children
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
16. TX Child Protection Services
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
• Child Protective Services responsibilities include:
• Providing services to children and families in their own homes.
• Placing children in foster care.
• Providing services to help youth in foster care successfully
transition to adulthood.
• Helping children get adopted.
17. TX Child Protection Services
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
• In Texas, anyone who suspects that a child is being abused or neglected
has a legal obligation to report it.
• Professional reporters are required to report suspicion of abuse or
neglect within 48 hours.
• A Professional Reporter is anyone licensed or certified by the state or works for an
agency or facility licensed or certified by the state and has contact with children as a
result of their normal duties. By law, professionals may not delegate their duty to report
to another person such as a coworker or family member.
18. TX Child Protection Services
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
• Professional reporters include, but are not limited to:
• Teachers
• Doctors, Nurses
• Social Workers
• Daycare employees
• Employees of a clinic or health care facility that provides reproductive
services
• Juvenile probation, detention or correctional officers
19. TX Child Protection Services
dfps.texas.state.tx.us
• Professional reporters include, but are not limited to:
• Teachers
• Doctors, Nurses
• Social Workers
• Daycare employees
• Employees of a clinic or health care facility that provides reproductive
services
• Juvenile probation, detention or correctional officers
20. Foster Care for Children
• Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980.
• Enacted to reduce the length of time children spent in foster care and
reunite them with their families of origin as well as keep proper
accounting of foster care placement
• Permanency planning – a strategy for helping foster children to live in
families that offer continuity of relationships and the opportunity to
establish lifetime relationships
21. Foster Care for Children
• Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions
Act (2008)
• Kinship Care: provides funding to relatives who assist with care of children
who are kin; must notify relatives when familial children are placed in foster
care
• Foster Youth: foster care can be extended to age 21 and caseworkers must
develop a personalized transition plan
• Adoption: additional incentive to increase number of older kid adoptions; tax
credit to adoptive parents
• Healthcare: increased coordination with Medicaid programs to meet care of
children
22. Foster Care for Children
• Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions
Act (2008)
• Tribal government: more autonomy to administer adoptions of tribal children
• Siblings: states must make every effort to place siblings together in the same
household (adopted or foster) unless doing so would harm any of the siblings
• Education: Agencies must do everything possible to secure educational stability
for the child (e.g., stay in the same school, equal access to services even if
moving school)