This document discusses emotions, motivations, drive states, and motivation theories. It defines affect, emotions, and motivations, and describes the experience and communication of emotions. It discusses primary and secondary emotions, as well as theories of emotion. Drive states like hunger and sexual arousal are explored. Motivation is defined and different types of motivation including intrinsic, extrinsic, positive, and negative motivation are discussed. Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation is also summarized.

1. EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS
Members:
Hafiz Hamza Mukhtar-BITF18A535
Muhammad Umair Hamid Siddique-BITF18A523
Syed Muneeb Haider-BITF18A501
Hammad Saeed-BITF18A530
Huma Mustafa-BITF18A520
Alia Zeenat-BITF18A522

2. Introduction
Syed Muneeb Haider

3. 13 years old Gavin England and his Grandfather.

4. Captain and the landed plain on Hudson River

5. Affect
The topic of this chapter is Affect is defined as the
experience of feeling or emotion. Affect is an essential
part of the study of psychology because it plays such an
important role in everyday life. As we will see, affect
guides behaviour, helps us make decisions, and has a
major impact on our mental and physical health.
• Gavin England, 2014
• Captain Sullen Berger

6. Arousal
Emotions and Motivations involve arousal, our
experiences of the bodily responses created by the
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
(ANS).
When we experience emotions or strong motivations, we
feel the experiences. When we become aroused, the
sympathetic nervous system provides us with energy to
respond to our environment. The liver puts extra sugar
into the bloodstream, the heart pumps more blood, our
pupils dilate to help us see better, respiration increases,
and we begin to perspire to cool the body. The stress
hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released.
We experience these responses as arousal

7. An EMOTION is a mental and physiological feeling
state that directs our attention and guides our behavior
• Constructive
• Destructive
Emotions control our actions.

8. A MOTIVATION is a driving force that initiates and
directs behavior.
• Biological Motivations such as Food and water.
• Personal Motivations such as the motivations for social
approval and acceptance, the motivation to achieve,
and the motivation to take or to avoid taking risks .

9. The Experience of
Emotions
Huma Mustafa

10. Primary Emotions:
The most fundamental emotions,
known as the basic emotions, are
those of :
Anger
 Disgust
 Fear
 Happiness
 Sadness
Surprise

11. Experiencing Emotions
 The basic emotions are determined in large part by one of the
oldest parts of our brain, the limbic system, including the
amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus.
 We also interpret our experiences to create a more complex
array of emotional experiences.
 For instance : fear of falling from roller coaster then the fear
of falling from plain that has lost power

12. Secondary Emotions:
 The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions — known as cognitive appraisal — allow
us to experience a much larger and more complex set of secondary emotions. (Intense and Mild)
 Pleasant Emotions
o Astonished
o Excited
o Satisfied
o Calm
o Etc.
 Unpleasant Emotions
o Afraid
o Frustrated
o Distressed
o Sad
o Bored
o Etc.

13. Limbic System
 Fast Pathway-> Primary emotions
 Slow Pathway -> Secondary emotions

14. The Cannon-Bard and James-Lange
Theories of Emotion
 According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion is
accompanied by physiological arousal.
 According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, our experience of an emotion is the
result of the arousal that we experience.

15. Cont.…

16. The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
(Schachter & Singer )
 The two-factor theory of emotion asserts that the experience of emotion is
determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that
the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will
be.
 emotion = arousal + cognition
 The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that
they are experiencing is known as the misattribution of arousal.
 the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing
arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more
strongly is called excitation transfer.

17. Cont.…
By Dutton and Aron (1974),

18. Communicating Emotion:
 Nonverbal communication, that is, communication, primarily of liking or
disliking, that does not involve words. Nonverbal communication
includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions,
and we can often accurately detect the emotions that other people are
experiencing through these channels.
 The face contains 43 different muscles that allow it to make more than
10,000 unique configurations and to express a wide variety of emotions
 Proxemics
 Body appearance
 Body positioning and movement
 Gestures
 Facial expressions
 Paralanguage

19. Thank You !

20. Functions of
emotions
Hammad saeed

21. Emotions
In Psychology, emotion is defined as “a complex reaction
pattern, involving experiential, behavioral and
physiological elements.” Emotions are how individuals
deal with matters or situations they find personally
significant. Emotions are often confused with feelings and
moods, but the three terms are not interchangeable

22. Core Functions
Emotions motivate action
Emotions are self-validating
Emotions communicate valuable information to
others

23. What are the Functions of emotions ?
 They are source of information
 They prepare us for actions
 They regulate behaviors
 They help us communicate with others, e.g. facial expressions and attachments
 They can create a cognitive bias and maintain self-esteem

24. Intrapersonal functions of emotion
“This refer to the role that emotions play within each
of us individually”
 Emotions Help us Act Quickly with Minimal Conscious
Awareness
 Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action
 Emotions Influence Our Thoughts
 Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors

25. Interpersonal Functions of Emotion
“This refer to the role emotions play between individuals within a group”
 Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal
Relationships
 Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social
Behavior
 Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers

26. Social and Cultural Functions of Emotion
“This refer to the
role that emotions
play in the
maintenance of
social order within
a society”

28. Positive Emotions: The Power
of Happiness
Alia Zeenat

29. Power of positive thinking :
The best antidote for stress is a happy one: think positively, have fun,
and enjoy the company of others.
Positive thinking helps people meet their goals and keeps them healthy,
happy, and able to effectively cope with the negative events that occur
to them.

31. Happiness depends on your
mindset and attitude.
Happiness is in your mind,
not in circumstances.

32. The power of positive thinking
comes in different forms:
Optimism; a general tendency
to expect positive outcomes,
finding that optimists are
happier and have less stress .
Optimists make faster
recoveries from illnesses and
surgeries.

34. Self-efficacy; the belief in our
ability to carry out actions that
produce desired outcomes.
People with high self-efficacy
have been found to be better able
to quit smoking and lose weight
and are more likely to exercise
regularly.

35. Hardiness; The tendency to be
less affected by life’s stressors
can be characterized as an
individual difference measure
that has a relationship to both
optimism and self-efficacy.
And hardy individuals seem to
cope better with stress and
other negative life events

36. Finding Happiness through Our
Connections with Others
Happiness is determined in part by genetic factors, but also in part by
the situations that we create for ourselves.
Social support also helps us better cope with stressors.
People with social support are less depressed overall, recover faster
from negative events, and are less likely to commit suicide.

37. Cont..
Social support buffers us against stress in several ways.
For one, having people we can trust and rely on helps us directly by
allowing us to share favors when we need them. These are the direct
effects of social support.
But having people around us also makes us feel good about ourselves.
These are the appreciation effects of social support.
Students with more friends felt less stress and reported that their
friends helped them, but they also reported that having friends made
them feel better about themselves.

38. What Makes Us Happy?
People may not always
know what will make them
happy.
Income and Happiness?
Although personal income
keeps rising, happiness
does not.
Material wealth plays only
a small role in determining
happiness.

39. People’s ability to predict future:
Psychologists have found that people’s ability to predict their future
emotional states is not very accurate.
Although people think that positive and negative events that might
occur to them will make a huge difference in their lives, and although
these changes do make at least some difference in life satisfaction, they
tend to be less influential than we think they are going to be.

40. Reason?
For one, people are resilient; they bring their coping skills to play when
negative events occur, and this makes them feel better.
Secondly, most people do not continually experience very positive, or
very negative, affect over a long period of time, but rather adapt to
their current circumstances.
Another reason that we may mis predict our happiness is that our social
comparisons change when our own status changes as a result of new
events.
Clearly the main ingredient in happiness lies beyond, or perhaps
beneath, external factors.

41. Drive States
Muhammad Umair Hamid Siddique
BITF18A523

42. Introduction
 Our thoughts and behaviors are strongly influenced by affective
experiences known as drive states. These drive states motivate us to
fulfill goals that are beneficial to our survival and reproduction.
 It has a profound impact on the functioning of the mind and affects
psychological processes, such as perception, attention, emotion, and
motivation, and influences the behaviors that these processes
generate.

43. Cont..
Hunger is a drive state, and is
among our most basic motivators.
Humans rely critically on food for
nutrition and energy, and the
absence of food can create drastic
changes, not only in physical
appearance, but in thoughts and
behaviors.

44. Key Properties of Drive States
 Drive states differ from other affective or emotional states in terms of
the biological functions they accomplish.
 Whereas all affective states possess valence (i.e., they are positive or
negative) and serve to motivate approach or avoidance behaviors, drive
states are unique in that they generate behaviors that result in specific
benefits for the body.
 For example, hunger directs individuals to eat foods that increase
blood sugar levels in the body, while thirst causes individuals to drink
fluids that increase water levels in the body.

45. Homeostasis
 The tendency of an organism to
maintain this stability across all the
different physiological systems in the
body is called homeostasis.
 Homeostasis is maintained via two key
factors. First, the state of the system
being regulated must be monitored and
compared to an ideal level, or a set
point. Second, there need to be
mechanisms for moving the system back
to this set point

46. The Narrowing of Attention
First form of attention;
 As drive states intensify, they
direct attention toward elements,
activities, and forms of
consumption that satisfy the
biological needs associated with
the drive.
 For example, hunger draws
attention toward food. Outcomes
and objects that are not related to
satisfying hunger lose their value.

47. Second form of attention;
 Drive states also produce a second form of attention-
narrowing: a collapsing of time-perspective toward
the present. That is, they make us impatient.
 For example; “I need food now”.
Third form of attention;
 Yet a third form of attention-narrowing involves
thoughts and outcomes related to the self versus
others. Intense drive states tend to narrow one’s focus
inwardly and to undermine altruism.
 People who are hungry, in pain, or craving drugs tend
to be selfish.

48. Two Illustrative Drive States:
Hunger:
 Hunger is a classic example of a drive state, one that results in thoughts and
behaviors related to the consumption of food.
 Various other internal and external cues can also cause hunger.
 For example, when fats are broken down in the body for energy, this
initiates a chemical cue that the body should search for food .
 External cues include the time of day, estimated time until the next feeding
and the sight, smell, taste, and even touch of food and food-related stimuli.

49. Sexual Arousal:
 A second drive state, especially critical to reproduction, is sexual
arousal. Sexual arousal results in thoughts and behaviors related to
sexual activity.
 As with hunger, it is generated by a large range of internal and external
mechanisms that are triggered either after the extended absence of
sexual activity or by the immediate presence and possibility of sexual
activity.
 Unlike other drive states the mechanisms that trigger sexual arousal are
not the same for men and women.

50. Conclusion:
 Drive states are evolved motivational mechanisms designed to ensure
that organisms take self-beneficial actions.
 Drive states like hunger, sexual arousal, and other are all psychological
mechanisms that have evolved gradually over millions of years. We
share these drive states not only with our human ancestors but with
other animals, such as monkeys, dogs, and rats.

51. ANY QUESTIONS?

52. Motive and
Goals
Hafiz Hamza Mukhtar

53. Motivation
The term 'MOTIVATION' has been derived from the Latin word MOVERE'
which means 'TO MOVE’.
“A Need or desire that motivate direct behaviour towards goals”
Motivation is the process of including and instigating the subordinates to put
in their best.
DEFINITION
• Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish
desired goals. W.G.Scott
• Motivation is a general inspirational process which gets the members of the
team to pull their weight effectively to give their loyalty to the group to carry
out properly the tasks that they accepted and generally to play an effective
part in the job that the group has undertaken. E.F.L. Brech

54. Two categories of motives

Primary Motives:
Motives which are linked with basic primary needs and
associated with biological well-being of an individual.
Needs that come under this
category:
1. Need for food, water and
oxygen
2. Need to take rest when tired
3. Need for being active when
rested
4. Need for regular elimination of
waste products from our body
Secondary Motives:
Motives linked with one's
socio-psychological needs are
known as secondary or
psychological motives.
Needs that come under this
category
1. Need for freedom
2. Need for security
3. Need to achieve
4. Need for recognition
5. Need for self-assertion
6. Need for self-actualization

55. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTIVATION
Component of directing
1. Psychological aspect
2. Goals directed
3. Continuous process
4. Integrated

56. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation refers to
behaviour that is driven by
external rewards such as
money, fame, grades, and
praise.
This type of motivation arises
from outside the individual, as
opposed to intrinsic
motivation, which originates
inside of the individual.
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation
It refers to behaviour that is driven by
internal rewards. In other words, the
motivation to engage in a behaviour arises
from within the individual because it is
intrinsically rewarding. This contrasts with
extrinsic motivation, which involves
engaging in a behaviour in order to earn
external rewards or avoid punishments
Type of Motivation
Based on source

57. Positive Motivation
Positive motivation initiates to
offer rewards to persuade
employees or workers by
providing both monetary and
nonmonetary benefits. The
positive reward can be
measured in terms of money,
monetary incentives increment
in salary, cash rewards, bonus
payment, share profit and
pension etc.
Negative Motivation
Negatives motivation initiates to
hold out some punishment to
employees to induce desired
behaviour. The negative motivation
is measured in terms of monetary
punishments, penalties, reduction
of remuneration, bonus
allowances, and reduction other
financial incentives.
For Efficiency we have to give
positive motivation but, according
to situation, negative motivation
also plays important role, so it
can't be avoided.
Type of Motivation
Based on approach

58. Motivation-Hygiene Theory
This theory, also called the Motivation-Hygiene Theory or
the dual-factor theory, was penned by Frederick Herzberg in
1959. This American psychologist, who was very interested in
people’s motivation and job satisfaction, came up with the
theory.
What is Two Factor Theory?
Herzberg’s Theory of Motivation tries to get to the root of
motivation in the workplace. You can use this theory to
help you get the best performance from your team.
The two factors identified by Herzberg are motivators and
hygiene factors.

59. 1. Motivating Factors
The presence of motivators causes employees to work harder.
They are found within the actual job itself.
2. Hygiene Factors
The absence of hygiene factors will cause employees to work
less hard.
Hygiene factors are not present in the actual job itself but
surround the job.
The impact of motivating and hygiene factors is summarized
in the following diagram. Note that you will often see motivators
referred to as factors for satisfaction, and hygiene factors referred
to as factors for dissatisfaction

62. The Four Stats
In a general sense, there are four states an organization or team can find themselves in when it
comes to Two Factor Theory.
1. High Hygiene and High Motivation
This is the ideal situation and the one which every manager should strive for. Here, all employees
are motivated and have very few grievances.
2. High Hygiene and Low Motivation
In this situation, employees have few grievances, but they are not highly motivated. An example of
this situation is where pay and working conditions are competitive, but the work isn’t very
interesting. Employees are simply there to collect their salary.
3. Low Hygiene and High Motivation
In this situation, employees are highly motivated, but they have a lot of grievances. A typical
example of this situation is where the work is exciting and interesting but the pay and
conditions are behind competitors in the same industry.
4. Low Hygiene and Low Motivation
This is obviously a bad situation for an organization or team to find itself in. Here, employees aren’t
motivated, and the hygiene factors are not up to scratch.

63. THE END