This document discusses the elements of emotion from multiple perspectives. It begins by defining emotion and outlining its key components: the body, mind, and culture. It then examines the body aspects of primary and secondary emotions, facial expressions, the brain regions involved, and how hormones influence emotions. Next, it explores the cognitive aspects of emotion including how thoughts create emotions and the role of attributions. Finally, it analyzes how culture shapes emotional expression, regulation, and gender differences in various elements of emotion.

1. Behaviour Science
Assignment
Submitted To : Submitted By:
Dr. Kailash Chand barmola Sachin jangid

3. Defining Emotion
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
Elements off Emotion 3: The Culture
Putting the elements together :
Emotion and Gender
Emotion

4. Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and body
changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals,
subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action,
all shaped by cultural rules.

5.  Primary And Secondary
 Face of Emotion
 Brain and Emotion
 Hormones and Emotions
 Detecting Emotions : Does the body lie
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body

6.  Primary emotions
 Emotions considered to be universal and biologically
based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy,
surprise, disgust, and contempt.
 Secondary emotion
 Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary
across individuals and cultures.
 Three biological areas of emotion are
 facial expressions,
 brain regions and circuits, and
 autonomic nervous system.
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body

7.  Facial expressions for primary emotions are
universal.
 Even members of remote cultures can recognize
facial expressions in people who are foreign to
them.
 Facial feedback
 Process by which the facial muscles send messages to
the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
 Infants are able to read parental expressions.
 Facial expression can generate same expressions
in others, creating mood contagion.
Universal Expressions of Emotion

8.  Anger is universally
recognized by
geometric patterns on
the face.
 In each pair, the left
form seems angrier
than the right form.
The Face of Anger

9.  Across and within cultures, agreement often
varies on which emotion a particular facial
expression is revealing.
 People don’t usually express their emotion in
facial expressions unless others are around.
 Facial expressions convey different meanings
depending on their circumstances.
 People often use facial expressions to lie about
their feelings as well as to express them.
Facial Expressions in Social Context

10.  The amygdala
 Responsible for assessing threat.
 Damage to the amygdala results in abnormality to
process fear.
 Left prefrontal cortex
 Involved in motivation to approach others.
 Damage to this area results in loss of joy.
 Right prefrontal cortex
 Involved in withdrawal and escape.
 Damage to the area results in excessive mania and
euphoria.
Brain and Emotion

11.  When experiencing an intense emotion, 2 hormones
are released.
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
 Results in increased alertness and arousal.
 At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out
of control emotionally.
Hormones and Emotions

12. The Autonomic Nervous System

13.  Polygraph testing relies on
autonomic nervous
system arousal.
 Typical measures:
 Galvanic Skin Response
 Pulse, blood pressure
 Breathing
 Fidgeting
Detecting Emotions : Does the Body Lie

14.  Empirical support is
weak and conflicting.
 Test is inadmissible in
most courts.
 It is illegal to use for
most job screening.
 Many government
agencies continue to
use for screening.
Polygraph Test
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Innocent
people
judged
guilty
Guilty
people
judged
innocent

15.  How thoughts create emotions
 The two factor theory of emotion.
 Attributions and emotions.
 Cognitions and emotional complexity
Elements of Emotion 2 : The Mind

16.  How thoughts create
emotions
 The two factor theory of
emotion.
 Attributions and
emotions.
 Cognitions and emotional
complexity
Two Factor Theory of Emotion

17.  Perceptions and attributions are involved in
emotions.
 How one reacts to an event depends on how he or
she explains it.
 For example, how one reacts to being ignored or
winning the silver instead of the gold medal.
 Philosophy of life is also influential.
Attributions and Emotions

18.  Cognitions, and therefore, emotions, become more
complex as a child’s cerebral cortex matures.
 Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, do
not occur until after infancy, due to the emergence of a
sense of self and others.
 People can learn how their thinking affects their
emotions and can change their thinking accordingly.
Cognitions and Emotional Complexity

19.  Culture and emotional variation
 The rules of emotional regulation
 Display rules
 Body language
 Emotion work
Elements of Emotion 3 : The Culture

20.  Display Rules
 When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or
when they should be squelched.
 Body Language
 The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture and
gaze that people constantly express.
 Emotion Work
 Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create
the right emotion for the occasion.
The Rules of Emotional Regulations

21.  Physiology and intensity
 Sensitivity to other people’s emotions
 Cognitions
 Expressiveness
 Factors which affect expressiveness
 Emotion work
Putting it all together : Emotion and
Gender

22.  Physiology and intensity
 Women recall emotional events more intensely and
vividly than do men.
 Men experience emotional events more intensely than
do women.
 Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than
women.
Putting The elements Together : Emotion
and Gender

23.  Males autonomic nervous system is
more reactive than females.
 Men are more likely to rehearse angry
thoughts which maintains anger.
 Women are more likely to ruminate
which maintains depression.
Possible reasons for differences in
physiology and intensity.

24.  Factors which influence one’s ability to “read”
emotional signals:
 The sex of the sender and receiver.
 How well the sender and receiver know each other.
 How expressive the sender is.
 Who has the power.
 Stereotypes and expectations.
Sensitivity to Other People’s
Emotions

25.  Men and women appear to differ in the types of every
day events that provoke their anger.
 Women become angry over issues related to their
partners disregard.
 Men become angry over damage to property or
problems with strangers.
Cognitions

26.  In North America women:
 Smile more than men.
 Gaze at listeners more.
 Have more emotionally expressive faces.
 Use more expressive body movements.
 Touch others more.
 Acknowledge weakness and emotions more.
 Compared to women, men only express anger to
strangers more.
Expressiveness

27.  Gender roles
 Cultural norms
 The specific situation
Factors Influencing Emotional
Expressiveness

28.  Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and
making sure others are happy.
 Men work hard at persuading others they are stern,
aggressive and unemotional.
 Why?
 Gender roles and status.
Emotion Work And Gender

29. Thank You