Chapter 12 Nervous system
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The document discusses the meanings of the medical suffixes "-taxia" and "-esthesia". For "-taxia", it defines it as muscle coordination and describes ataxia as poor coordination and unsteadiness caused by the brain failing to regulate posture and limb movement due to cerebellum degeneration or damage. For "-esthesia", it defines it as feeling or sensation and describes anesthesia as using medication to reduce pain and sensation during surgery, including local anesthesia for a body area, regional for a body portion, and general to induce unconsciousness.
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Neurodynamics-II
Comprises of assessment and diagnostic techniques of neurodynamics.
it includes both the mechnaical interface and neurological aspect, along with the level of application of diagnostic as well as treatment part of neurodynamics
Positional release technique
The document discusses Positional Release Technique (PRT), a therapeutic technique that uses tender points and positions of comfort to resolve muscle dysfunction. Tender points are hyperirritable areas in taut muscle bands, while positions of comfort are positions where tender points are most palpable. PRT works by placing tender points into positions of comfort to relax tissues and decrease tenderness. It aims to relax muscle spindles and decrease neural activity to break sustained muscle contractions and resolve restrictions and tender points. Common tender point areas and guidelines for documenting severity, prioritizing treatment, and performing PRT are provided.
Alternative Treatment Options Provided by the Chiropractors
All we know is that chiropractors are health care professionals who are mainly focused to diagnose and treat neuromuscular disorders through manual adjustments. They are providing non-surgical treatment options for treating the nervous system and musculoskeletal systems gently. Go through the slide to know about the alternative treatment options provided by the chiropractor for treating all types of health problems.
abnormal muscle tone
This document defines and describes different types of muscle tone abnormalities. Muscle tone is the resistance offered by muscles to passive stretch. Hypertonia includes spasticity and rigidity, where there is increased resistance to stretch. Spasticity is velocity-dependent and involves exaggerated reflexes. Rigidity is resistance throughout range of motion. Hypotonia involves decreased or absent resistance and flaccidity. Specific types of hypertonia and hypotonia are further described based on their neurological causes and clinical presentations.
Muscle pain mechanism
Muscle pain occurs through the activation of muscle nociceptors by mechanical and chemical stimuli. During ischemia or low pH conditions, chemicals like ATP and protons are released activating nociceptors. Muscle spasms can develop through ischemia reducing blood flow, releasing pain-causing substances, and sensitizing nociceptors. Chronic work-related myalgia may occur through energy depletion in small muscle fibers and impaired blood flow due to sympathetic activation during exertion.
Neurodynamics- I
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
Neurodynamics III
This document discusses neurodynamic treatment techniques for the mechanical interface and neural components of the nervous system. It describes openers and closers to produce opening and closing actions around neural tissue. Slider and tensioner techniques are also explained to induce sliding and tension within neural tissue. Guidelines are provided for applying each technique, including when to use them, appropriate dosages, and progressing treatments away from or toward the source of pain. The goal is to address neuropathodynamic dysfunctions through specific movements and positions of the limbs and spine.
Cp(disorders of muscle tone)
The document discusses different types of disorders of muscle tone including spasticity, rigidity, flaccidity, and atonia. It describes how damage to different pathways in the motor system can result in these disorders and their associated signs and symptoms. The effects of lesions to specific cranial and spinal nerves involved in motor speech are also reviewed, and how this can impact the structures and functions of the oral speech mechanism.
Recommended
Neurodynamics-II
Comprises of assessment and diagnostic techniques of neurodynamics.
it includes both the mechnaical interface and neurological aspect, along with the level of application of diagnostic as well as treatment part of neurodynamics
Positional release technique
The document discusses Positional Release Technique (PRT), a therapeutic technique that uses tender points and positions of comfort to resolve muscle dysfunction. Tender points are hyperirritable areas in taut muscle bands, while positions of comfort are positions where tender points are most palpable. PRT works by placing tender points into positions of comfort to relax tissues and decrease tenderness. It aims to relax muscle spindles and decrease neural activity to break sustained muscle contractions and resolve restrictions and tender points. Common tender point areas and guidelines for documenting severity, prioritizing treatment, and performing PRT are provided.
Alternative Treatment Options Provided by the Chiropractors
All we know is that chiropractors are health care professionals who are mainly focused to diagnose and treat neuromuscular disorders through manual adjustments. They are providing non-surgical treatment options for treating the nervous system and musculoskeletal systems gently. Go through the slide to know about the alternative treatment options provided by the chiropractor for treating all types of health problems.
abnormal muscle tone
This document defines and describes different types of muscle tone abnormalities. Muscle tone is the resistance offered by muscles to passive stretch. Hypertonia includes spasticity and rigidity, where there is increased resistance to stretch. Spasticity is velocity-dependent and involves exaggerated reflexes. Rigidity is resistance throughout range of motion. Hypotonia involves decreased or absent resistance and flaccidity. Specific types of hypertonia and hypotonia are further described based on their neurological causes and clinical presentations.
Muscle pain mechanism
Muscle pain occurs through the activation of muscle nociceptors by mechanical and chemical stimuli. During ischemia or low pH conditions, chemicals like ATP and protons are released activating nociceptors. Muscle spasms can develop through ischemia reducing blood flow, releasing pain-causing substances, and sensitizing nociceptors. Chronic work-related myalgia may occur through energy depletion in small muscle fibers and impaired blood flow due to sympathetic activation during exertion.
Neurodynamics- I
Concept given by Shacklock (modern concept) and Butler (old concept), a method of assessment as well as treatment of peripheral neurological system by physiotherapists.
Part-I: The current slideshow: theoretical aspect of neurodynamics.
Part-II: Assessment of peripheral nervous system on the basis of neurodynamic concepts: Date: 01/04/2020
Part-III: treatment part: Date: 03/04/2020
Part-IV: Self neurodynamics: 05/04/2020
Neurodynamics III
This document discusses neurodynamic treatment techniques for the mechanical interface and neural components of the nervous system. It describes openers and closers to produce opening and closing actions around neural tissue. Slider and tensioner techniques are also explained to induce sliding and tension within neural tissue. Guidelines are provided for applying each technique, including when to use them, appropriate dosages, and progressing treatments away from or toward the source of pain. The goal is to address neuropathodynamic dysfunctions through specific movements and positions of the limbs and spine.
Cp(disorders of muscle tone)
The document discusses different types of disorders of muscle tone including spasticity, rigidity, flaccidity, and atonia. It describes how damage to different pathways in the motor system can result in these disorders and their associated signs and symptoms. The effects of lesions to specific cranial and spinal nerves involved in motor speech are also reviewed, and how this can impact the structures and functions of the oral speech mechanism.
Muscle tone
1) Muscle tone is maintained by low-level muscle contractions regulated by the brain and spinal cord. Muscle spindles within muscles provide feedback on tone levels.
2) When a muscle is stretched, muscle spindles activate the stretch reflex, causing the muscle to contract and counteract the stretch. This maintains constant tone.
3) Gamma motor neurons contract intrafusal muscle fibers within spindles to keep spindles "in tune" as muscle tone levels change, allowing precise tone regulation. Spindle feedback continually informs the brain, especially the cerebellum, of tone levels.
Baclofen
This presentation discusses the skeletal muscle relaxant Baclofen and the Medicon product Balo-10 tablets. Baclofen works by inhibiting spinal reflexes and enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. It is indicated for treating conditions caused by muscle spasms like spasticity, back pain, and headaches. Balo-10 is a 10mg tablet that follows a titration schedule for administration. Its benefits include effectiveness, safety for long term use, and minimal side effects. The presentation provides information on Balo-10's competitors, sales and prescription targets, and objectives to make it a leading brand.
11 spinal reflexes sr2002 2013 al
This document discusses spinal reflexes and their role in movement. It describes the reflex arc which consists of receptors, an integration center, and effectors. Key spinal reflexes discussed include the monosynaptic stretch reflex, which causes muscle contraction when a muscle is stretched, and reciprocal inhibition, which inhibits antagonistic muscles. These reflexes can assist athletic performance by facilitating muscle activation and energy storage. Plyometric exercises exploit the stretch reflex to improve power.
Proprioception sense
Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body. It is initiated by activation of proprioceptors in muscles, joints, and the inner ear that provide information about body position and movement to the brain. Proprioceptors are receptors located throughout the body that are sensitive to stretching and compression and provide the brain with constant awareness of where body parts are in space, if they are moving, and the speed and direction of movement.
Myofascial release-presentation
Myofascial Release is a hands-on technique that works to release restrictions in the fascia, which is connective tissue throughout the body, in order to restore blocked energy flow and relieve pain. Physical and psychological trauma can cause the fascia to restrict and exert pressure on nerves and tissues. By applying gentle sustained pressure, the therapist uses the piezoelectric property of fascia to create an electrical current and rehydrate the tissue, allowing it to release restrictions and return to its healthy state.
Myofacial Release Therapy(MFR).
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
Muscle tone 11
Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction present in a muscle at rest and the resistance to stretch when passive. It exists on a continuum from flaccidity with no muscle fiber firing to hypertonicity with high levels of fiber firing. Tone is dynamic and influenced by both intrinsic muscle properties and reflexes. It can describe a single muscle, group of muscles, limb, or entire body and is generally subjective to measure. Factors like emotions, health, and arousal can impact one's usual tone range.
THE MYOFASCIAL WEB
This document summarizes a presentation on myofascial web and fibromyalgia. It discusses how fibromyalgia pain is generated from hypersensitive central nervous system processing and muscle tissue. Fascia, the connective tissue surrounding muscles, plays an important role as it becomes inflamed, tense and prone to "knotting up" in the form of myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia patients. Treatments discussed include myofascial release therapy, trigger point injections, and self-care. A study found myofascial release therapy significantly improved fibromyalgia pain and tender points and the effects persisted over time compared to sham ultrasound. Another study found patients receiving myofascial release therapy experienced greater improvements in a fibromyalgia impact questionnaire than those receiving massage.
Stretch reflex
The stretch reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle is stretched. It plays an important role in maintaining posture and control of movement. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers that provide muscle contraction and intrafusal fibers encapsulated in muscle spindles that act as proprioceptors. Muscle spindles contain specialized intrafusal fibers innervated by sensory Ia afferents and motor γ efferents. When a muscle is stretched, the Ia afferents are activated, triggering a monosynaptic reflex that contracts the muscle via α motor neurons, as well as reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscles. This phasic stretch reflex acts rapidly to correct movement. The tonic
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
This document provides an overview of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). It discusses how NMES works by sending electrical impulses to nerves that cause muscle contraction. NMES can increase strength, range of motion, and offset disuse effects. The document outlines different electrical waveforms, stimulus parameters, and applications of NMES for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and more. Precautions and contraindications are also reviewed.
Superimposed current
The document discusses superimposed current (HVPC), a type of neuromuscular stimulation involving a short, microamperage current delivered by a high voltage (up to 300V) in a twin-peak monophasic waveform. It is used clinically to produce muscle contractions and chemical changes. Typical uses include analgesia, muscle contractions, and wound healing. The document lists group members and machines that can deliver HVPC, and discusses its physiological effects such as increasing range of motion and blood flow. It also summarizes studies on using HVPC for wound healing, pain management, muscle strengthening, and edema management.
Properties of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle has electrical and mechanical properties. Electrically, it is excitable and conductive, allowing it to receive and propagate action potentials. Mechanically, it can contract when stimulated, shortenening and developing tension. Skeletal muscle action potentials last 2-4 ms and propagate at 3-5 m/s. Contraction occurs slightly after the electrical response and can be isometric (no shortening) or isotonic (shortening against a load). Force of contraction depends on factors like stimulus strength, frequency, initial muscle length, and temperature.
Nds
The document discusses neurodynamics and summarizes key points in 3 sentences:
Neurodynamics examines the nervous system as a continuum that can withstand tension or sliding longitudinally and transversely. Proper sequencing and structural differentiation of movements is important for neurodynamic testing to isolate neural responses from musculoskeletal influences. Abnormal neurogenic responses on testing can be overt, reproducing symptoms, or covert, evoking different symptoms, and determining the relevance of the response guides clinical decisions.
Spasticity
Spasticity is defined as a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated tendon reflexes caused by hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. It results from an upper motor neuron lesion and can occur in conditions like spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Spasticity is classified based on severity from mild to severe and causes increasing tightness, spasms, and loss of functional abilities. Treatment involves pharmacological management with drugs like baclofen, physical therapy including stretching and range of motion exercises, and in severe cases surgery such as baclofen pump implantation or tendon lengthening.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Cervical myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition caused by trigger points in the neck muscles. It is characterized by pain referred from hyperirritable spots in tight bands of muscle fibers. Common causes include overuse, trauma, poor posture, or acute/chronic muscle overload. Treatment aims to prevent chronicity through prompt care that addresses compensatory muscle patterns. The condition is prevalent, affecting up to 21% of orthopedic patients and 85-93% of pain management patients, predominately impacting women and increasing in frequency with age until midlife.
Tone Management
This document discusses muscle tone, including its physiology, characteristics of normal and abnormal tone, and approaches to managing tone issues. Muscle tone refers to a continuous low-level contraction that keeps muscles firm and ready to respond. It is important for posture, balance, and movement. Abnormal tone can include hypotonia (low tone) or hypertonia (high tone), and has various causes. Managing tone issues depends on whether it is low or high, and may involve positioning, stretching, splinting or other techniques. The Modified Ashworth Scale is used to assess levels of high muscle tone.
Neural tissue mobilization Upper Limb Assessment
1. Neural tissue mobilization (NTM) is a clinical technique that applies the mechanics and physiology of the nervous system and how it relates to and integrates with the musculoskeletal system.
2. NTM uses specific movements and positions to assess nerve mobility and elicit symptoms in order to determine the source of a patient's pain. Common tests include the median, ulnar, and radial nerve tests.
3. A positive NTM test is indicated by reproduction of the patient's clinical symptoms that change with structural differentiation. NTM can help diagnose neurogenic causes of pain and guide effective treatment.
Brianna DeBois Ch 12
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It is responsible for bodily functions and any injury can be detrimental or fatal. The document defines medical terms used to describe parts of the nervous system, including paralysis, movement, sensitivity to pain, weakness, speech, and sensations. It specifically discusses how ataxia is a lack of muscle coordination caused by damage to the cerebellum, and how esthesia relates to how the body feels sensations like pain or excessive sensation.
Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome anindya
an overview of muscle pain disorder which regularly create some discomfort for patient to live a normal life as well as to the doctor regarding diagnosis of the problem.
Skeletal Muscle relaxants
Muscle relaxants are medications that are used to relieve muscle spasms. They work by decreasing muscle tone without reducing voluntary movement. There are two main types - peripherally acting drugs that block neuromuscular transmission and cause paralysis, and centrally acting drugs that decrease muscle tone in the central nervous system without affecting consciousness. Common muscle relaxants include diazepam, baclofen, tizanidine, and dantrolene. They are used to treat conditions involving muscle spasms like back pain, spasticity, and cerebral palsy. Side effects can include drowsiness, weakness, and liver toxicity.
Mellss yr 4 anesthesia pain management
This document discusses pain classification, perception, and evaluation. It describes acute and chronic pain, including mechanisms and systemic responses. Specific pain syndromes are reviewed like neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, low back pain, headaches, and cancer pain. Acute pain is usually nociceptive and self-limited, while chronic pain persists over 3 months and involves psychological factors. Pain is classified by etiology and location. Evaluation includes scales, imaging, and psychological assessments.
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Muscle tone
1) Muscle tone is maintained by low-level muscle contractions regulated by the brain and spinal cord. Muscle spindles within muscles provide feedback on tone levels.
2) When a muscle is stretched, muscle spindles activate the stretch reflex, causing the muscle to contract and counteract the stretch. This maintains constant tone.
3) Gamma motor neurons contract intrafusal muscle fibers within spindles to keep spindles "in tune" as muscle tone levels change, allowing precise tone regulation. Spindle feedback continually informs the brain, especially the cerebellum, of tone levels.
Baclofen
This presentation discusses the skeletal muscle relaxant Baclofen and the Medicon product Balo-10 tablets. Baclofen works by inhibiting spinal reflexes and enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. It is indicated for treating conditions caused by muscle spasms like spasticity, back pain, and headaches. Balo-10 is a 10mg tablet that follows a titration schedule for administration. Its benefits include effectiveness, safety for long term use, and minimal side effects. The presentation provides information on Balo-10's competitors, sales and prescription targets, and objectives to make it a leading brand.
11 spinal reflexes sr2002 2013 al
This document discusses spinal reflexes and their role in movement. It describes the reflex arc which consists of receptors, an integration center, and effectors. Key spinal reflexes discussed include the monosynaptic stretch reflex, which causes muscle contraction when a muscle is stretched, and reciprocal inhibition, which inhibits antagonistic muscles. These reflexes can assist athletic performance by facilitating muscle activation and energy storage. Plyometric exercises exploit the stretch reflex to improve power.
Proprioception sense
Proprioception is the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body. It is initiated by activation of proprioceptors in muscles, joints, and the inner ear that provide information about body position and movement to the brain. Proprioceptors are receptors located throughout the body that are sensitive to stretching and compression and provide the brain with constant awareness of where body parts are in space, if they are moving, and the speed and direction of movement.
Myofascial release-presentation
Myofascial Release is a hands-on technique that works to release restrictions in the fascia, which is connective tissue throughout the body, in order to restore blocked energy flow and relieve pain. Physical and psychological trauma can cause the fascia to restrict and exert pressure on nerves and tissues. By applying gentle sustained pressure, the therapist uses the piezoelectric property of fascia to create an electrical current and rehydrate the tissue, allowing it to release restrictions and return to its healthy state.
Myofacial Release Therapy(MFR).
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
Muscle tone 11
Muscle tone refers to the partial contraction present in a muscle at rest and the resistance to stretch when passive. It exists on a continuum from flaccidity with no muscle fiber firing to hypertonicity with high levels of fiber firing. Tone is dynamic and influenced by both intrinsic muscle properties and reflexes. It can describe a single muscle, group of muscles, limb, or entire body and is generally subjective to measure. Factors like emotions, health, and arousal can impact one's usual tone range.
THE MYOFASCIAL WEB
This document summarizes a presentation on myofascial web and fibromyalgia. It discusses how fibromyalgia pain is generated from hypersensitive central nervous system processing and muscle tissue. Fascia, the connective tissue surrounding muscles, plays an important role as it becomes inflamed, tense and prone to "knotting up" in the form of myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia patients. Treatments discussed include myofascial release therapy, trigger point injections, and self-care. A study found myofascial release therapy significantly improved fibromyalgia pain and tender points and the effects persisted over time compared to sham ultrasound. Another study found patients receiving myofascial release therapy experienced greater improvements in a fibromyalgia impact questionnaire than those receiving massage.
Stretch reflex
The stretch reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle is stretched. It plays an important role in maintaining posture and control of movement. There are two types of muscle fibers: extrafusal fibers that provide muscle contraction and intrafusal fibers encapsulated in muscle spindles that act as proprioceptors. Muscle spindles contain specialized intrafusal fibers innervated by sensory Ia afferents and motor γ efferents. When a muscle is stretched, the Ia afferents are activated, triggering a monosynaptic reflex that contracts the muscle via α motor neurons, as well as reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscles. This phasic stretch reflex acts rapidly to correct movement. The tonic
Reflexes
Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Simple reflexes are handled by the spinal cord alone, while other reflexes involve the brainstem. When a reflex occurs in the spinal cord, a signal is sometimes also sent to the brain by an interneuron. This allows the brain to interpret the stimulus and react further. Examples of reflexes include the knee jerk response controlled by the spinal cord, sneezing controlled by the brainstem, and withdrawing a hand from a hot stove initiated by the spinal cord but also sending a signal to the brain. Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory and motor neurons, and an effector like a muscle.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
This document provides an overview of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). It discusses how NMES works by sending electrical impulses to nerves that cause muscle contraction. NMES can increase strength, range of motion, and offset disuse effects. The document outlines different electrical waveforms, stimulus parameters, and applications of NMES for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and more. Precautions and contraindications are also reviewed.
Superimposed current
The document discusses superimposed current (HVPC), a type of neuromuscular stimulation involving a short, microamperage current delivered by a high voltage (up to 300V) in a twin-peak monophasic waveform. It is used clinically to produce muscle contractions and chemical changes. Typical uses include analgesia, muscle contractions, and wound healing. The document lists group members and machines that can deliver HVPC, and discusses its physiological effects such as increasing range of motion and blood flow. It also summarizes studies on using HVPC for wound healing, pain management, muscle strengthening, and edema management.
Properties of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle has electrical and mechanical properties. Electrically, it is excitable and conductive, allowing it to receive and propagate action potentials. Mechanically, it can contract when stimulated, shortenening and developing tension. Skeletal muscle action potentials last 2-4 ms and propagate at 3-5 m/s. Contraction occurs slightly after the electrical response and can be isometric (no shortening) or isotonic (shortening against a load). Force of contraction depends on factors like stimulus strength, frequency, initial muscle length, and temperature.
Nds
The document discusses neurodynamics and summarizes key points in 3 sentences:
Neurodynamics examines the nervous system as a continuum that can withstand tension or sliding longitudinally and transversely. Proper sequencing and structural differentiation of movements is important for neurodynamic testing to isolate neural responses from musculoskeletal influences. Abnormal neurogenic responses on testing can be overt, reproducing symptoms, or covert, evoking different symptoms, and determining the relevance of the response guides clinical decisions.
Spasticity
Spasticity is defined as a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated tendon reflexes caused by hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. It results from an upper motor neuron lesion and can occur in conditions like spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Spasticity is classified based on severity from mild to severe and causes increasing tightness, spasms, and loss of functional abilities. Treatment involves pharmacological management with drugs like baclofen, physical therapy including stretching and range of motion exercises, and in severe cases surgery such as baclofen pump implantation or tendon lengthening.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Cervical myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition caused by trigger points in the neck muscles. It is characterized by pain referred from hyperirritable spots in tight bands of muscle fibers. Common causes include overuse, trauma, poor posture, or acute/chronic muscle overload. Treatment aims to prevent chronicity through prompt care that addresses compensatory muscle patterns. The condition is prevalent, affecting up to 21% of orthopedic patients and 85-93% of pain management patients, predominately impacting women and increasing in frequency with age until midlife.
Tone Management
This document discusses muscle tone, including its physiology, characteristics of normal and abnormal tone, and approaches to managing tone issues. Muscle tone refers to a continuous low-level contraction that keeps muscles firm and ready to respond. It is important for posture, balance, and movement. Abnormal tone can include hypotonia (low tone) or hypertonia (high tone), and has various causes. Managing tone issues depends on whether it is low or high, and may involve positioning, stretching, splinting or other techniques. The Modified Ashworth Scale is used to assess levels of high muscle tone.
Neural tissue mobilization Upper Limb Assessment
1. Neural tissue mobilization (NTM) is a clinical technique that applies the mechanics and physiology of the nervous system and how it relates to and integrates with the musculoskeletal system.
2. NTM uses specific movements and positions to assess nerve mobility and elicit symptoms in order to determine the source of a patient's pain. Common tests include the median, ulnar, and radial nerve tests.
3. A positive NTM test is indicated by reproduction of the patient's clinical symptoms that change with structural differentiation. NTM can help diagnose neurogenic causes of pain and guide effective treatment.
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The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It is responsible for bodily functions and any injury can be detrimental or fatal. The document defines medical terms used to describe parts of the nervous system, including paralysis, movement, sensitivity to pain, weakness, speech, and sensations. It specifically discusses how ataxia is a lack of muscle coordination caused by damage to the cerebellum, and how esthesia relates to how the body feels sensations like pain or excessive sensation.
Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome anindya
an overview of muscle pain disorder which regularly create some discomfort for patient to live a normal life as well as to the doctor regarding diagnosis of the problem.
Skeletal Muscle relaxants
Muscle relaxants are medications that are used to relieve muscle spasms. They work by decreasing muscle tone without reducing voluntary movement. There are two main types - peripherally acting drugs that block neuromuscular transmission and cause paralysis, and centrally acting drugs that decrease muscle tone in the central nervous system without affecting consciousness. Common muscle relaxants include diazepam, baclofen, tizanidine, and dantrolene. They are used to treat conditions involving muscle spasms like back pain, spasticity, and cerebral palsy. Side effects can include drowsiness, weakness, and liver toxicity.
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Lower motor neuron lesions can occur in the nuclei, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, axons, muscles, or motor end plates. Damage to motor nuclei in the midbrain can cause paralysis of specific eye muscles. Injuries in the pons can weaken facial or eye muscles. In the medulla, motor nuclei injuries can affect tongue, jaw, or eye muscles. Axon injuries include neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis. Denervated muscles undergo reaction of degeneration and loss of reflexes. Lower motor neuron lesions cause flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, and contractures.
Neurophysiology of pain
1) The document discusses the neurophysiology of pain, including what pain is, types of pain receptors and fibers, pathways in the spinal cord, and modulation of pain.
2) It describes fast pain and slow pain fibers, nociceptors that respond to noxious stimuli, and receptors like vanilloid receptor-1 and VRL-1 that detect harmful temperatures.
3) Pathways like the spinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract transmit signals from nociceptors to the brain.
Muscle tone
1) Muscle tone is a state of partial contraction of resting muscle that maintains body posture through continuous motor impulses from reflexes.
2) Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that provide sensory feedback on muscle length and rate of stretch. Their afferents signal to the CNS and regulate motor neuron activity.
3) Spasticity results from loss of supraspinal control over reflexes after upper motor neuron injury, causing velocity-dependent increases in tonic stretch reflexes and impaired voluntary movement.
pharmaclogy of local anesthetics
Anaesthesia causes temporary loss of sensation or awareness through analgesia, muscle relaxation, amnesia, or unconsciousness. It enables painless medical procedures. There are two main types: general anesthesia causes unconsciousness and lack of sensation through suppression of the central nervous system, while local anesthesia numbs a specific body part by blocking nerve impulses between that area and the central nervous system. Local anesthetics block sodium channels in nerves to prevent action potential generation and conduction.
Chapter 1-intro duction of anesthesia
Anesthesia was established in the 19th century through the discoveries and demonstrations of ether and nitrous oxide for painless surgery. In 1846, William Morton gave the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia in Boston. This spread rapidly to Europe. James Young Simpson then popularized the use of chloroform for anesthesia in 1847. John Snow further advanced anesthesia practice through his research on anesthesia administration and equipment. Regional anesthesia was also developed, allowing for localized numbness without unconsciousness. These discoveries transformed surgery by making many procedures painless.
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Chapter 12 Nervous system
- 2. Meaning of –taxia Muscle coordination
- 3. Ataxia: poor coordination and unsteadiness due to brain’s failure to regulate the body’s posture and the strength and direction of limb movement
- 4. Ataxia is caused by degeneration or loss of nerve cells in the part brain that controls muscle coordination. That part of the brain is called the cerebellum
- 5. Head trauma Stroke Multiple Sclerosis Tumor Toxic reaction
- 6. Meaning of –esthesia Feeling or sensation
- 7. Anesthesia: The use of medication to reduce pain and sensation during a surgical procedure
- 8. Local anesthesia- given to temporarily stop the sense of pain in a particular area of the body. Regional anesthesia- used to numb only the portion of the body that will receive the surgical procedure General anesthesia- used to induce unconsciousness during surgery