Download to read offline
More Related Content
Chapter 08 FFI
- 1. Essentials of FireFighting 6th Edition Firefighter I Chapter 8 — Ropes, Webbing, and Knots
- 2. Compare and contrastthe characteristics of life safety rope and utility rope. Learning Objective 1 8–1
- 3. Life safety ropeUtility rope Fire service rope is divided into two classifications. 8–2 CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 4. NFPA® 1983 classifiestwo additional types of ropes used in rescue. 8–3 Escape rope Water rescue throw line
- 5. Block creel construction Continuous filament virgin fiber Forload- bearing elements Required manufacturer information NFPA® 1983 sets requirements and regulations for life safety rope. 8–4 (Cont.)
- 6. Criteria for re-use Requiresrope log Designates options for rope removed from service NFPA® 1983 sets requirements and regulations for life safety rope. 8–5
- 7. While NFPA® doesnot regulate utility rope it should be inspected regularly. 8–6
- 8. Material effects use, longevity Natural fiber weakenswhen wet, rots Replaced with synthetic Synthetic and natural fiber rope are constructed from different materials. 8–7
- 9. - Resistance towater, mildew, mold, rotting, shrinkage, ultraviolet (UV) light - Long lifespan - Strong/lightweight - Easy maintenance - Melts when exposed to heat Synthetic fiber ropes are made from a variety of materials and have many advantages and disadvantages. 8–8
- 10. - Resistant to sunlight -Does not melt - Holds knot firmly - Mildew/mold - Exposure to chemicals - Burns in contact with flame, embers Natural fiber ropes have distinct advantages and disadvantages. 8–9
- 11. REVIEW QUESTION What arethe differences in the characteristics of life safety and utility rope? 8–10
- 12. Use only kernmantlerope construction for life safety operations. 8–11
- 13. Kernmantle rope ismade of synthetic material and consists of two main components. 8–12 Braided covering or sheath (mantle) Core (kern) of main load- bearing strands
- 14. Kernmantle rope canbe either dynamic or static and should be used in different circumstances. 8–13 Dynamic rope Static rope
- 15. Laid (twisted) ropecan be either synthetic or natural and is used only for utility rope. 8–14 CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice Easy to inspect - Abrasion, physical damage - Damage affects strength
- 16. Braided rope isless likely to twist than laid rope, but is still vulnerable. 8–15 CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 17. Braid-on-braid (double braided)is often confused with kernmantle. 8–16
- 18. Summarize basic guidelinesfor rope maintenance. Learning Objective 2 8–17
- 19. Explain reasons forplacing rope out of service. Learning Objective 3 8–18
- 20. Inspect Clean Store Care for Four aspectsof maintenance help keep rope ready to use when needed. 8–19
- 21. Document in ropelog Inspect visually, by touch Glass shards Metal shavings Splinters Foreign objects All rope must be inspected after use or at least once a year. 8–20
- 22. Soft spots May signalcore damage If sheath damaged, core likely as well If in doubt, remove from service Other signs Shape, weave Smells Discoloration Roughness Abrasions Fuzziness Some is normal Remove from service if excessive Inspect kernmantle rope by applying slight tension and feeling for irregularities. 8–21 CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 23. 1. Remove mildew 2. Clean Rope 3.Re- inspect Untwist synthetic laid rope so each strand can be inspected. 8–22 Look for: • Soft, crust, brittle spots • Stretching • Cuts, nicks, abrasions • Chemical abrasions • Dirt, grease, other flaws
- 24. Overloaded Ruptured fibers Powdering between strands Rot, mildew Dark red, brown, black spots between strands Sour, musty, acidic odor Internal wear Powdering between stands Removenatural fiber laid rope at manufacturer’s end of service period. 8–23 (Cont.)
- 25. Chemical Damage Brittle, ruptured fibers Darkred, brown spots Salt incrustation Swollen Pulley, metallic devices Rust spots Reduced holding power Heavy greasy material Remove natural fiber laid rope at manufacturer’s end of service period. 8–24
- 26. 1. Remove rope from service 2.Clean 3. Re-inspect 4. Dry, ventilate storage area before returning Ensure that rot does not spread to new rope. 8–25
- 27. Exterior Nicks, cuts, heat sears Excessive, unusualfuzziness Interior Permanent mushy spots, deformities Feel, squeeze surface Inspect braided rope visually and by touch. 8–26
- 28. Heat sears, nicks,cuts Lumps indicate core damage Shrinking diameter may indicate break Examine sheath for wear If sheath slides on core: • Cut off end, remove excess, seal end Inspect braid-on-braid rope visually and by touch. 8–27
- 29. REVIEW QUESTION What arethe basic guidelines for rope maintenance? 8–28
- 30. Chafing, dragging overrough surfaces Constant vibration while in storage Compression when stored tightly Avoid abrasion and unnecessary wear while using any type of rope. 8–29
- 31. Avoid sharp anglesand bends, which can reduce rope strength up to 50%. 8–30
- 32. Protect rope endsfrom damage by taping or whipping them. 8–31
- 33. Synthetic fiber holdsbetter than natural fiber Can break below load limit after long periods of time Never exceed load limit and never more than two days Avoid exposing rope to sustained loads. 8–32
- 34. Inspectextent If stain isminor, strength should not be diminished Keep in service If stain is halfway through rope, strength may be reduced Remove from service, destroy Avoid exposing rope to rust, which can weaken rope within one or two weeks. 8–33
- 35. Natural fiber extremely vulnerable Synthetic fiber notentirely resistant Prevent chemicals from coming into contact with any rope. 8–34
- 36. Reverse ends ofthe rope periodically to ensure an even wear. 8–35
- 37. Do not walkon rope, which can weaken it by bruising and grinding dirt into the strands. 8–36
- 38. 1. Visually inspect forsoil and other contamination 2. Use stiff brush to remove Cleaning rope involves two basic steps. 8–37
- 39. By hand Rope washing device Washingmachine Do not use bleaches or strong cleaners on synthetic fiber rope; wash in warm water and mild detergent. 8–38 CourtesyofShadCooper/WyomingStateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 40. Do: • Spread onhose drying rack • Suspend in hose tower • Coil loosely in hose dryer Do Not: • Place near heat source • Let dry in direct sunlight Dry synthetic fiber rope immediately after washing and rinsing. 8–39
- 41. Wipe or gentlybrush natural fiber rope, but do NOT use water. 8–40 CourtesyofShadCooper/WyomingStateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 42. All life safetyrope must be permanently identified with a rope log once purchased. 8–41 Mark ends • With unit number and service start date • Print on label, seal to ends with liquid compound Log is kept for working life (Cont.)
- 43. All life safetyrope must be permanently identified with a rope log once purchased. 8–42 Records dates every use, maintenance, inspection Info helps determine when to remove from service Log is kept in waterproof envelope in pocket on side of bag
- 44. - Clean, dry, unheatedarea - Freely circulating air - Protect from weather, direct sunlight, chemicals, fumes, vapors - Keep in separate compartment from fuels Follow these general guidelines for storing rope. 8–43
- 45. Storing ropes ina bag provides several advantages. 8–44 Easy to transport Protects against contamination, abrasion Can be easily marked, with rope log attached May be dropped, thrown to be deployed quickly
- 46. REVIEW QUESTION Why woulda rope need to be placed out of service? 8–45
- 47. Describe webbing andwebbing construction. Learning Objective 4 8–46
- 48. Made from same materialas synthetic rope Life safety webbing must be NFPA® compliant Webbing comes as either flat or tubular in either spiral or chain weave. 8–47
- 49. Support firefighters during technical rescue Construct technical rescue anchor systems Package and secure victims to litters Fasten rescue components together Lifesafety webbing is used for four different purposes. 8–48
- 50. NFPA® 1983 providesstandards for life safety webbing and describes three separate classes. 8–49 Class I and II Class III
- 51. Utility webbing isnot regulated by a standard. 8–50 Must support load limit plus safety factor Used for variety of tasks
- 52. REVIEW QUESTION What arethe two main uses for webbing? 8–51
- 53. Follow same guidelines as syntheticfiber rope Always follow manufacturer’s instructions Webbing care and maintenance procedures are similar to rope. 8–52
- 54. Webbing is storedin several ways. 8–53 Carried in protective coat pocket Rolled or daisy-chained Kept in bags Carried in apparatus
- 55. Describe parts ofa rope and considerations in tying a knot. Learning Objective 5 8–54
- 56. Describe knot characteristicsand knot elements. Learning Objective 6 8–55
- 57. Knots play acritical part in fire fighting and are made up of three parts. 8–56 Working end Standing part Running part
- 58. Overhand safety knot Clove hitch Tightenall knots, remove all slack after tying (dressing), and use safety knots to ensure safety. 8–57 CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 59. Easy to tie Secureunder load Reduce rope strength as little as possible, avoid tight bends All knots tied by firefighters follow these basic principles. 8–58
- 60. Bight Loop Roundturn Three bends are created when tying a knot or hitch. 8–59
- 61. REVIEW QUESTION What arethe three parts of a knot? 8–60
- 62. Describe characteristics ofknots commonly used in the fire service. Learning Objective 7 8–61
- 63. Overhand safety knot •Used as a safety measure Bowline • Easily tied and untied Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–62 (Cont.) CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 64. Half-hitch •Used to stabilizelong objects while hoisting, combined with other knots Clove hitch •Attach rope to object, not used in life safety Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–63 (Cont.)
- 65. Handcuff (Rescue) • Usedto secure victim’s hands, feet Figure-Eight • Can be used as stopper knot Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–64 (Cont.)
- 66. Figure-Eight bend • Usedto tie together two ropes of equal diameter Figure-Eight on bight • Used to tie closed loop Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–65 (Cont.)
- 67. Figure-Eight follow through •Used for securing objects Becket bend • Used joining unequal diameter rope or chain, not life safety Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–66 (Cont.)
- 68. Water knot • Usedfor joining two pieces of webbing, tendency to slip Firefighters use several types of knots for a variety of reasons. 8–67
- 69. REVIEW QUESTION What arethe three main elements of a knot that can be combined to create knots and hitches? 8–68
- 70. Select commonly usedrope hardware for specific applications. Learning Objective 8 8–69
- 71. Summarize hoisting safety considerations. LearningObjective 9 8–70
- 72. Rescue (life safety rope only) Hoisttools, equipment Barrier to control zone Search line Stabilization Ropes and webbing have five main uses at emergency incidents. 8–71 Never exceed the load ability of a rope.
- 73. Rappelling Lifting victims and rescuers Ice,swift water rescue Specially trained rescuers use life safety rope, never utility rope. 8–72
- 74. Hoisting SCBA prohibited by OSHA Useproper knots, securing procedures Control or tag line may be used Always keep safety first when hoisting tools and equipment. 8–73
- 75. Carabiners Pulleys Carabiners and pulleysare the most common type of rope equipment used in hoisting. 8–74 Connects rope to mechanical gear Creates mechanical advantage
- 76. REVIEW QUESTION What kindsof rope hardware may be encountered when hoisting using rope? 8–75
- 77. Follow these generalsafety guidelines when hoisting. 8–76 Make sure balanced and firmly on ground before starting Use hand-over-hand to maintain control Use edge roller or padding to protect rope (Cont.)
- 78. Follow these generalsafety guidelines when hoisting. 8–77 Use pulley system for heavy objects Work in teams when working from heights Clear personnel of hoisting area (Cont.)
- 79. Follow these generalsafety guidelines when hoisting. 8–78 Avoid hoisting near electrical hazards Secure nozzles of charged hoselines Use tag line to control object Hand carry if safer
- 80. Firefighters must learnto hoist several types of equipment. 8–79 (Cont.) Axe Pike Pole
- 81. Firefighters must learnto hoist several types of equipment. 8–80 (Cont.) - Often fastest and safest - Dry hoseline safer than charged Ladder Dry hoseline
- 82. Firefighters must learnto hoist several types of equipment. 8–81 (Cont.) - Knot and tagline through closed handle CourtesyofShadCooper/Wyoming StateFireMarshal’sOffice Rotary saw
- 83. REVIEW QUESTION What arethree safety guidelines that must be used when hoisting tools or equipment? 8–82
- 84. Utility rope hastraditionally been used for control zone perimeters. 8–83 CourtesyofShadCooper/WyomingStateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 85. Search lines helpfirefighters stay in contact and provide a physical means of finding an exit. 8–84 CourtesyofShadCooper/WyomingStateFireMarshal’sOffice
- 86. Utility rope isused to stabilize objects and prevent vehicles from falling or rolling over. 8–85 1. Tie to strong, stationary object 2. Tie to vehicle
- 87. Ensure rope, webbing,anchors strong enough to bear weight Tighten knots, have safety knots in place Ensure all attachment points secure, will not pull free Ensure personnel are clear in case line snaps, breaks Before stabilizing any object, be sure to complete the following. 8–86
- 88. • Firefighters userope and webbing to hoist tools and equipment, stabilize objects, designate control zones, perform rescues, and escape from life- threatening situations. Summary 8–87
- 89. • To usethem safely and effectively, you must know the various types of ropes, their applications, and how to tie a variety of knots quickly and correctly. • Finally, you must know how to inspect, clean, maintain, and store ropes and webbing so that they are ready for use when needed. Summary 8–88
- 90. Inspect, clean, andstore a rope. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-1. Learning Objective 10 8–89
- 91. Tie an overhandknot. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-2. Learning Objective 11 8–90
- 92. Tie a bowlineknot. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-3. Learning Objective 12 8–91
- 93. Tie a clovehitch. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-4. Learning Objective 13 8–92
- 94. Tie a clovehitch around an object. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-5. Learning Objective 14 8–93
- 95. Tie a handcuff(rescue) knot. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-6. Learning Objective 15 8–94
- 96. Tie a figure-eightknot. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-7. Learning Objective 16 8–95
- 97. Tie a figure-eightbend. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-8. Learning Objective 17 8–96
- 98. Tie a figure-eighton a bight. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-9. Learning Objective 18 8–97
- 99. Tie a figure-eightfollow through. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-10. Learning Objective 19 8–98
- 100. Tie a Becketbend. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-11. Learning Objective 20 8–99
- 101. Tie a waterknot. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-12. Learning Objective 21 8–100
- 102. Hoist an axe. Thisobjective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-13. Learning Objective 22 8–101
- 103. Hoist a pikepole. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-14. Learning Objective 23 8–102
- 104. Hoist a roofladder. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-15. Learning Objective 24 8–103
- 105. Hoist a dryhoseline. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-16. Learning Objective 25 8–104
- 106. Hoist a chargedhoseline. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-17. Learning Objective 26 8–105
- 107. Hoist a powersaw. This objective is measured in Skill Sheet 8-I-18. Learning Objective 27 8–106