Take this chance to learn more about common types of slings and hardware, sling selection and inspection and how to safely use slings and rigging hardware. The session will also cover the Rigger’s responsibilities including planning and performing the lift in addition to site safety. Mr. Klein will also discuss and provide the requirements set forth by ASME and OSHA for slings and riggers. Speaker: Tim Klein, Director of Engineered Fabrications, WireCo WorldGroup

3. LIVE POLL
Lifting slings are required to be
visually inspected in accordance
with OSHA 1910.184 and ASME
B30.9 when?

4. LIVE POLL
Lifting slings are required
to be marked with what
information?

5. Tim Klein
Below the Hook Lifting –
Slings and Hardware

6. Below the Hook Lifting –
Slings and Hardware
Timothy W. Klein, PE
Director of Global Engineered Fabrications
WireCo WorldGroup

7. AGENDA
• Introductions
• Terminology
• Rigging standards
• Rigging products
• Applications
• The basic rigging plan
• Inspection

8.  Why are we here?
• Safety
• Crane and Rigging Accidents
– 12 construction workers were killed in lifting / crane-related
incidents in 2015, according to The Center for Construction
Research and Training.
• OSHA regulations and standards
• Because we care about you, your co-workers, and your
families.
– Everyone is entitled to go home from work, EVERY DAY!
OBJECTIVE

10. 29 CFR Occupational Safety and Health
Regulations (OSHA Standards)
1910; Occupational Safety and
Health Standards
• Subpart N: Materials
Handling and Storage
– 1910.179 - Overhead and
gantry cranes.
– 1910.180 - Crawler
locomotive and truck cranes.
– 1910.184 - Slings.
1926; Safety and Health
Regulations for Construction
• Subpart N: Cranes, Derricks,
Hoists, Elevators, and
Conveyors
– 1926.251 - Rigging equipment
for material handling.
– 1926.550 - Cranes and
derricks.
LIFTING REGULATIONS – SLINGS

11. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
• Standards
• B30.9: Slings
• B30.10: Hooks
• B30.16: Overhead Hoist Under-hung
• B30.20: Below the Hook Lifters
• B30.21: Lever Hoist
• B30.26: Rigging Hardware
LIFTING REGULATIONS – SLINGS

12. The following pictures are of a crane incident that
occurred in the Netherlands at Shell's Antwerp Refinery.
During a major turnaround, fan tubes were being lifted
using a tube tray. During the lift and while the tube tray
was directly over the crane operator's cab, the tube tray
deviated from horizontal and the fan tubes slid off and
plunged like arrows into the operator's cab. Note that the
tubes were not properly secured to the tray during the lift
operation. The attached pictures show the condition of
the operator's seat just after the accident. The pictures
tell the tale.
CRANE INCIDENT

18. This is a reminder to take all "lifts” seriously, from the
lightest and least complex to the heaviest and most
complex. Proper rigging and securing of loads SAVES
LIVES.
Post script – Amazingly (and thankfully), the operator
suffered only minor scratches in one leg.
CRANE INCIDENT

19. Definition of Terms
TERMINOLOGY – SLINGS

20. TERMINOLOGY – SLINGS
Overhead Lifting
• “Process of lifting that
would elevate a freely
suspended load to such a
position that dropping a
load would present a
possibility of bodily injury
or property damage.”

21. TERMINOLOGY – SLINGS
Overhead lifting refers to an
object raised more than six feet
above the ground.
1. True
2. False

22. Rated Capacity (R.C.)
Working Load Limit(W.L.L.)
• The MAXIMUM load that shall be
applied in direct tension to
undamaged straight length of a sling
or hoisting equipment
• rated load: the maximum allowable
working load established by the sling
manufacturer. The terms “rated
capacity” and “working load limit”
are commonly used to describe
rated load.
TERMINOLOGY – RC

23. The Rated Capacity is ____ of the rigging
equipment.
1. Less than the
breaking strength
2. Equal to the
breaking strength
3. Greater than the
breaking strength
TERMINOLOGY – RC

24. TERMINOLOGY – DF
Design Factor
• A ratio of the breaking strength
to the working load limit
• Example: If a wire rope sling
has a breaking strength of
28,400# and a W.L.L. of
5,680#; it would have a
design factor of 5:1

25. TERMINOLOGY – RC
Design Factor
Component
Minimum Design
Factor
Nylon rope sling 5:1
Polyester rope sling 5:1
Polypropylene rope sling 5:1
Alloy steel chain sling 4:1
Wire rope sling 5:1
Metal mesh sling 5:1
Synthetic web sling 5:1
Synthetic round sling 5:1
Alloy Steel Chains are the only Lifting Slings
with an allowable design factor of 4.

26. Minimum Breaking Force
• The MINIMUM
amount of force a
specified new
rope must
support.
TERMINOLOGY – RC

27. Minimum Breaking Force
TERMINOLOGY – RC

28. Rated Capacity (Working Load Limit)
- All slings have rated capacities that specify the safe
working load limit of the sling
- The following are used to calculate the RC
- Splicing Efficiency
- Design Factor (5 is Standard)
- Type and Number of component parts in the sling
- Type of Hitch
- Number of Legs
- Diameter of Pin (or hook) over which the eye or body is
rigged
- Angle at which the sling is used
- Hook or other end attachment rated capacity
TERMINOLOGY – RC

29. RC = (MBF x L x Sin A) x NSE
DF
RC = Rated Capacity
MBF = Minimum Breaking Force of
Component
L = Number of Sling Legs
Sin A = Trig sine of Smallest Horizontal Angle
DF = Design Factor
NSE = Nominal Splice Efficiency
TERMINOLOGY – CALCULATIONS

30. TERMINOLOGY – RC
1” 6x36 XIP IWRC – Eye-Eye Single Leg
Sling
RC = (51.7 tons x 1 x Sin 90) x 0.95
5
RC = 9.8 tons
1” 6x36 XIP IWRC – 2 Legged Bridle
RC = (51.7 tons x 2 x Sin 60) x 0.95
5
RC = 17 tons

31. IDENTIFICATION
Who Are These People?
•Designated person
•Competent person
•Qualified person

32. OSHA Says…
• The term "designated"
personnel means selected or
assigned by the employer or
the employer's representative
as being qualified to perform
specific duties.
IDENTIFICATION

33. IDENTIFICATION
OSHA Says…
• Competent Person
• 29 CFR 1926.32(f) states:
"Competent person"
means one who is capable
of identifying existing and
predictable hazards in the
surroundings or working
conditions, which are
unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees,
and who has authorization
to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate
them.
• Qualified Person
• 29 CFR 1926.32(l) states:
"Qualified" means one who,
by possession of a
recognized degree,
certificate, or professional
standing, or who by
extensive knowledge,
training and experience, has
successfully demonstrated
his ability to solve or resolve
problems relating to the
subject matter, the work, or
the project.

34. • Section 9-0.3” Personnel Competence
• Persons performing the functions in this Volume
shall meet the applicable qualifying criteria
stated in this Volume and shall, through
education, training , experience, skill, and
physical ability, as necessary, be competent and
capable to perform the functions as determined
by the employer or employer’s representative.
ASME Says…
COMPETENCE

35. SECTION 9-0.3: PERSONNEL COMPETENCE
Persons performing the functions …..
SECTION 9-0.4: RIGGER RESPONSIBILITIES
• Riggers assigned to a load handling activity shall at a minimum be responsible for:
1. Ensuring the weight of the load and its approximate center of gravity have been obtained,
provided or calculated.
2. Selecting the proper rigging equipment, inspecting it, and complying with the applicable
operating practices according to the criteria of the applicable ASME volume (i.e., B30.9, B30.10,
B30.20, B30.23, B30.26).
3. Ensuring the rated load of the rigging equipment as selected and configured is sufficient for the
load to be handled, based on the number of legs, hitch configuration and effects of angles.
4. Properly attaching the rigging equipment to the hook, shackle, or other load handling device.
5. Ensuring that rigging equipment is adequately protected from abrasion, cutting or other
damage, during load handling activities.
6. Rigging the load in a manner to ensure balance and stability during the load handling activity.
7. Knowing and understanding the applicable signals for the equipment in use.
8. Installing and using a tag line(s) when additional load control is required.
COMPETENCE

36. Regardless of The Load You Hoist…

37. …Or What You Hoist It With…

38. 1. Weigh and Measure
- Weight
- Distance
- Height
2. Use right hitch
- Connection to load
3. Choose right sling
- D/d
- Protection
4. Inspect sling
- Good working condition, OSHA
& ASME
5. Rig up
- Connect to the Load, then Hook
6. Balance the Load
-Prevent: Point loads, slips
-COG
7. Test Rigging
- Lift Slightly and Re-check
8. Stand clear and lift
- Avoid areas between Sling and Load, Sling
and Crane
- Keep clear of suspended load, Tag line
9. Avoid shock loading
- Slow and steady
10. Return to storage
- Inspect for damage
- Return to storage area
RIGGERS 10-STEP CHECKLIST

39. Determining Load Weight
• Actual or calculated
weight of object or
materials being lifted
• Include weight of
rigging equipment
and hardware
WEIGH AND MEASURE

40. • Actual weight obtained from
engineering data, shipping
papers, catalogs.
• Calculated weight based on
common materials.
• Volume of object
• Weight of material
• Reduced for air (voids)
WEIGH AND MEASURE

41. WEIGH AND MEASURE

42. Problem #1
Size / Load – 4’x4’x16’
Weight – 50 lbs/c.f.
1. 800#
2. 2,400#
3. 4,800#
4. 12,800#
256 c.f. x 50#/c.f. = 12,800#
WEIGH AND MEASURE

43. Problem #2
Size / Load – OD - 4’, ID - 3’, Length - 16’
Weight – 150 lbs/c.f.
1. 1,415#
2. 3,150#
3. 9,900#
4. 39,565#
WEIGH AND MEASURE

44. Problem #2
• Outside Diameter
• 3.14 x (4 x 4 x 12) / 4
• 150.72 Cu. Ft.
• Inside Diameter
• 3.14 x (3 x 3 x 12) / 4
• 84.78 Cu. Ft.
• Total Volume
• 65.94 Cu. Ft.
• 66 cubic feet of concrete
• 150 pounds per cubic
foot
• 66 x 150
• TOTAL WEIGHT
• 9,900 pounds
WEIGH AND MEASURE

45. 1. 120#
2. 140#
3. 240#
4. 480#
Problem #3
Size / Load –Length - 3’, Width – 4’
Weight – 20 lbs/c.f.
12 s.f. x 20 lbs/sq. ft. = 240#
WEIGH AND MEASURE

46. SLINGS SHALL BE SELECTED HAVING SUITABLE
CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE TYPE OF LOAD, HITCH, AND
ENVIRONMENT.
WHEN USING MULTIPLE LEG SLINGS, THE RATED LOAD FOR
THE SLING LEG SHALL NOT BE EXCEEDED IN ANY LEG OF THE
MULTIPLE LEG.
FOR MULTIPLE LEG SLINGS WITH NON-SYMETRICAL LOADS,
AN ANALYSIS BY A QUALIFIED PERSON SHOULD BE
PERFORMED TO PREVENT OVERLOADING OF ANY LEG.
SELECTING A SLING

48. •Vertical
SLING HITCH

49. SLING HITCH
• Vertical
•Choker

50. SLING HITCH
- Set the sling angle to >120°
for a full load rating
- Improperly setting the choke can
reduce the load rating by as much as
50%

51. SLING HITCH
Never have the pin
against the live line in a
choker. The pin must
go through the bow of
the sling.

52. SLING HITCH
• Vertical
• Choker
•Basket

53. SLING HITCH

54. SLING HITCH

55. SLING HITCH
Double Wrap Choker Hitches
• EXCELLENT LOAD CONTROL FOR
LOOSE MATERIALS AND GRIP ON
SMOOTH SURFACES
• 75-80% OF SINGLE LEG CAPACITY
• ANGLE OF CHOKE MUST BE
GREATER THAN 120 DEGREES
• SLING WRAP MUST LAY SIDE BY
SIDE
• DO NOT OVERLAP AT BOTTOM OF
LOAD

56. LIFTING BRIDLES
Multi Leg Bridles
• 2-Leg Bridle
• 3-leg Bridle
• 4-leg Bridle

57. MULTI-LEG
WIRE ROPE BRIDLE SLINGS
– 3 LEGS
IF THE LEGS ARE CLOSE TO THE
SAME LENGTH AND ARE
PROPERLY SPACED AROUND
THE C.O.G. THE CAPACITY OF
ALL THREE LEGS ARE
AVAILABLE.

58. MULTI-LEG
WIRE ROPE BRIDLE SLINGS
– 4 LEGS
EACH LEG MUST BE EQUAL IN
LENGTHS AND EQUALLY
SPACED AROUND THE C.O.G.
IF NOT THE SLING SHOULD BE
RATED AS A 3 LEG BRIDLE FOR
LIFTING CAPACITY.

59. MULTI-LEG

60. LOAD STABILITY
Load Stability

61. LOAD STABILITY
ANGULAR OR SIDE LOADING CAN OCCUR AT LOAD
SLING LENGTH AFFECTS HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLE
60 DEGREE ANGLE IS BEST, 30 DEGREES IS WORST
AS THE SLING ANGLE BECOMES SMALLER THE LOAD IS
“CRUSHED” AND THE SLINGS WORK HARDER
THE FITTING AT LOAD CONNECTION SEE THE SAME
LOAD AS THE SLING
Rigging Triangle

62. LOAD STABILITY

63. CENTER OF GRAVITY
• Capture the Center-of-Gravity
• When suspended an object will
always center itself under the lift
point
• Center the lift above the center of
gravity, not the physical center of
the object
• Calculating the C.G.

64. CENTER OF GRAVITY

65. CENTER OF GRAVITY
• Equally Spaced
• Equal portions of the load

66. SLING ANGLES
SLING ANGLE CHART
Angle
from
Horizontal
[A]
S.A.F.
[L ÷ H]
90° 1.000
60° 1.155
45° 1.415
30° 2.000

67. SLING ANGLES

68. MULTI-LEG
A 24-can case of beer weighs…
10pounds
15pounds
20pounds
25pounds
25% 25%25%25%
1. 10 pounds
2. 15 pounds
3. 20 pounds
4. 25 pounds

69. SLING ANGLES
Beer Facts
• One can of beer weighs
13.1 ounces
– 13.1 oz. x 24 cans = 314.4
oz.
• The cardboard box
weighs 7 ounces
– 314.4 + 7 = 321.4 oz.
• 321.4 oz. ÷ 16 oz. per
pound
•20 pounds

70. SLING ANGLES
How much does it weigh?

71. SLING ANGLES
How heavy does it feel?

72. SLING ANGLES
Math and Rigging 101
• Load Per Sling Leg
1. Divide the weight of load by number of legs
2. Measure angle between the legs of the slings
and the horizontal plane.
3. Multiply the load per leg that you calculate in
step 1 by the load factor for the leg angle you
are using
WARNING: Slings shall not be used with horizontal
angles less than 30°

73. SLING ANGLES
Load Factor Guideline

74. SLING ANGLES

75. SLING ANGLES
1. Total load is 1,000 lbs.
divided by two legs – 500
lbs. load per leg if vertical
lift.
2. Horizontal sling angle is 60
degrees
3. Multiply 500 lbs. by 1.154
load factor (from table) –
577 lbs. actual load per leg
60°

76. SLING ANGLES
1. Total load is 1,000 lbs divided
by two legs – 500 lbs. load
per leg if vertical lift.
2. Horizontal sling angle is 45
degrees.
3. Multiply 500 lbs. by 1.414
load factor (from table) – 707
lbs. actual load per leg.
45°

77. SLING ANGLES
1. Total load is 1,000 lbs.
divided by two legs – 500
lbs. load per leg if vertical
lift.
2. Horizontal sling angle is 30
degrees
3. Multiply 500 lbs. by 2.000
load factor (from table) –
1,000 lbs. actual load per leg
30°

78. RIGGING MATH

79. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IS A VERTICAL HITCH

80. RIGGING MATH
SLING TENSION IN VERTICAL BASKET HITCH

81. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IN 2-LEG BRIDLE HITCH

82. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IN 2 LEG BRIDLE HITCH – 60 DEGREES

83. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IN 2 LEG BRIDLE HITCH – 45 DEGREES

84. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IN 2 LEG BRIDLE HITCH – 30 DEGREES

85. RIGGING MATH
• SLING TENSION IN 2 LEG BRIDLE HITCH – 10 DEGREES

86. RIGGING MATH

87. RIGGING MATH / SLING ANGLES

88. SLING ANGLE PROTECTION
Sling Angles – Edge Protection
• When edges are sharp or
abrasive
• Sling damage may occur
• When sling angle
become shallow.
• Lateral loading may crush
object being lifted.

89. SLING ANGLE PROTECTION

90. SLING TYPES
What type of sling do I use?
1. Steel Wire Rope Slings
2. Chain Slings
3. Synthetic Rope Slings
4. Web Slings
5. High-Performance Round Slings

91. SINGLE PART EYE-EYE SLINGS
- Mechanical Splice
- Hand Splice

92. SINGLE PART EYE-EYE SLINGS

93. SLING HARDWARE
Eye-Treatments
- Thimble type, Treatments, & Loose Hardware

94. FABRICATION USING WIRE ROPE CLIPS
• Do not use wire rope clips to fabricate wire rope slings, except where
the application precludes the use of prefabricated slings and where the
sling is designed for the specific application by a qualified person,
• Install wire rope clips according to the recommendations of the
manufacturer or a qualified person,
• Do not use slings made with wire rope clips in a choker hitch,
• Regularly inspect clips to ensure that the recommended torque remains,
and
• Inspect clips periodically for
• Wear
• Abuse
• Damage.

95. PROOFLOADING
Specifications per ASME B30.9 for lifting slings.
9-2.6.1 General
(a) Prior to initial use, all new swaged socket, poured socket, or
turnback swaged eye type slings, and mechanical joint endless wire
rope slings shall be proof tested by the sling manufacturer or a
qualified person.
(b) Prior to initial use, all wire rope slings incorporating previously
used or welded fittings and all repaired slings shall be proof tested
by the sling manufacturer or a qualified person.
c) All other new wire rope slings are not required to be proof
tested unless specified by the purchaser.

96. SLING INSPECTION
• AMSE B30.9 & OSHA 1910-184
• Daily visual
• Person Handling Sling
• Major Damage & Deterioration
• Kinks, Broken Wires, Crushing, Corrosion
• Regular Intervals
• Based on Sling use
• By a qualified person
• At least annually
• Record of Inspection

97. SLING INSPECTION
• All inspections shall be performed by a designated
person. Any deficiencies identified shall be examined and
a determination made by a qualified person as to
whether it constitutes a hazard.
qualified person: a person who, by possession of a
recognized degree or certificate of professional standing in
an applicable field, or who, by extensive knowledge,
training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated
the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the
subject matter and work.

98. SLING INSPECTION
9-2.9. 2 Initial Inspection
• Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repaired slings shall be
inspected to verify compliance with the applicable provisions of this
Chapter. Written records are not required for initial inspections.
9-2.9. 3 Frequent Inspection
• (a) A visual inspection for damage shall be performed each day or
shift before the sling is used.
• Note: Slings used in severe or special service should be inspected
before each use.
• (b) Slings found with conditions such as those listed in para. 9-2.9.5
shall be removed from service. Slings shall not be returned to service
until approved by a qualified person.
• (c) Written records are not required for frequent inspections.

99. SLING INSPECTION
9-2.9.4 Periodic Inspection
(a) A complete inspection of the sling shall be performed. Inspection shall be
conducted on the entire length including splices, and fittings. Slings found with
conditions such as those listed in para. 9-2.9.5 shall be removed from service.
Slings shall not be returned to service until approved by a qualified person.
(b) Periodic Inspection Frequency. Periodic inspection intervals shall not exceed 1 year.
The frequency of periodic inspections should be based on
(1) frequency of sling use
(2) severity of service conditions
(3) nature of load handling activities
(4) experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances
(c) Guidelines for the time intervals are
(1) normal service — yearly
(2) severe service — monthly to quarterly
(3) special service — as recommended by a qualified person
(d) Documentation that the most recent periodic inspection was performed and shall
be maintained.
(e) Inspection records of individual slings are not required.

100. SLING INSPECTION
1. Access to entire sling
2. Clean (do not remove rope lubrication)
3. Examine entire length
4. Fittings and End attachments
5. Identify area of heaviest wear and check removal criteria
6. Label and Identify all slings you’ve inspected
7. Keep Records of all inspections
8. Immediately destroy all rejected slings
9. Store in safe place
• Away from: weather, heat, dirt

101. WHEN TO REPLACE YOUR SLING
Factors Affecting Wire-Rope Strength
• Three major signs of loss of strength
• Flat spots worn on outer wires
• Broken wires
• reduction of rope diameter
• Other factors that can reduce strength
• Bending the rope over a curved surface
• Temperature
• Corrosion and environment
• Rope fittings or terminations

102. WHEN TO REPLACE YOUR SLING
• Rated Capacity Tag
• Missing or illegible
• Broken Wires
• Single part
• 5 in 1 and 1
• 10 in all in 1
• Multi-part
• Metal Loss
• 1/3 of original diameter outer wires
• Distortion
• Kinking, crushing, birdcaging

103. SLING IDENTIFICATION
• ASME B30.9
• All wire rope slings shall be identified with
• Manufacturer
• Rated load
• Diameter or size
• Tag Replacement
• Sling Manufacturer or qualified person
• Marked to identify repairing agency

104. CHAIN SLINGS
Multiple Types of Chain
- Grade 30 Proof Coil Chain – NOT for Lifting
- Grade 43 High Test Chain – NOT for Lifting
- Grade 70 Transport Chain – NOT for Lifting
- Grade 80 Alloy Chain
– Recommended for Lifting
- Grade 100 Alloy Chain
– Recommended for Lifting

105. CHAIN SLINGS
Which Chain Grade Should Be Used for Which Type of Application?
Alloy Chain Grade 80 or Grade 100 should be used for overhead lifting. ASTM states
that alloy chain shall be able to elongate a minimum of 20% before fracture (7.3.5).
To ensure that alloy chain consistently meets this requirement, ASTM requires the
use of certain alloying elements in the manufacturing of the steel for alloy steel
chain. These alloys can vary from company to company, but some key requirements
are specified by ASTM. The alloy properties also improve the wear and tear that the
chain will experience. Note that when chain is in use, no amount of stretch is
allowed.
• Elongation shall not be less than:
– 20% for Grades 80 and 100;
– 15% for Grades 30, 43, 70, and Stainless;
– 10% for Machine, Coil, and Passing Link chain.

106. SYNTHETIC SLINGS
Synthetic Slings
- Know what you are using!

107. SYNTHETIC SLINGS
•Endless Loop ( EN)
•Eye and Eye (EE) —Type 3 Flat eye is the most
popular for all three hitch styles
—Type 4 Twisted eye is more commonly used
for choker hitch

108. SYNTHETIC SLINGS
INSPECTION of synthetic slings is
critical to remove damaged slings.

109. HOOK RETIREMENT
• ASME B30.10
• Cracks, Nicks, Gouges
• Wear exceeding 10% of Sectional Dimension
• Any Visible Apparent Bend or twist
• Increase in throat > 15%
• Missing Latch
• Heat Exposure
• Replacement parts
• At least equal to original
• Repair
• Qualified person

110. HOOK RETIREMENT

111. HOOK RETIREMENT
Hook Hazards
• Attachments should never be field welded to a hook
• Heat should not be applied in an attempt to reshape a
hook
• Can reduce strength of hook
• Could result in hook failure at loads lower than the rated
load
• If handles or attachments are required they should be
obtained from the hook manufacturer

112. HOOK RETIREMENT
Purpose of a latch?
• Purpose is to retain slings in the hook
• Not intended to support the load
• Should be sturdy enough to retain the sling if the
moving load should catch on something
• Latches are used to close the throat opening
• Must be provided on hoist and crane hooks

113. HOOK RETIREMENT
Reasons For Removing a Hook From Service
• Hook throat has increased by more
than 15%
• Wear exceeds 10% of the original
hook section dimension, or there is
a bend or twist of more than 10%
from the plane of the unbent hook
• Hook shows cracks, excessive nicks,
or gouges

114. HOOKS - SORTING
- Sorting hooks are designed to sort materials – commonly flat plates, sheet piles, straight beams and round pipes in a lay down
area. Other uses include off-loading trucks and rolling structural shapes. The intent is to have the loads engaged fully into the
throat of the hook. The following are guidelines for the safe use of the hooks on our project sites:
1. Know the weight of the load and the capacity of the rigging – including the hook. The hooks that
are used are normally rated for 7.5 tons in the throat of the hook.
2. There is also an allowance for loading the hook further towards the tip. If the load is not engaged into the
throat of the hook the load limit is reduced to 2 tons, however the load cannot be closer than 2” from the hook tip.
3. Hooks must be attached to the load in a manner that maintains a level, balanced and stable
condition throughout the sequence of the lift.
4. Use only wire rope slings for attachment to the hook if sling contacts load.
5. If using sorting hooks with synthetic slings, add extra shackles at hooks so sling doesn’t contact load.
6. Materials shall not be lifted over head with sorting hooks. A positive connection must be used – i.e. a latching hook, choked
slings, etc. for items being lifted over head.
7. Tension must be maintained at all times during the lift so that the hooks do not disengage.
8. The sling angles shall not be greater than 45º from horizontal to maintain the allowable 7.5 ton
hook capacity. At angles greater than 45º the force attempts to tip load and spread the hook. If
the angle is greater than 45º then the capacity is reduced to 2 tons provided the limitations in item #2 are also met.
9. Side loading of the hooks will not be allowed.

115. HOOKS - SORTING
Sorting Hooks
- Bent
- Corroded

116. SHACKLES

117. SHACKLES
- Used as a connecting link between items
- Strap to hoist ring or eyebolt
- Strap to strap
- Used as single attach point for multiple straps
- Load rating based on:
• Size
• Material
- Many different types and sizes

118. SHACKLES

119. SHACKLE - IDENTIFICATION

120. SHACKLES – FIELD REPAIR
Is this shackle suitable for
use?
1. Yes
2. No

121. SHACKLE - USE

122. TAG LINES
•Wind
• Tag lines shall be used
unless their use creates an
unsafe condition [OSHA
1926.550(g)(6)(iii)]
Tag lines are only required when
winds exceed 20 mph
1. True
2. False

123. TAG LINES
WHY DO WE USE TAGLINES? TO HELP CONTROL LOADS/MATERIALS
SUCH AS:
• Controlling loads in windy conditions.
• To keep long materials from swinging into the crane booms.
• To keep loads/materials from swinging into power lines.
• Maneuvering loads through or around tight spaces.
• Anytime when working around traffic and pedestrians.
• When performing steel erection.
• When hoisting close to or onto scaffolds.
• When hoisting suspended personnel platforms, if appropriate.
• When a rotation of the load would be hazardous.
• When working on any site when MSHA rules apply (tag lines on all loads).
TYPES OF MATERIALS USED AS TAGLINES:
• Nonconductive line: dry polypropylene rope (when used around power lines).
• Do not use electrical extension cords, wire, air hoses or lanyards used for fall protection.
• No loops, hooks or knots on the ends of taglines (they tend to catch on items).

124. TAG LINES
LENGTH OF TAGLINES:
• Short enough so as not to get tangled on items being lifted over.
• Long enough to handle bulky/long loads from the ground (100% control).
• Long enough to control a load when landing.
SECURING TO LOADS:
• Use knots that can be easily untied.
• Can use snap hooks on end of tagline to secure to load.
• Tie to bolt holes in steel, to rigging on loads, or wrap around the loads.
HANDLING TAGLINES:
• Do not wrap the tagline around your hands, arms or body (You may find yourself going
up with the load. For the reason, you cannot unwrap the line as fast as the load was being
lifted.)
• May need 2- taglines to control the load
Example: Have a tagline on each end of a girder where one team member would be
pulling in one direction and the second team member would guide the load in a different
direction.
• May need to wrap a tagline around a fixed object to control or secure the line.

125. HAND SIGNALS
Standard hand
signals

126. HAND SIGNALS
Standard Hand Signals

127. RIGGERS 10-STEP CHECKLIST
6. Balance the Load
-Prevent: Point loads, slips
-COG
7. Test Rigging
- Lift Slightly and Re-check
8. Stand clear and lift
- Avoid areas between Sling and Load,
Sling and Crane
- Keep clear of suspended load, Tag
line
9. Avoid shock loading
- Slow and steady
10. Return to storage
- Inspect for damage
- Return to storage area
1. Weigh and Measure
- Weight
- Distance
- Height
2. Use right hitch
- Connection to load
3. Choose right sling
- D/d
- Protection
4. Inspect sling
- Good working condition,
OSHA & ASME
5. Rig up
- Connect to the Load, then
Hook

128. LAST QUESTION
Who is responsible for safe rigging?
OSHA
ANSICom
petentpers...Everyoneassoc...
25% 25%25%25%
1. OSHA
2. ANSI
3. Competent person
4. Everyone associated
with the movement of
the load

129. SLING - WARNING

130. THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
Questions???