This document summarizes the early Filipino student activities in Spain from 1880-1882. It discusses some of the key Filipino students who went to Spain during this time period, including Pedro Paterno, Gregorio Sanciano, and Jose Rizal. It describes the political environment in Spain at the time and the first Filipino student organizations that were formed, including the Circulo-Hispano Filipino led by Juan Atayde. The document provides biographical details about important figures like Sanciano, Rizal, and Graciano Lopez Jaena who played roles in the early Filipino nationalist movement in Spain.

1. CHAPTER II
EARLY FILIPINO STUDENTS
ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN
(1880-1882)

2. Filipino Students to Spain
o After the events of 1872, a sort of lull settled on Filipino nationalist
activities in the Philippines and in Spain.
o Burgos had been executed
o Other Filipino priests who had been prominent in the controversy over
the parishes returned from their exile
o Archbishop Martinez resigned in 1874 and replaced by a Dominican,
Archbishop Pedro Payo on the following year.
o Towards 1880 the tiny trickle of students from Philippines to the
universities of the Peninsula gradually turned into a steady flow.

3. Filipino Students to Spain
o Most of the early students came from well-to-do families (*mostly
creoles and mestizos)
o They were soon followed by young men of Chinese Mestizo or Spanish
Mestizo and those who came from wealthy native families.
Creoles- tended to identify themselves with the peninsular Spaniards
Chinese Mestizo- identified himself with the native Filipino or Indio
* Under this time all those born in the Philippines shared a certain feeling, not yet
clearly defined, of being Filipinos, especially on early periods because of radical
divisions had come to the force.

4. Filipino Students to Spain
o What kind of SPAIN did these Filipino students of the 1880s come into?
IT’S POLITICAL
IT’S RELIGIOUS
IT’S EDUCATIONAL
*it influenced them and gave direction to their nationalistic
aspirations

5. Filipino Students to Spain
oAntonio Canovas Del Castillo
 THE ARCHITECT OF RESTORATION
Great admirer of British Parliamentary system
The last quarter of the 19th Century witnessed his efforts to form a Spanish
Parliamentary System in that image.
On the accession of Alfonso XII to the throne in 1875 – largely the work of
Canovas – Del Castillo created around himself the Partido Liberal-
Conservador / aka CONSERVATIVES

6. Filipino Students to Spain
o Though a conservative group as a whole it was NOT OF THE EXTREME
RIGHT and though it generally supported the church, it was NOT
EXPLICITLY SO COMMITED.
o The New Constitution of 1876, which embodied the program of Canovas
aroused bitter protests from the VATICAN and SPANISH BISHOPS.
*WHY???
Because though it proclaimed CATHOLICISM as the religion of the
Spanish nation, unlike the 1869 CONSTITUTION, it nevertheless tolerated
the private practice of OTHER RELIGIONS.

7. Filipino Students to Spain
o On the left of Canovas’ party and with his encouragement arose the
party headed by Praxides Mateo Sagasta, known as the
Constitutionalist or LIBERAL PARTY.
• They rally to those monarchist who still held to the constitution of 1869, but supported
ALFONSO XII.
o FUSIONIST PARTY - formed afther the addition by 1878 of splinter
groups from both left and right.

8. Filipino Students to Spain
o The two dynastic parties though not without a doctrinal basis, were
largely united on rather opportunistic grounds and were subject to
frequent schisms and realignment.
* Most Doctrinaire is from left and right that refuses to recognize
Alfonist monarchy.
 Extreme Right – CARLISTS ( supporting Don Carlos VII’s claim to the throne, intransigently
Catholic, traditionalist, and absolutist.
 Left – were various factions of repablicans, hopelessly divided among themselves and
united only in opposition of monarchy.

9. Filipino Students to Spain
oEMILIO CASTELAR
- LAST PRESIDENT of the REPUBLIC, led the REPUBLICANOS
HISTORICOS or POSIBILISTAS
o FEDERALISTAS
- under Francisco Pi y Margall, another former president,
held aloof, as did the advocates of a unitary republic under
the 3rd former president Nicolas Salmeron.

10. Filipino Students to Spain
• Manuel Ruiz Zorilla – declared for the restoration of the republic means
of revolution, and from his exile in France directed endless conspiracies
to this end.
• Zorillistas or Republicanos Progreistas from time to time joined in coalitions with
other republican factions, now participating in, now abstaining from elections.
• All these coalitions were short-lived, however, and soon terminated in new
internecine struggles.

11. Filipino Students to Spain
• In the next 22 years till the assassination of Canovas by an anarchist in
1897, the 2 parties alternated in power eleven times.
• The atmosphere of corruption that has characterized so much of
nineteenth-century political life was PERPETUATED.
• Not only were there eleven changes of party during this period, but
both Canovas and Sagasta within a single term of office often
reorganized their cabinet two or three times.

12. Filipino Students to Spain

13. Filipino Students to Spain
• PEDRO PATERNO
 one of the two(2) Filipino nationalists known with certainty to have been in Spain
before 1880 (*the other was Gregorio Sanciano)
 he has come to Spain in 1871 ( studied Philosophy & Theology in Salamanca)
Later had gone to Mandrid where he obtained doctorate in law in 1880
Son of Maximo Paterno, a wealthy, Manila businessman who was among
deported to Marianas in 1872
 Because of his father he has contact with men as Manuel Regidor and Manueal
Azcarraga (Philippine borns who has left Philippines and then got involved in
political issues.)

14. PEDRO PATERNO
 Paterno has made numerous highly-placed friends in 1880s and his home was
often placed for reunions artisticas, at which gathered many of the most
prominent literary and political figures of Spain.
 In 1880 he brought out a small volume of verse entitled Sampaguitas . This was
presented as the first volume of a project collection entitled “Biblioteca Filipina”,
designed to make known to the public “The mature fruits produced by the
Filipino youth”.
* The verses make only occasional mention of the Philippines, and are mostly
romantic lyrics.

15. Filipino Students to Spain
o Gregorio Sanciano
 of greater significance and certainly of greater merit was the work of Gregorio
Sanciano.
 of Chinese mestizo origin, like the Paternos, Sanciano had already earned his
doctorate in law by 1880. (* he began to contribute articles to news paper EL
DEMOCRATA on reforms needed in Philippines especially economic matters)
 in 1881 he published a book called El progreso de Filipinas.
 He pointed to the URGENT necessity of roads, bridges, railroads, and public
works in general to promote agriculture
 The educational system was inadequate
 A radical change in the system of raising revenue was needed, the taxation
and collection of tribute was unjust
 All of these form radical discrimination

16. Gregorio Sanciano
 He proposed the abolition of various indirect taxes and customs duties,
showing how they impeded the progress of the economy.
 He proposed property tax, an industrial and commercial tax, and others
based on ability to pay.
 To achieve it, he pointed out the means that must be taken to establish
clear titles to landed property and to provide the acquisition of
unoccupied or state-owned lands.

17. Gregorio Sanciano
 his entire book is eminently practical, treating in dispassionate fashion
the economic problems of the country and their solution.
 His book was more on an economic study
 Some sections of his book are charged with deep nationalist feeling
 He somehow expresses a calm serene tone of his exposition and
replaced it by muted sense of outrage at the injustice and inexpediency
of law that only foments divisions between classes and races.

18. Gregorio Sanciano
 he says that by setting one class against another such system has been
at the root of the revolts that have occurred in 19th century.
 according to him this tribute is a symbol of rule imposed by force, as in
the ages of barbarism and has no place in the modern regime of liberty.
 the Filipinos must have to enjoy tax proportioned to their resources,
larger or smaller in amount

19. Gregorio Sanciano
• His principle of assimilation that all Filipinos were Spanish citizens must
have the same rights and duties as peninsular Spaniards has become
the ostensible basis of nationalist campaign for fifteen (15) years.
• The Philippines should be granted representation in Cortes
• Another point of significance in the his work is the clear line which
connected him with the Philippine reform movement of 1869-72.

20. Gregorio Sanciano
• The point of departure of his treatise was recommendations of the
Junta de reformas economicas
(*one of several reform commissions set up by Governor de la Torre
in 1869-70)
• But suppressed on the accession of Izquerdo.
• He speaks with nostalgia of “that period of liberty and reforms” and
presents a fervent, if somewhat guarded, defence of most of those
executed or exiled in aftermath of the Cavite Mutiny.

21. Gregorio Sanciano
• 1870 campaign of anonymous letters against the type of instruction
given in the university by the Dominicans.
(*opposition to the exclusive control of church over education,
triggered nationalists)
• One of the most significant feeling in his book is his impassioned yet
carefully reasoned and documented refutation of he Spanish
commonplace of the indololencia del indigena.
• Turning to the reports of the provincial governors regarding land
matters, he shows contradiction between those who say that valuable
land remains unoccupied because of the indolence of Filipinos and
Those who report on the high rate of immigration and on the scarcity of
land in their provinces.

22. Gregorio Sanciano
• Sanciano’s book anticipates most of the principal themes of the later
Filipino nationalist campaign;
Administrative reform
Eradication of corruption in the government
Recognition of Filipino rights as loyal Spaniards
Extension of Spanish law to the Philippines
Curtailment of the excessive power of the friars in the
life of the country
Assertion of the dignity of the Filipino.

23. Gregorio Sanciano
• The book was not the type to have a mass appeal, and information is
lacking on its circulation in the Philippines.
• Jose Rizal was impressed by the book.
(*1882 letter to his brother, he mentioned the proximate return to
the Philippines of Sanciano “the author of EL Progreso deFilipinas”)
(*Rizal’s nationalist essay “Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos” in La
Solidaridad in 1890 was based on Sanciano’s treatment of the
subject)

24. Gregorio Sanciano
In 1884 there was disturbance in Pangasinan, apparently over
local grievances, but in the aftermath a number of prominent
Filipinos were imprisoned, among them is Sanciano.
Eventually they were released, but there is no trace of any
further activity on Sanciano’s part before his death a few
years later.

25. The First Filipino Colony
 Growing Filipino colony appeared during the publication of Sanciano’s
book.
(*it was a baquet given in honor of Fernando de Leon y Castillo,
overseas minister in the liberal government of Sagasta, by the Filipino
colony in Madrid)
 June 25 1881 he had published a long discussed degree abolishing the
government tobacco monopoly in the Philippines.

26. The First Filipino Colony
At the banquet Visayan medical student Graciano Lopez Jaena,
delivered a speech, he eulogized the glorious mission of Spain
personified by Magellan, Legazpi and others who brought civilization
and progress to the Philippines.
 Philippines (* “Proud to call herself daughter of the fatherland of
Calderon and Cervantes”)
 When liberty and the encouragement of the arts shall reign in her, this
Pearl of the Orient will be a source of inexhaustible wealth for Spain.

27. The First Filipino Colony
Graciano Lopez Jaena plays an important role in the Filipino
movement.
 born in Jaro, Ilo-ilo in 1856
First studied in the Jaro seminary and later gone to Manila to study medicine
Works as apprentice at a hospital due to lack of secondary diploma , then
returned to his native province.
Had trouble with authorities then later gone to Spain in 1880 to study
medicine at the University of Valencia
1881 gave up his study and left for Madrid then began to be active in political
and journalistic circles
Natural orator and became frequent speaker in meetings of radical groups.
He would be radicalizing force among Filipinos

28. The First Filipino Colony
 the banquet led to first organizations of Filipinos in Madrid
Early 1882 they founded the Circulo-Hispano Filipino under the
leadership of Juan Atayde, a retired Spanish army officer of the
Philippines by birth.
In its manifesto of 20 April 1882, signed by the acting president, Rear
Admiral Claudio Montero y Gay, its secretary, Juan Atayde, the Circulo
expressed its thanks to Minister Leon y Castillo, to whose “support and
personal mediation it owes its existence”

29. The First Filipino Colony
 In September 1882, Jose Rizal arrived in Madrid to study medicine and
he endeavoured to give substance to Circulo in faith that it will unite the
Philippines.
 the Circulo founded a bi-weekly news paper called Revista del Circulo
Hispano-Filipino, whose first number appeared on 29 octobr 1882. (*it
doesn’t last long)
 Pardo de tavera merely says that “Some Spaniards from the
Philippines who wrote in it, quickly stopped doing so when they saw
the anti-Spanish character which it was beginning to take.”

30. The First Filipino Colony
 In 1883 both Circulo and its paper is dead because of the withdrawal of
the older member’s support and the cessation of the subsidy which had
come from the overseas ministry with the fall of the government.
In 1884, Rizal made new attempts to revive the Cirulo, but did not
succeeded.

31. Jose Rizal
 Jose Rizal did not only serve as the link with the first nationalist
movement which ended tragically; he was to play a decisive role in
shaping the course of the later movement
 Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso was born in a prominent family in
Calamaba, Laguna.
 Jose Rizal’s father studied at Colegio de San Jose and his mother in
Colegio de Santa Rosa in Manila, his parental grandfather has been a
gobernadrocillo various times and from his mother’s side there were
several relatives who had held minor posts, and a number of lawyers
and priests.

32. Jose Rizal
 his older brother, Paciano had studied at Colegio de San Jose, and had
been a pupil and a close friend of Father Jose Burgos, with him he was
living up to hi execution in 1872. (*nephew of Father Burgos helped him
to get a place in manila – Jesuit Ateneo Municipal)
All these connections with Burgos greatly influenced Jose Rizal which is
clear from his letter to the Filipino colony in Barcelona: “Had not been
for 1872, Jose Rizal would now be Jesuit, and instead of writing the Noli
Me tangere, would have written the opposite.”

33. Jose Rizal
 young Jose Rizal is a serious deeply religious boy as his adolescent
memoirs and the accounts of his Jesuit professor reveal.
 Jose Rizal is very fond of Jesuits during his student years, even after he
forsook his catholic religion he never stopped to visit them, he only did
when they themselves decided so. He only renewed his contact once
more during his exile in Dapitan and in his last hours he was
accompanied by Jesuits from the Ateneo Municipal.

34. Jose Rizal
In his writing when he was just 18 (1879), he says, “My second year as
border [1876-77] was like the first, except that in the time there had
been a great development of my patriotic sentiments, as well as of an
acute sensitivity”
In 1880 his composition “A la juventud Filipina” won the prize offered
in Manila for the best poem by an indio mestizo. (* in it he calls on the
Filipino youth, “Fair hope of my fatherland”.)

35. Jose Rizal
 In 1881 the Liceo Artistico-Literario of Manila, which has offered the
prize previously mentioned, offered another in a single contest, open to
Peninsulars and Filipinos, to honor Cervantes. Again, Jose Rizal still a
medical student of nineteen, won the first prize this time over various
peninsular journalists and friar professors of the university, with an
allegory entitled “El Consejo de los Dioses”.
 One night in 1880, he passed in the darkness a lieutenant of the civil
guard without knowing who it was, without saying a word struck him
with his sword, wounding him.

36. Jose Rizal
 Because of this incident he came to the palace of the governor-general,
Fernando Primo de Rivera to demand justice, but not only he was
served none, he didn’t even get to see the general. (*this incident made
a deep impression on him)
For him, the incident demand the equality of Filipino and Peninsular, it
obsess Jose Rizal ‘s thoughts in the years to come, and its denial in
theory and practice would goad him into a clash with the offenders, NO
MATTER WHAT THE COST.

37. Jose Rizal
 the inequality leads Jose Rizal of breaking his studies at the University
of Sto. Tomas and leaving Philippines for Europe. (*but this was not all
the reason)
 the correspondence with his brother Paciano and with other close
friends, though couched in somewhat guarded terms, at least makes
clear that Jose Rizal and Paciano regarded his studies in Europe as
means of fulfilling patriotic mission, or of preparing himself to do
something for his country.

38. Jose Rizal
 he had left without informing his parents, whose disapproval he
apparently feared, secretly assisted by his brother and hi uncle, who has
send him money for his support abroad.
 A letter of Paciano was sent few weeks after his departure, speaks of
distress of his parents and how did he carry to let it be secret even unto
his own father .
The letter also says that, in the town of Calamba, his departure was
subject of attempts at conjecture for many days, “but none of them hit
the mark”.

39. Jose Rizal
 Paciano hoped that Jose Rizal would not stay in Barcelona to complete
his medical course, since “the principal object of your journey to Europe
is not to perfect yourself in that career, but in other matters of greater
utility, or, to say the same thing in other words, in that which you are
more inclined.”
 the following moth his cousin and close friend Vicente Gella wrote Jose
Rizal that the sorely missed him while he was in “search of the good we
all desire. . . May God Assist you in return for the good which you are
doing on behalf of your countrymen”.

40. Jose Rizal
 another friend suggest that he study law as well for “it will be much
use of the purpose you have in mind”.
 a few days after arriving in Barcelona Jose Rizal wrote to his family
about how Jesuits there that was introduced to him by his professor
from Ateneo, had helped him lodging, and had lent him money until his
funds from the Philippines arrive.
 I have gone through their college, and am making studies on various
matters in order to apply them there when I get back”.

41. Jose Rizal
 Jose Rizal wrote to Paciano later that year;
“Tell your friends, those who have resources, that I invite their sons
to come to these parts. I would wish that the coming generation, that
which is to govern and direct Calamba by the principles of the twentieth
century, may be a generation of brilliant light, intelligent and progressive”.

42. Jose Rizal
 engaging in politics in Spain did not seem to be part of his plans, for he
wrote later one of sisters, apparently explaining why he would not make
use of political influence to get himself a government post,
“ I … have always considered myself here as foreigner, and … have
not concealed my indifference to all who have proposed that I join
political parties…”
*for a time he considered professorship on his homeland but he will never be accepted
by the Dominicans who now looked at him with suspicion.

43. Jose Rizal
 Diaryong Tagalog
 short-lived bilingual nationalist news paper of Manila
 chiefly the work of Filipinos, Basilio Teodoro Moran and Marcelo H. Del
Pilar, but the titular ownership of the paper was vested in Francisco Calvo y
Munoz, a peninsular functionary who allied himself at this time, and later in
Spain, with Filipino nationalists.
Jose Rizal was asked by Teodoro to contribute articles to the news paper, the
first of these, “El amor Patrio”, appeared in the issue of 20 August 1882.

44. Jose Rizal
Jose Rizal said that it is fitting that we too should be grateful to our
beloved country;
“In the fashion then the ancient Hebrews, who offered in the
temple the first fruits of their love, we, in the foreign land, will dedicate
our first accebts to our country, still wrapped in the clouds and mists of
the morning, but always fair and poetic, ever more fervently worshipped,
in proportion to our distance an the length of our absence from her.”

45. Jose Rizal
 in this paragraph of Jose Rizal he sings the praises of love of country.
He calls on his countrymen to love their country, as men in ever age
have loved and fought and died for theirs. He concludes:
“Love her, yes! But not as men loved in other times, practicing
fierce virtues, virtues rejected and reprobated by true morality and by
mother nature! Not by glorying in fanaticism, in destruction, in cruelty,
no! A more smiling dawn now appears on the horizon, of soft and
peaceful rays, messenger of life and of peace; the true dawn of
Christianity, an omen of days of happiness and tranquillity. Our duty will
be to follow the arid, but peaceful and productive paths of knowledge,
which lead on to progress; and from there to the union desired and
prayed for by Jesus Christ in the night of His Passion.”

46. Jose Rizal
 the clear distinction of the Philippines from Spain, “foreign land”,
caused many Spaniard in Manila to frown, as his brother-in-law wrote
him some months later, warning him to “to be careful, because you
seem to be on their list”.
 few months later news paper ceased to publication for lack of funds,
struck by the twin disasters of devastating typhoon and the cholera
epidemic of 1882 .

47. Jose Rizal
 1880 – 1882
Pedro Paterno, Gregorio Sanciano, Jose Rizal – Each on his own way
had begun to articulate growing consciousness among Filipinos abroad
that they were not merely vassals of Apian, but people equal and distict,
with their own to seek and cherish.

48. THANK YOU !