The document discusses the basic structure of computer programming, including the typical program development environment consisting of six phases: editing/writing, preprocessing, compiling, linking, loading, and executing. It also covers preprocessor directives, the main program structure, data types, variable declarations, common programming errors, and basic C syntax elements like identifiers, variables, constants, and comments.

1. Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Chapter 2 Basic Structure of Programming Prepared by Alish Ahmad Al-shahab alishahmad.alshahab@gmail.com

3. Write a computer program using C programming language.

5. Involves translating high-level language (programming language such as C,C++, Visual Basic, C#) Because computers do NOT understand high level language! Translated to Computer's machine language 00011101 01010101 11011111

6. Program Development Environment Typical program development environment consist of six phases to be executed. Edit/Write Preprocess Compile Link Load Execute

8. Makes corrections if necessary

9. Saves or stores program on disk such as C: or A:etc. Editor or text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. E.gdev/turbo

10. Program Development Environment Example of text editor Turbo C editor (free)

11. Program Development Environment Example of text editor DEV C++ (free)

20. Program Development Environment Common Programming Errors Error (bugs) Run-time Errors Syntax Errors Logic Errors

22. Declaration syntax error

23. Undefined symbol ‘_main’ in module.

27. User’s mistake.

31. Program Development Environment Preprocessor Directive Format: #include <header file> or #include “user defined files” Example #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include “jam.h”

35. Function will be called and linked to program via header file

37. Program Development Environment Preprocessor Directive Format: #define “file name” or #define constant_nameconstant_value Example #define MAX 100

39. Use { to start the program code and } to end the program code. Format : main function { //identifiers //C statements }

40. Basic Syntax of Programming Main Function void main( ) { …………..} Main function int main( ) { return 0; } main( ) { return 0; }

41. Program Development Environment Write the most basic structures of C programming. #include <stdio.h> void main() { }

43. Every statements must be ended with semicolonDeclaration statement Function statement Types Control statement Input/Output statement Compound statement

45. Differs in terms of colour : greyTo increase program readability To document a program Function As a future references To provide additional information

46. Program Development Environment Using references from any C book, find and study the following concepts (definition and examples): Reserved Word Variable Constant

48. Contain special meaning understood by compilerRules Case –sensitive Must be written in small case Cannot be used as identifier or variables

49. Program Development Environment Reserved Word Example: int The acronym for integer void Refer to the function that will not return any value case default switch break for continue float double return while if do int

51. Store values to be used in programming

52. Refers to the storage in computerType Standard identifier User-defined identifier

54. Referred asfunction name which will called from C library Standard identifier printf() scanf() puts() gets()

56. Store data values/result/outputUser-defined identifier Type Constant Variable

58. Identifiers name cannot be started with numbers

59. Symbol cannot be used in identifier name

60. Cannot contains spaces between two identifiers name

61. Identifiers name should be unique

65. Program Development Environment 1 Declaration format: const data_type const_name = const_value; Data type const float pi = 3.142; Reserved word Constant Value Constant name

66. Program Development Environment 2 Declaration format: #define const_name const_value; Constant value #define pi 3.142; Reserved word Constant name

67. Program Development Environment Example of constant: #define minimum 0; #define MAX 100; const int counter = 100; const char alphabet = ‘J’; const float value = 4.5;

69. Program Development Environment Declaration Example Declaration of a variable number of integer data type. int number; float weight; char alphabet; Declaration of a variable weight of floating point data type. Declaration of a variable alphabet of character data type.

70. Program Development Environment Variable/constant declaration example //Variable and constant declration #include <stdio.h> int number; float weight; void main() { const float pi =3.142; int bilangan; float berat; char abjad; } Variable declaration Constant declaration Variable declaration

71. Program Development Environment Variable and constant declaration example: //Variable and constant declaration #include <stdio.h> const float pi=3.142; void main() { int bilangan, bil, bilang; float berat, kg; char A; }

75. Types of data to be stored and used in programming should be informed to the compiler/system Types Integer Character Floating point

77. Reserved word for integer – int

78. Valid until 5 places of integer number.Integer Example: age is used to represent the age of students between 18 and 25 years old. The declaration for the variable is as follow:int age;

80. Reserved word– double /floatExample: height is used to represent the student’s height between 150 cm and 180 cm. The declaration for the variable is as follow: float height;

82. Reserved word – charCharacter Example: gender is used to represent the gender of a student. The declaration for the variable is as follow: char gender;

83. Program Development Environment Exercise: Determine whether the following identifiers is valid or invalid. Give reason for invalid cases. 1)Parit Raja 2) 20thCentury 3) int 4) INTEGER 5) _BMW2003 6) Reservedword 7) BIT1033 8) markah_pelajar 9) jam*kredit 10) printf

84. Program Development Environment Exercise: Write a suitable variable declaration for each of the following statement: i. Salary of an employee ii. Student’s mark for programming subject iii. ATM pin number iv. Phone number v. Price of one item vi. Bus seat number vii. Student name

85. Program Development Environment Exercise: Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared: Given the value of x is 10 and a is 12, find the result of the following equation: y = 2x + a - 6

86. Program Development Environment Exercise: Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared: MrsLeeya needs to determine her students grade for programming subject based on the mark scored during final examination. The ‘A’ grade will be given if the Mark scored is between 85 to 100. If a student has scored 90 marks, what is the grade should MrsLeeya give to the student?

87. Program Development Environment Exercise: Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared: A box has height, width and length. Calculate the volume of a box.

88. Program Development Environment Exercise: Based on the following problem, determine the appropriate variables can be declared: Uncle Degawan wants to buy 5 tins of paint from Cinda’s shop. The price of each tin of the paint is RM 15.60. Calculate the price which Uncle Degawan have to pay for all the tin of paints he bought.