Challenges in public health in india
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Public health is squarely a State responsibility. It has to go hand-in-hand with sanitation, drinking water, health education and disease prevention
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Rural & urban health
Urban populations are increasing rapidly and concentrating in cities, which exacerbate health risks like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, violence, and mental health issues. Cities also concentrate resources that can promote well-being but poverty remains a challenge. Rural areas lack environmental sanitation, control of communicable diseases, health education, and adequate primary health care services and facilities. Improving rural health requires political will, community participation, and increased health budgets to expand services and address absent infrastructure.
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The document discusses key aspects of India's national health care system including health outcomes, determinants of health, and challenges in achieving universal access to health care. It notes that while the national system aims to provide comprehensive free services, many states struggle due to insufficient funding, management issues, and shortages. As a result, there are significant inequalities across states and between socioeconomic groups in health indicators and access to services. Out-of-pocket expenditures also remain high due to issues like stockouts of free medicines in public facilities. The document calls for strengthening public provision of health services, increasing health spending, and ensuring equitable access to improve health status and reduce inequalities across India.
Changing concepts in public health
The document discusses the changing concepts in public health over different time periods from 1900 to 2000. It describes four phases: 1) the disease control phase from 1880-1920 which focused on sanitation reforms, 2) the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 which added services like maternal/child health, 3) the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 which addressed chronic diseases and risk factors, and 4) the health for all phase from 1981-2000 in which WHO pledged to bridge health gaps between developed and developing nations. The focus of public health has evolved from disease control to health promotion to addressing social determinants of health and achieving health for all people worldwide.
Urban health
1. The document provides an overview of urban health issues in India. It discusses the rapid urbanization occurring in India and its impact on health. Key issues include a growing urban poor population living in slums with poor access to water, sanitation, and healthcare.
2. Health indicators for India's urban poor are significantly worse than for other urban populations. For example, under-five mortality is much higher and immunization rates much lower among the poorest quartile. Malnutrition rates are also higher among the urban poor.
3. Access to basic services like piped water and sanitation facilities is severely lacking for the urban poor in India. For example, over 80% of the poorest urban population does
Changing concepts in public health
This document provides an overview of changing concepts in public health. It begins with definitions of public health and discusses its focus on prevention of disease at the population level. The document then outlines 4 phases in the history of public health: [1] the disease control phase from 1880-1920 with a focus on sanitation; [2] the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 adding services like maternal/child health; [3] the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases and behaviors; and [4] the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 aiming to reduce health inequalities. It also lists 5 notable public health officials and 16 surprising facts about the field.
1 concept of public health
This document discusses key concepts in public health, including:
- The rise of public health in response to poor health conditions during the Industrial Revolution such as overcrowding and tuberculosis.
- Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report on the poor sanitary conditions of laborers which shifted focus to improving housing and working conditions.
- The 1848 Public Health Act in England and similar initiatives in the US which established the responsibility of the state for public health.
- Definitions of public health emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion, and organized community efforts around sanitation, infection control, education and access to healthcare.
- The challenges of recognizing achievements in public health due to its preventive nature and "silent victories" compared to clinical
Man and medicine
This document describes the four phases of changing concepts in public health:
1) The "disease control phase" from 1880-1920 focused on sanitary legislation and reforms to control disease and death.
2) The "health promotional phase" from 1920-1960 aimed to promote health through personal services like maternal/child health services and developing the concept of preventing disease and prolonging life.
3) The "social engineering phase" from 1960-1980 addressed chronic diseases through social and behavioral interventions as treatments were still developing.
4) The "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aimed to provide primary health care access to 80% of the world's population and reduce health gaps between rich/poor and within countries
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Rural & urban health
Urban populations are increasing rapidly and concentrating in cities, which exacerbate health risks like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, violence, and mental health issues. Cities also concentrate resources that can promote well-being but poverty remains a challenge. Rural areas lack environmental sanitation, control of communicable diseases, health education, and adequate primary health care services and facilities. Improving rural health requires political will, community participation, and increased health budgets to expand services and address absent infrastructure.
On health and medicine
This document discusses health, medicine, and the healthcare system in the Philippines. It defines health as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It describes the Philippine healthcare system and how it is organized from the national level down to local health centers and retained hospitals. It discusses issues like social health insurance and high out-of-pocket costs. It outlines the principles of primary healthcare from the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration, including community participation, social determinants of health, and healthcare for all. Key elements of primary care are also defined such as health education, disease control, immunization, and access to medicines, nutrition, sanitation, and water. Health outcomes
Health Inequalities in India
The document discusses key aspects of India's national health care system including health outcomes, determinants of health, and challenges in achieving universal access to health care. It notes that while the national system aims to provide comprehensive free services, many states struggle due to insufficient funding, management issues, and shortages. As a result, there are significant inequalities across states and between socioeconomic groups in health indicators and access to services. Out-of-pocket expenditures also remain high due to issues like stockouts of free medicines in public facilities. The document calls for strengthening public provision of health services, increasing health spending, and ensuring equitable access to improve health status and reduce inequalities across India.
Changing concepts in public health
The document discusses the changing concepts in public health over different time periods from 1900 to 2000. It describes four phases: 1) the disease control phase from 1880-1920 which focused on sanitation reforms, 2) the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 which added services like maternal/child health, 3) the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 which addressed chronic diseases and risk factors, and 4) the health for all phase from 1981-2000 in which WHO pledged to bridge health gaps between developed and developing nations. The focus of public health has evolved from disease control to health promotion to addressing social determinants of health and achieving health for all people worldwide.
Urban health
1. The document provides an overview of urban health issues in India. It discusses the rapid urbanization occurring in India and its impact on health. Key issues include a growing urban poor population living in slums with poor access to water, sanitation, and healthcare.
2. Health indicators for India's urban poor are significantly worse than for other urban populations. For example, under-five mortality is much higher and immunization rates much lower among the poorest quartile. Malnutrition rates are also higher among the urban poor.
3. Access to basic services like piped water and sanitation facilities is severely lacking for the urban poor in India. For example, over 80% of the poorest urban population does
Changing concepts in public health
This document provides an overview of changing concepts in public health. It begins with definitions of public health and discusses its focus on prevention of disease at the population level. The document then outlines 4 phases in the history of public health: [1] the disease control phase from 1880-1920 with a focus on sanitation; [2] the health promotion phase from 1920-1960 adding services like maternal/child health; [3] the social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases and behaviors; and [4] the 'Health for All' phase from 1981-2000 aiming to reduce health inequalities. It also lists 5 notable public health officials and 16 surprising facts about the field.
1 concept of public health
This document discusses key concepts in public health, including:
- The rise of public health in response to poor health conditions during the Industrial Revolution such as overcrowding and tuberculosis.
- Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report on the poor sanitary conditions of laborers which shifted focus to improving housing and working conditions.
- The 1848 Public Health Act in England and similar initiatives in the US which established the responsibility of the state for public health.
- Definitions of public health emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion, and organized community efforts around sanitation, infection control, education and access to healthcare.
- The challenges of recognizing achievements in public health due to its preventive nature and "silent victories" compared to clinical
Man and medicine
This document describes the four phases of changing concepts in public health:
1) The "disease control phase" from 1880-1920 focused on sanitary legislation and reforms to control disease and death.
2) The "health promotional phase" from 1920-1960 aimed to promote health through personal services like maternal/child health services and developing the concept of preventing disease and prolonging life.
3) The "social engineering phase" from 1960-1980 addressed chronic diseases through social and behavioral interventions as treatments were still developing.
4) The "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aimed to provide primary health care access to 80% of the world's population and reduce health gaps between rich/poor and within countries
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Social determinants of health
Social determinants of health are the conditions where people are born, live, work, and age that impact health outcomes. These conditions include social, economic, and physical factors in environments like schools, workplaces, churches, and neighborhoods. Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. There are correlations between better health outcomes like lifespan and higher income, literacy rates, and lower unemployment.
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This document discusses public health in Pakistan. It begins by defining health and the role of public health in ensuring physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being through collective societal efforts. It then lists some recent health threats Pakistan has faced like dengue fever, hepatitis, polio and others requiring multi-agency responses. The top 10 causes of death in Pakistan are also provided. The document outlines the core functions of public health including health monitoring, policy development, health promotion, disease prevention and program evaluation. It discusses the federal government's role in public health and the importance of partnerships across different organizations and sectors for an effective public health system.
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The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
Public health
Public health involves protecting and improving the health of populations. It focuses on preventing disease and injury by considering factors that make entire groups of people healthy or unhealthy. Some key goals of public health include disease prevention and control, ensuring clean air and water, and promoting healthy lifestyle choices and environments. Historically, public health efforts have led to the elimination of many infectious diseases through immunization and improved living standards, air quality, traffic safety, and access to healthcare. However, Iraq still faces some health challenges like epidemics, pollution, and lack of clean drinking water due to corruption and conflict.
Public health policy development in developing countries
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
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The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and the progress of health programs. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly measure the health of a community. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability rates, and nutritional status. Examples are provided like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and anthropometric measurements in children. Characteristics of good indicators and methods to measure health policy outcomes, quality of life, and socioeconomic factors are also summarized.
Health care Delivery system India
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system, including its organizational framework at the national, state, district, and local levels. It describes the key components of primary health care in India such as primary health centers (PHCs), sub centers, and community health centers (CHCs). The document also outlines some of India's major health problems including communicable diseases, nutritional issues, and environmental sanitation challenges.
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Primary health care aims to provide basic health services to all citizens. Currently, primary health care centers are better established in urban versus rural areas. The document proposes ideas to improve rural primary health care, including making it mandatory for doctors to work in rural areas for two years after completing their medical training. Community feedback on the doctors' services would determine whether they could start private practices or require additional rural experience. The overall goal is to enhance access to primary health care across urban and rural populations.
Health promotion
Health promotion is directed at improving health through actions on determinants of health beyond just healthcare. It involves populations as a whole through education, policy, and environmental changes. Key principles include intersectoral collaboration between health and other sectors like education and agriculture. Health promotion aims to empower communities, create supportive environments, develop personal health skills, and form healthy public policy through multisectoral partnerships.
Factors affecting community health
Factors affecting community health can be grouped into physical, social/cultural, community organization, and individual behavior factors. Physical factors include industrial development, which can cause diseases from toxic waste and congestion; water contamination; air pollution; community size; geographical location, which can influence diseases spread through factors like flooding; and environment cleanliness. Social/cultural factors include traditions and beliefs like FGM; and economy, as economically well-off communities have better access to healthcare. Community organization factors include government provision of services; and community resource organization like taxes. Individual behavior also influences community health through personal health habits.
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The document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health as the absence of disease according to the oldest and WHO definitions. It then explains that health is perceived differently by various professional groups. The concept of health has evolved from an individual concern to a worldwide social goal encompassing quality of life. The document outlines 4 main concepts of health - the biomedical concept which views the human body as a machine, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, the psychological concept which is influenced by various social factors, and the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and sees health as a unified multidimensional process involving well-being in one's environment.
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The document discusses the relationship between urban planning and public health. It begins by providing a brief history of how the two fields developed separately in response to 19th century crises but are now interconnected. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and leading to increased poverty and health issues. The document calls for urban planners and public health experts to work together by applying health trends knowledge to policy and design decisions to promote healthier living environments and lifestyles.
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Public health involves organized community efforts and government actions to promote health and prevent disease. It includes activities like preventing epidemics, protecting against environmental hazards, promoting healthy behaviors, and monitoring population health status. The public health approach focuses on entire populations and preventing disease, while the medical model focuses on treating individuals. Core functions of public health include assuring health services and developing health policy. Public health addresses issues like communicable diseases, environmental pollution, and maternal/child health problems through organizations at national, district, and community levels. Professions involved in public health work on issues ranging from infectious disease control to nutrition, injury prevention, and more.
Inequality and inequity in health
Income inequality, health inequality, and gender inequality are major drivers of inequity in health outcomes globally and in Nepal. Structural adjustment policies promoted by international financial institutions have exacerbated inequalities by reducing public spending and privatizing health systems. Major agreements like Alma-Ata and the Sustainable Development Goals aim to promote universal health coverage and reduce inequalities. Nepal is working to address inequities through new constitutional rights, health insurance schemes for the poor, and social security reforms, but challenges remain due to underfunding of public services and a weak tax system. Tackling the social and economic roots of inequity requires replacing neoliberal policies with a rights-based approach to development.
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Primary health care is the basic level of health care that aims to provide universal access to affordable services. It is defined by the World Health Organization as essential care made accessible to all at an affordable cost. In India, primary health care is delivered through a network of subcenters, primary health centers, and community health centers. It focuses on health education, nutrition, water/sanitation, maternal/child health, disease prevention/control, and treatment of common illnesses and injuries. Challenges include inadequate infrastructure, staffing and resources. Strategies to strengthen primary health care in India include community involvement, capacity building, recruiting qualified personnel, and modifying education programs.
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This document discusses India's health care delivery system. It begins by outlining the challenges in reaching the whole population with adequate care and describes how large hospitals failed to meet community needs. It then examines how health status, problems, and available resources are assessed to determine priorities. Key health issues in India include communicable diseases, nutrition, sanitation, medical access, and population growth. The primary health care system aims to make services accessible, affordable, and participatory. It operates on village, sub-centre, and primary health centre levels to deliver basic care.
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Social determinants of health are the conditions where people are born, live, work, and age that impact health outcomes. These conditions include social, economic, and physical factors in environments like schools, workplaces, churches, and neighborhoods. Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. There are correlations between better health outcomes like lifespan and higher income, literacy rates, and lower unemployment.
Concept Of Phc
This document discusses concepts related to health, including the definition of health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being according to the WHO. It outlines dimensions of health including physical, mental, and social health. It also discusses determinants of health including internal factors like genetics as well as external environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. The document introduces the concepts of "Health for All" and primary health care, including principles and components of primary health care. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of individuals, communities, governments, and international organizations in health. Finally, it provides an overview of reforms needed to refocus health systems on primary health care and achieving health for all.
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This document discusses public health in Pakistan. It begins by defining health and the role of public health in ensuring physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being through collective societal efforts. It then lists some recent health threats Pakistan has faced like dengue fever, hepatitis, polio and others requiring multi-agency responses. The top 10 causes of death in Pakistan are also provided. The document outlines the core functions of public health including health monitoring, policy development, health promotion, disease prevention and program evaluation. It discusses the federal government's role in public health and the importance of partnerships across different organizations and sectors for an effective public health system.
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The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
Public health
Public health involves protecting and improving the health of populations. It focuses on preventing disease and injury by considering factors that make entire groups of people healthy or unhealthy. Some key goals of public health include disease prevention and control, ensuring clean air and water, and promoting healthy lifestyle choices and environments. Historically, public health efforts have led to the elimination of many infectious diseases through immunization and improved living standards, air quality, traffic safety, and access to healthcare. However, Iraq still faces some health challenges like epidemics, pollution, and lack of clean drinking water due to corruption and conflict.
Public health policy development in developing countries
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
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An introductory discussion on systems thinking leading to discussion on social determinants of health.
[James f. mc_kenzie,_r._r._pinger,_jerome_edward_ko(bookfi.org)
This document provides an overview of the fifth edition of the textbook "An Introduction to Community Health" by James F. McKenzie, Robert R. Pinger, and Jerome E. Kotecki. It includes information about the authors, copyright details, cataloging data, and a dedication. The book is published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers and covers topics such as community health organizations, epidemiology, health conditions, and health care delivery systems. It is intended to be used by students studying community health.
Health problems in india
This document outlines the major health problems in India. It defines health as a state of complete well-being according to the WHO. The major health problems discussed are communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections. Nutritional problems such as protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and low birth weight are also examined. Environmental sanitation problems from lack of safe water and proper waste disposal are addressed. The document also notes medical care access issues and India's large population as creating health challenges.
Health indiciator year 2014
The document discusses various indicators used to measure health status and the progress of health programs. It defines health indicators as variables that can directly measure the health of a community. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability rates, and nutritional status. Examples are provided like infant mortality rate, life expectancy, and anthropometric measurements in children. Characteristics of good indicators and methods to measure health policy outcomes, quality of life, and socioeconomic factors are also summarized.
Health care Delivery system India
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system, including its organizational framework at the national, state, district, and local levels. It describes the key components of primary health care in India such as primary health centers (PHCs), sub centers, and community health centers (CHCs). The document also outlines some of India's major health problems including communicable diseases, nutritional issues, and environmental sanitation challenges.
MANTHON
Primary health care aims to provide basic health services to all citizens. Currently, primary health care centers are better established in urban versus rural areas. The document proposes ideas to improve rural primary health care, including making it mandatory for doctors to work in rural areas for two years after completing their medical training. Community feedback on the doctors' services would determine whether they could start private practices or require additional rural experience. The overall goal is to enhance access to primary health care across urban and rural populations.
Health promotion
Health promotion is directed at improving health through actions on determinants of health beyond just healthcare. It involves populations as a whole through education, policy, and environmental changes. Key principles include intersectoral collaboration between health and other sectors like education and agriculture. Health promotion aims to empower communities, create supportive environments, develop personal health skills, and form healthy public policy through multisectoral partnerships.
Factors affecting community health
Factors affecting community health can be grouped into physical, social/cultural, community organization, and individual behavior factors. Physical factors include industrial development, which can cause diseases from toxic waste and congestion; water contamination; air pollution; community size; geographical location, which can influence diseases spread through factors like flooding; and environment cleanliness. Social/cultural factors include traditions and beliefs like FGM; and economy, as economically well-off communities have better access to healthcare. Community organization factors include government provision of services; and community resource organization like taxes. Individual behavior also influences community health through personal health habits.
Changing Concepts Of Health
The document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health as the absence of disease according to the oldest and WHO definitions. It then explains that health is perceived differently by various professional groups. The concept of health has evolved from an individual concern to a worldwide social goal encompassing quality of life. The document outlines 4 main concepts of health - the biomedical concept which views the human body as a machine, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, the psychological concept which is influenced by various social factors, and the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and sees health as a unified multidimensional process involving well-being in one's environment.
Urban planning and public health
The document discusses the relationship between urban planning and public health. It begins by providing a brief history of how the two fields developed separately in response to 19th century crises but are now interconnected. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and leading to increased poverty and health issues. The document calls for urban planners and public health experts to work together by applying health trends knowledge to policy and design decisions to promote healthier living environments and lifestyles.
Career Opportunity in Public Health_ Hari Prasad Kafle
Public health involves organized community efforts and government actions to promote health and prevent disease. It includes activities like preventing epidemics, protecting against environmental hazards, promoting healthy behaviors, and monitoring population health status. The public health approach focuses on entire populations and preventing disease, while the medical model focuses on treating individuals. Core functions of public health include assuring health services and developing health policy. Public health addresses issues like communicable diseases, environmental pollution, and maternal/child health problems through organizations at national, district, and community levels. Professions involved in public health work on issues ranging from infectious disease control to nutrition, injury prevention, and more.
Inequality and inequity in health
Income inequality, health inequality, and gender inequality are major drivers of inequity in health outcomes globally and in Nepal. Structural adjustment policies promoted by international financial institutions have exacerbated inequalities by reducing public spending and privatizing health systems. Major agreements like Alma-Ata and the Sustainable Development Goals aim to promote universal health coverage and reduce inequalities. Nepal is working to address inequities through new constitutional rights, health insurance schemes for the poor, and social security reforms, but challenges remain due to underfunding of public services and a weak tax system. Tackling the social and economic roots of inequity requires replacing neoliberal policies with a rights-based approach to development.
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INFRASTRUCTURE Part 2 and 3 SUNIL PANDA TERM 2_f1401e89-c183-4bd2-99d8-0c69f0...SudhanshuPandey969519
The document discusses India's health infrastructure. It begins by defining health and outlining important factors for good health. It then discusses the components of health infrastructure, including hospitals, doctors, nurses, and the pharmaceutical industry. It notes that while infrastructure is important, access is also key. The document outlines India's development of health infrastructure since independence, including expanding basic services and controlling diseases. It also discusses the private health sector's growing role and rural-urban divides. The three-tier system of primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare is explained. Traditional Indian systems of medicine are also summarized.HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES.pptx
health is a state of complete physical, mental, social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
to reduce the consequences of ill- health.
Role & performance of healthcare in india by uma.k
UMA K
Assistant Professor in Commerce
Mysore
The issues and challenges in the role & performance of quality health care in India
Health care delivery system
1. The document discusses the principles and levels of healthcare, with a focus on primary healthcare. It emphasizes equitable access to healthcare, community participation, and using appropriate technologies.
2. Primary healthcare aims to shift resources from urban to rural areas to address inequalities. It relies on local resources and community involvement through village health workers.
3. The goals of "Health for All by 2000" and Millennium Development Goals placed universal health access at the forefront of development. Sustainable Development Goals from 2015 integrate economic, social and environmental dimensions.
An overview of health care delivery system in
This document provides an overview of the health care delivery system in India. It describes the organizational structure at the central, state, district, block, primary health center, and village levels. The key shortcomings are discussed as inverse care, impoverishing care, fragmented care, unsafe care, and misdirected care. Reforms proposed by the WHO are also outlined, including universal coverage, service delivery, public policy, and leadership reforms. The objectives and importance of establishing Indian Public Health Standards are also presented. In conclusion, it acknowledges advances but notes the system remains ineffective and discusses needed reforms and decentralization to improve healthcare quality and delivery.
India
The document provides an overview of public health in India across 4 sections: 1) general socioeconomic characteristics, 2) population statistics, 3) characteristics of population health, and 4) organization of the health service system. Key points include that India has a large and growing population, high rates of poverty and communicable diseases, and a public health system with underutilized infrastructure alongside a large private market. The health system is characterized by high out-of-pocket costs and a need to improve access through risk pooling mechanisms.
Poverty and inequality in health
Poverty is defined as a state of lacking sufficient income and resources to afford basic necessities. It impedes human progress and development by limiting access to things like adequate housing, healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition. This can increase morbidity and mortality rates. Poverty is caused by factors like illiteracy, lack of knowledge, poor living conditions, and social issues. It is associated with increased risk of diseases and health issues. Measuring socioeconomic status is important for understanding poverty levels. Poverty reduction efforts aim to increase access to resources and opportunities through programs, policies, and sustainable development goals. However, overcoming poverty faces ongoing challenges.
Unit iii hiv aids & population explosion
The document discusses several topics related to environment and human health. It provides definitions of health according to WHO and discusses dimensions of health. It then discusses HIV/AIDS, describing what HIV is, how it causes AIDS, and transmission routes. It also discusses population explosion, its causes and effects. Next, it discusses various welfare programs in India for children, women, and families. It concludes by discussing the roles of information technology and environmental laws in relation to the environment and human health.
Primary Health Care
The document discusses the key concepts and principles of primary health care (PHC) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Philippine health care system. It defines PHC as essential health care that is universally accessible to communities at low cost through their participation. The core components of PHC include disease prevention, health promotion, and the treatment of common illnesses. It also outlines the different levels and providers of the Philippine health care delivery system from barangay health stations up to national medical centers.
Case solution to Parishram (saamanjasya2.0)
Case Study Solution for the case uploaded in name of 'Parishram'. This competition was won at VGSOM, IIT Kharagpur.
Sector: NGO/HealthCare
YAGYA3
This document summarizes a proposal to improve universal access to primary health care in India through better utilization of existing resources. The proposal suggests:
1) Utilizing both MBBS and AYUSH doctors by providing a mandatory internship program exposing them to rural health centers.
2) Providing a doctor at each sub-health center to improve quality at the first point of contact and reduce workload at primary health centers.
3) Addressing challenges like mentality shifts, proper implementation, and corruption.
Health situation in India
WHAT IS HEALTH?
The word "health " refers to a state of complete emotional and physical wellbeing. Healthcare exists to help people
maintain this optimal state of health.
In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health with a phrase that is still used today. "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." WHO, 1948.
In 1986, the WHO further clarified that health is: "A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."
This means that health is a resource to support an individual's function in wider society. A healthful lifestyle provides the means to lead a full life.
TYPES OF HEALTH
Mental and physical health are the two most commonly discussed types of health.
We also talk about "spiritual health," "emotional health," and "financial health," among others. These have also been linked to lower stress levels and mental and physical well being.
Physical health
Physical health involves proper functioning of all body parts. When they are all working at peak performance due not only to a lack of disease, but also to regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest.
Mental health
Mental health refers to a person's emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing. Mental health is as important as
physical health to a full, active lifestyle. Mental health is not only the absence of depression, anxiety, or another
disorder.
It also depends on the ability to: enjoy life , bounce back after difficult experiences, achieve balance, adapt to adversity, feel safe and secure, and achieve your potential.
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The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and focused.
Ashoka Governance Initiatives
Ashoka University to improve governance in the state and driving a mass impact on ground. Running since 2016, the programme provides a platform to 25 young individuals each year, to work closely with the Chief Minister's Office for bringing transparency, accountability and efficiency in public service delivery in the state. The CMGGAs are recruited through a competitive process with the selection ratio of -1:100. The associates are trained and oriented about government functioning and structure through a 15 day boot camp at Ashoka University and are then posted across 22 districts to work in tandem with the district administration for a period of one year.
Summary Report Water and Livelihood Security
The document summarizes a dialogue session on ecoregion-specific water conservation in India. It discusses that India has 90 agro-ecological zones requiring different approaches to water conservation based on local conditions. Examples are shared from different regions of how communities are addressing water scarcity through reviving traditional structures and adopting localized solutions. Key recommendations include respecting geo-cultural diversity, converging government schemes for maximum impact, strengthening local institutions, recognizing traditional knowledge, and ensuring participation of communities, governments, and civil society in water security efforts. The dialogue series aims to develop solutions for water and livelihood security in India.
UNISEF Book
The document is a letter of exchange outlining a collaboration between UNICEF and the District Administration of Banda, India to address key child survival and development issues. It includes a work plan with activities, timelines, and responsibilities for both organizations in areas such as immunization, sick newborn care, nutrition programs, water and sanitation, and child protection. The letter expresses hope that the productive partnership will help make Banda a child-friendly district.
Letter of exchange banda convergence plan
1. The document outlines a joint work plan between the district administration and UNICEF to address various issues in health, nutrition, WASH, education, and child protection.
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3. The programs aim to improve immunization coverage, reduce malnutrition, promote breastfeeding and early childhood education, strengthen the child protection system, and encourage water conservation and quality monitoring.
Cycling
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PM Awards 2020
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering blood pressure, reducing levels of the stress hormone cortisol, and regulating emotions. Making meditation a part of a healthy lifestyle can offer improvements to both mental and physical well-being.
Developing 'how might we' statement 26th aug 2020
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P process plus sa (1)
This document outlines a 5-step "P Process" framework for guiding behavioral change programs:
1. Inquire - Define the behavioral problem through research and understanding audiences.
2. Design Strategy - Create a plan to address the problem by developing solutions and a theoretical framework.
3. Create and Test - Design interventions and test concepts with audiences, revising based on feedback.
4. Mobilize and Monitor - Implement the program, measure outcomes, and make adjustments.
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Behavioural Science UBK
This document discusses concepts from behavioral science and economics that can help understand human behavior. It explains that classical economics assumes people act rationally with complete information, while behavioral science incorporates findings from psychology about cognitive biases. It then outlines seven core concepts from behavioral economics: 1) cognitive ease and System 1 vs System 2 thinking, 2) priming and framing, 3) status quo bias, 4) heuristics, 5) loss aversion, 6) defaults and nudges, and 7) commitment devices. Each concept is defined and an example application is provided to illustrate how it can inform messaging or program design to influence behaviors.
Developing Ground water level in Banda By Dr. Heera Lal
The document discusses water management initiatives in Banda district, India. Most water sources were neglected, leading to dropping groundwater levels (1). The "Bhujal Badhao", "Peyjal Bachao Abhiyaan", and "Kuwa Taalab Jiao Abhiyaan" campaigns successfully induced behavioral changes among locals through community meetings, education and participation in conservation efforts like constructing contour trenches and rehabilitating ponds (2). These campaigns transformed the water crisis into a people's movement and helped achieve conservation objectives through collaborative multi-stakeholder efforts (3).
MoM of District Banda Nawab Tank Work Progress Review
The document appears to be a scanned receipt or invoice containing over 20 pages of dense text and numbers. It lists various items, quantities, prices, and totals but does not provide any contextual information about the purpose or nature of the transaction. The extensive length and lack of explanatory context mean the essential information cannot be determined from the document alone.
बांदा स्थित नवाब टैंक परिसर में प्रस्तावित सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल आक्सीजन पार्क...
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Appreciation Letter from Alok Ranjan IAS Retd. Chief Secretary
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Appreciation Letter for inspiring leadership
Appreciation Letter for inspiring leadership of sustainable initiatives for people welfare in District Banda
Director General, School Education & State Project Director Office
The director general of school education in Uttar Pradesh is responding to a letter from the additional mission director of the National Health Mission in Uttar Pradesh. The letter acknowledges previous correspondence requesting that innovations piloted in Banda be implemented statewide. Many of the 22 innovations from Banda have already been incorporated into statewide interventions. The director general wishes the additional mission director the best with future endeavors.
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बांदा स्थित नवाब टैंक परिसर में प्रस्तावित सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल आक्सीजन पार्क...
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Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
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原版制作(DPU毕业证书)德保罗大学毕业证Offer一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 38
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Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Abiy Berehe - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Updates
Abiy Berehe - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality UpdatesTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 41
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
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Challenges in public health in india
- 1. CHALLENGES IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR IN INDIA
- 4. WHERE ARE WE? INDIA HAS GAINED 30 YEARS IN LIFE EXPECTANCY SINCE INDEPENDENCE. INFANT MORTALITY RATE HAS DROPPED FROM 145.6/1000 LIVE BIRTHS IN 1947 TO 37/1000 FROM 725 PHCs in 1947, THERE ARE AROUND 29000 PHCs IN THE COUNTRY TODAY
- 9. Key Healthcare Challenges 1. Complexity- Health is a state subject- governance variations, multiple sectors & actors, 2. Inequity- Interstate, intra-state, rich –poor and urban-rural etc 3. Affordability- High out of Pocket Expenditure, 4. Social Determinants of Health 5. Availability of Health care - Paucity of HR, poor Infrastructure & logistics 6. Accessibility- geographical (mountains, forests, deserts) 7. Lack of investments in public health systems and primary health care - sick care rather than health/ wellness care 8. Quality 9. Poor regulation 10.Growing burden of lifestyle diseases 11.Lack of development and implementation of IT standards
- 13. Public health is squarely a State responsibility. It has to go hand-in-hand with sanitation, drinking water, health education and disease prevention.
- 14. CHINA 1.37 BILLION INDIA 1.34 BILLION -2017 PROJECTED TO REACH 1.7 BILLION BY 2050
- 16. EVIDENCE BASED, INFORMED HEALTH POLICIES REQUIRE DATA
- 17. FLIP SIDE OF COMPUTERISED HEALTH CARE
- 19. DIFFICULT TO GET RID OF SILOS IN GOVT.
- 22. OVERCROWDING IN SECONDARY & TERTIARY FACILITIES
- 23. THE MATA KA MANDIR SYNDROME
- 27. THANK YOU
- 29. Centre Plain Area Hilly/Tribal/Diffi cult Sub Centre 5000 3000 Primary Health Centre 30000 20000 Community Health Centre 120000 80000 POPULATION NORMS FOR HEALTH FACILITIES