The document discusses the structures and diseases of the digestive system. It describes the major organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. It then covers several bacterial diseases that can infect the digestive system, including dental caries, peptic ulcers, bacterial gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and cholera. For each disease, it discusses the pathogen, virulence factors, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
7 microbial diseases of the digestive systemMerlyn Denesia
Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System discusses various pathogens that can infect the digestive tract in humans. It details bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan and helminthic diseases including their causative agents, symptoms, and treatments. Key pathogens discussed include Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, rotavirus, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia saginata and Echinococcus granulosus. The document provides an extensive overview of infectious diseases that impact the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
1. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting less than 3 weeks and can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, viruses like Rotavirus, and parasites like Giardia.
2. Chronic diarrhea lasts 3 weeks or more and can be caused by malabsorption issues, motility disorders, chronic infections, or factitious causes. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea involves tests like stool studies to identify causes and rule out conditions like lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Treatment for acute infectious diarrhea focuses on rehydration and antibiotics if indicated. Management of chronic
Gastro intestinal diseases( sample study of peptic ulcer)saugat lamsal
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. Common causes include food allergies or intolerance, poor diet, viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, structural abnormalities, genetic factors, lifestyle choices, medication side effects, and cancer. Common signs and symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, bleeding, ulcers, and vomiting or nausea. Common gastrointestinal diseases are gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, stomach flu, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease.
Bacterial diarrhea 2013 4th year unza medical,by DR MWANSAJonathan Bwalya
The document provides information on enteric infections and infectious diarrhea/gastroenteritis. It discusses the anatomy of the digestive tract and then covers the various causes of gastroenteritis including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause and can result in secretory diarrhea. Bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and C. difficile can cause secretory, exudative, or bloody diarrhea depending on if they produce toxins or invade the intestinal mucosa. Parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also adhere to or invade the intestines and cause diarrhea. The document outlines symptoms of gastroenteritis such as
The document discusses diarrheal diseases, including definitions, causes, and approaches. It covers acute diarrhea, which is usually infectious and self-limited, as well as chronic diarrhea, which is often non-infectious. For acute diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte replacement is important. Evaluation involves stool analysis. Antibiotics may reduce severity and duration. Chronic diarrhea has many potential causes including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotile, and iatrogenic factors.
Diarrhoeal Diseases, Dysentery & Food Poisoning
The document defines different types of diarrhoea including acute infective diarrhoea, which is usually caused by infection and lasts less than 2 weeks. It discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatments for acute diarrhoea, dysentery caused by bacteria, and food poisoning caused by toxins or bacteria. Chronic diarrhoea is defined as persisting for weeks or months and usually indicates an underlying condition.
Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the stomach and intestines that commonly causes diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It is usually caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, or parasites that damage the intestinal lining. The main goals of treatment are rehydration and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Specific infectious causes discussed in the document include norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Clostridium difficile.
This document discusses the various causes of diarrheal diseases. It defines diarrhea and describes different disease types that can cause diarrhea like dysentery and gastroenteritis. It outlines common causes of diarrhea including bacteria like E. coli, viruses like rotavirus, protozoa like Giardia, and fungus. It also discusses diarrhea caused by different pathological agents like toxins, adherent bacteria, and invasive organisms. The document provides the incubation periods of different causative agents and describes antibiotic-induced diarrhea caused by pathogens like Clostridium difficile overgrowing due to antibiotic disruption of the gut flora.
7 microbial diseases of the digestive systemMerlyn Denesia
Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System discusses various pathogens that can infect the digestive tract in humans. It details bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan and helminthic diseases including their causative agents, symptoms, and treatments. Key pathogens discussed include Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, rotavirus, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Taenia saginata and Echinococcus granulosus. The document provides an extensive overview of infectious diseases that impact the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
1. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting less than 3 weeks and can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, viruses like Rotavirus, and parasites like Giardia.
2. Chronic diarrhea lasts 3 weeks or more and can be caused by malabsorption issues, motility disorders, chronic infections, or factitious causes. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea involves tests like stool studies to identify causes and rule out conditions like lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Treatment for acute infectious diarrhea focuses on rehydration and antibiotics if indicated. Management of chronic
Gastro intestinal diseases( sample study of peptic ulcer)saugat lamsal
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion. Common causes include food allergies or intolerance, poor diet, viral or bacterial infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, structural abnormalities, genetic factors, lifestyle choices, medication side effects, and cancer. Common signs and symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, stomach pain, bleeding, ulcers, and vomiting or nausea. Common gastrointestinal diseases are gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, stomach flu, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular disease.
Bacterial diarrhea 2013 4th year unza medical,by DR MWANSAJonathan Bwalya
The document provides information on enteric infections and infectious diarrhea/gastroenteritis. It discusses the anatomy of the digestive tract and then covers the various causes of gastroenteritis including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause and can result in secretory diarrhea. Bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli, and C. difficile can cause secretory, exudative, or bloody diarrhea depending on if they produce toxins or invade the intestinal mucosa. Parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium can also adhere to or invade the intestines and cause diarrhea. The document outlines symptoms of gastroenteritis such as
The document discusses diarrheal diseases, including definitions, causes, and approaches. It covers acute diarrhea, which is usually infectious and self-limited, as well as chronic diarrhea, which is often non-infectious. For acute diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte replacement is important. Evaluation involves stool analysis. Antibiotics may reduce severity and duration. Chronic diarrhea has many potential causes including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotile, and iatrogenic factors.
Diarrhoeal Diseases, Dysentery & Food Poisoning
The document defines different types of diarrhoea including acute infective diarrhoea, which is usually caused by infection and lasts less than 2 weeks. It discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatments for acute diarrhoea, dysentery caused by bacteria, and food poisoning caused by toxins or bacteria. Chronic diarrhoea is defined as persisting for weeks or months and usually indicates an underlying condition.
Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the stomach and intestines that commonly causes diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It is usually caused by infectious agents like viruses, bacteria, or parasites that damage the intestinal lining. The main goals of treatment are rehydration and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration. Specific infectious causes discussed in the document include norovirus, rotavirus, salmonella, shigella, E. coli O157:H7, and Clostridium difficile.
This document discusses the various causes of diarrheal diseases. It defines diarrhea and describes different disease types that can cause diarrhea like dysentery and gastroenteritis. It outlines common causes of diarrhea including bacteria like E. coli, viruses like rotavirus, protozoa like Giardia, and fungus. It also discusses diarrhea caused by different pathological agents like toxins, adherent bacteria, and invasive organisms. The document provides the incubation periods of different causative agents and describes antibiotic-induced diarrhea caused by pathogens like Clostridium difficile overgrowing due to antibiotic disruption of the gut flora.
Diarrhoea can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. It is defined medically as stool weight over 250g/24h. Diarrhoea can be acute (<2 weeks), prolonged (2 weeks to 2 months), or chronic (>2 months). The causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Common infectious agents are C. jejuni, Shigella, Salmonella, C. difficile, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica. Chronic diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients like those with AIDS can be caused by microsporidia, cryptosporidium, and mycobacterium avium complex.
This document defines dysentery as diarrhea with loose, frequent stools containing blood. It is caused by bacteria like Shigella that infect and inflame the colon, causing ulcers. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, frequent bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. Treatment involves antibiotics, oral rehydration, rest, soft diet, and health education on hygiene, sanitation, food handling, and cooking to prevent spread.
The document discusses diarrheal diseases and provides information on acute and chronic diarrhea. For acute diarrhea, over 90% of cases are caused by infectious agents transmitted through feces. Common infectious causes include various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Treatment focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antibiotics may be used to reduce severity and duration. Chronic diarrhea lasting over 4 weeks can have various causes including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotile, and factitial. A thorough evaluation is needed to identify the underlying cause and guide management.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and outlines the main pathophysiological causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history, examining the patient, considering differential diagnoses, and appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging. Mild to moderate dehydration is typically managed with oral rehydration, while more severe cases may require IV fluids. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific invasive bacterial infections. Overall treatment focuses on rehydration with oral or IV fluids as the mainstay.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children worldwide. It can be caused by viruses like rotavirus and norovirus, bacteria such as campylobacter and salmonella, or parasites. Symptoms typically include fever, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea lasting up to one week. Complications may include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and persistent diarrhea. Proper diagnosis and treatment focuses on rehydration and identifying signs of dehydration or bacterial infection.
Acute diarrhea in (inflammatory, non-inflammatory, food poising)abdulrahman suliman
1. A 77-year-old male presented with two days of watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters during a recent boating trip in the Chesapeake Bay.
2. On examination, he was tachycardic but otherwise stable. Stool analysis showed occult blood but was negative for infectious causes.
3. The patient likely has food poisoning from raw oysters, as the onset and symptoms are consistent with a bacterial cause from consuming undercooked shellfish during his recent travel.
Acute infectious diarrhea is usually caused by faecal–oral transmission of bacteria or their toxins, viruses or parasites. It is typically short-lived and presents with acute diarrhea, sometimes with vomiting, as the predominant symptom. Clinical assessment involves evaluating the history of illness, examining the patient for dehydration, and investigating stool and blood samples. Management focuses on fluid replacement to treat dehydration as well as controlling symptoms, while antibiotics are usually not needed except for specific invasive bacterial infections.
Waterborne diseases are caused by microorganisms, toxins, and contaminants spread through contaminated water. They cause illnesses such as cholera, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal problems. Developing countries often lack proper water treatment, especially in rural areas, increasing risk of outbreak. The document then discusses four specific waterborne diseases - diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and amoebiasis - outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document discusses various causes of acute infectious diarrhea including food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus producing preformed exotoxins as well as viral and bacterial pathogens like rotavirus, ETEC, and Vibrio cholerae producing enterotoxins. Evaluation involves assessing duration of symptoms, stool characteristics, and signs of dehydration or inflammation. Management consists of oral rehydration with solutions like ORS, antiemetics, antibiotics for invasive causes, and prevention through hygiene and vaccination. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include cholera, E. coli pathotypes, Salmonella Typhi causing typhoid fever, and constituents of ORS.
1. Diarrhea is a major public health concern, being the second leading cause of mortality in children under five globally, with nearly 1.5 million child deaths attributed to diarrhea each year.
2. Diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections transmitted through contaminated food or water or contact with infected individuals.
3. Treatment involves oral rehydration and zinc supplementation to prevent dehydration, while prevention focuses on vaccination, breastfeeding, handwashing, water treatment and sanitation improvements.
The most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide include Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, EHEC, Vibrio, Yersinia, Staph aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, which results in a massive secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen through the release of toxins. Clostridium difficile infection is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
This document discusses dysentery and persistent diarrhea in children. It defines dysentery as diarrhea with visible blood in stools, most commonly caused by Shigella. Dysentery is more severe in malnourished children and those with measles. The clinical diagnosis is based on blood or pus in stool. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluid replacement. Persistent diarrhea lasts 14 days or longer and is associated with malnutrition. Its management focuses on fluid, electrolyte replacement, and nutritional therapy tailored to the individual case. Antimicrobials should only be given when indicated by culture and sensitivity testing.
an-Approach to diarrhea-by dr. rkdhaugoda,ctgu- 2014Rajkumar Dhaugoda
Diarrhea is a common presenting problem that can be caused by infections, toxins, or other factors. The most common infectious causes are bacteria like E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and viruses such as rotavirus. Management involves fluid and electrolyte replacement as well as treating the underlying cause with antibiotics, antivirals, or antiparasitic medication depending on the pathogen. Preventing fecal-oral transmission through proper sanitation and hygiene is important for controlling infectious diarrhea.
1) Acute diarrhea is usually infectious and self-limited, lasting less than 2 weeks. It can be classified as watery or bloody. Infectious causes include food poisoning, cholera, and shigellosis.
2) Chronic diarrhea lasts more than 4 weeks. It is often non-infectious, with irritable bowel syndrome being a common cause. Other potential organic causes include AIDS, diabetes, thyroid disease, or prior surgery.
3) Diarrhea is classified as acute vs chronic, small bowel vs colonic, and osmotic vs secretory based on characteristics like volume, response to fasting, and location of pathology.
Acute & Chronic Diarrhea and Constipation: Approach to Management 2 Oct 2017Kemi Dele-Ijagbulu
1. The document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea and constipation in the field of gastroenterology.
2. It covers the epidemiology, classification, mechanisms, and causes of both infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Common causes include bacterial toxins, medications, lactose intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.
3. The evaluation and management of diarrhea is outlined, including hydration, diet modification, and symptomatic treatments like loperamide. Distinguishing infectious from non-infectious diarrhea can guide appropriate treatment.
Tina, a 6-month old infant, presented with diarrhea, vomiting, fever and signs of dehydration including sunken eyes and decreased skin elasticity. Based on her symptoms and history of her brother recently having gastroenteritis, the most likely diagnosis is acute viral gastroenteritis and dehydration. Proper treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to replace lost fluids and prevent further dehydration. Drugs are generally not needed to treat viral gastroenteritis and can sometimes do more harm.
Diarrhoea is defined as loose, liquid, or watery stools more than 3 times per day. It is mainly caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The major causes of diarrhoea globally are rotavirus infection in children under 5 years old and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection, which is the most common cause of traveller's diarrhea. Host factors like malnutrition and environmental factors like lack of access to clean water and sanitation also contribute significantly to the high global burden of diarrhoeal diseases.
This document discusses diarrhea and provides details about its normal physiology and defining features. It covers three main sections: 1) Importance, normal function, and defining diarrhea, 2) The various implications of diarrhea including pathophysiology, classification, differential diagnosis, and treatment, 3) A case discussion on diarrhea to answer relevant questions. Key points include definitions of acute vs chronic diarrhea, classifications of chronic diarrhea into secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, and other causes, and discussions of the normal motility, absorption and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.
This document discusses the structures and normal microbiota of the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the urinary system and remove waste from the blood. It also outlines the structures of the male and female reproductive systems, including how the testes, ovaries, uterus and other organs function. Microorganisms normally inhabit parts of the urinary and reproductive tracts in both males and females. The document then examines several bacterial and viral diseases that can infect the urinary and reproductive systems, including urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and others.
This document summarizes the structures and functions of the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes that females have separate urinary and reproductive systems, while males have some shared components. Key structures of each system are identified, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in the urinary system, and ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, and associated ducts in the reproductive systems. Normal microbiota of each system is discussed. Several diseases that can infect the urinary and reproductive tracts are then outlined, including bacterial urinary tract infections, leptospirosis, and gonorrhea.
Diarrhoea can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. It is defined medically as stool weight over 250g/24h. Diarrhoea can be acute (<2 weeks), prolonged (2 weeks to 2 months), or chronic (>2 months). The causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Common infectious agents are C. jejuni, Shigella, Salmonella, C. difficile, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica. Chronic diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients like those with AIDS can be caused by microsporidia, cryptosporidium, and mycobacterium avium complex.
This document defines dysentery as diarrhea with loose, frequent stools containing blood. It is caused by bacteria like Shigella that infect and inflame the colon, causing ulcers. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, frequent bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. Treatment involves antibiotics, oral rehydration, rest, soft diet, and health education on hygiene, sanitation, food handling, and cooking to prevent spread.
The document discusses diarrheal diseases and provides information on acute and chronic diarrhea. For acute diarrhea, over 90% of cases are caused by infectious agents transmitted through feces. Common infectious causes include various bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Treatment focuses on fluid and electrolyte replacement. Antibiotics may be used to reduce severity and duration. Chronic diarrhea lasting over 4 weeks can have various causes including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotile, and factitial. A thorough evaluation is needed to identify the underlying cause and guide management.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and outlines the main pathophysiological causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history, examining the patient, considering differential diagnoses, and appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging. Mild to moderate dehydration is typically managed with oral rehydration, while more severe cases may require IV fluids. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific invasive bacterial infections. Overall treatment focuses on rehydration with oral or IV fluids as the mainstay.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children worldwide. It can be caused by viruses like rotavirus and norovirus, bacteria such as campylobacter and salmonella, or parasites. Symptoms typically include fever, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea lasting up to one week. Complications may include dehydration, nutritional deficiencies, and persistent diarrhea. Proper diagnosis and treatment focuses on rehydration and identifying signs of dehydration or bacterial infection.
Acute diarrhea in (inflammatory, non-inflammatory, food poising)abdulrahman suliman
1. A 77-year-old male presented with two days of watery diarrhea after consuming raw oysters during a recent boating trip in the Chesapeake Bay.
2. On examination, he was tachycardic but otherwise stable. Stool analysis showed occult blood but was negative for infectious causes.
3. The patient likely has food poisoning from raw oysters, as the onset and symptoms are consistent with a bacterial cause from consuming undercooked shellfish during his recent travel.
Acute infectious diarrhea is usually caused by faecal–oral transmission of bacteria or their toxins, viruses or parasites. It is typically short-lived and presents with acute diarrhea, sometimes with vomiting, as the predominant symptom. Clinical assessment involves evaluating the history of illness, examining the patient for dehydration, and investigating stool and blood samples. Management focuses on fluid replacement to treat dehydration as well as controlling symptoms, while antibiotics are usually not needed except for specific invasive bacterial infections.
Waterborne diseases are caused by microorganisms, toxins, and contaminants spread through contaminated water. They cause illnesses such as cholera, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal problems. Developing countries often lack proper water treatment, especially in rural areas, increasing risk of outbreak. The document then discusses four specific waterborne diseases - diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and amoebiasis - outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document discusses various causes of acute infectious diarrhea including food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus producing preformed exotoxins as well as viral and bacterial pathogens like rotavirus, ETEC, and Vibrio cholerae producing enterotoxins. Evaluation involves assessing duration of symptoms, stool characteristics, and signs of dehydration or inflammation. Management consists of oral rehydration with solutions like ORS, antiemetics, antibiotics for invasive causes, and prevention through hygiene and vaccination. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include cholera, E. coli pathotypes, Salmonella Typhi causing typhoid fever, and constituents of ORS.
1. Diarrhea is a major public health concern, being the second leading cause of mortality in children under five globally, with nearly 1.5 million child deaths attributed to diarrhea each year.
2. Diarrhea is caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections transmitted through contaminated food or water or contact with infected individuals.
3. Treatment involves oral rehydration and zinc supplementation to prevent dehydration, while prevention focuses on vaccination, breastfeeding, handwashing, water treatment and sanitation improvements.
The most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide include Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, EHEC, Vibrio, Yersinia, Staph aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, which results in a massive secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen through the release of toxins. Clostridium difficile infection is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
This document discusses dysentery and persistent diarrhea in children. It defines dysentery as diarrhea with visible blood in stools, most commonly caused by Shigella. Dysentery is more severe in malnourished children and those with measles. The clinical diagnosis is based on blood or pus in stool. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluid replacement. Persistent diarrhea lasts 14 days or longer and is associated with malnutrition. Its management focuses on fluid, electrolyte replacement, and nutritional therapy tailored to the individual case. Antimicrobials should only be given when indicated by culture and sensitivity testing.
an-Approach to diarrhea-by dr. rkdhaugoda,ctgu- 2014Rajkumar Dhaugoda
Diarrhea is a common presenting problem that can be caused by infections, toxins, or other factors. The most common infectious causes are bacteria like E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and viruses such as rotavirus. Management involves fluid and electrolyte replacement as well as treating the underlying cause with antibiotics, antivirals, or antiparasitic medication depending on the pathogen. Preventing fecal-oral transmission through proper sanitation and hygiene is important for controlling infectious diarrhea.
1) Acute diarrhea is usually infectious and self-limited, lasting less than 2 weeks. It can be classified as watery or bloody. Infectious causes include food poisoning, cholera, and shigellosis.
2) Chronic diarrhea lasts more than 4 weeks. It is often non-infectious, with irritable bowel syndrome being a common cause. Other potential organic causes include AIDS, diabetes, thyroid disease, or prior surgery.
3) Diarrhea is classified as acute vs chronic, small bowel vs colonic, and osmotic vs secretory based on characteristics like volume, response to fasting, and location of pathology.
Acute & Chronic Diarrhea and Constipation: Approach to Management 2 Oct 2017Kemi Dele-Ijagbulu
1. The document discusses acute and chronic diarrhea and constipation in the field of gastroenterology.
2. It covers the epidemiology, classification, mechanisms, and causes of both infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Common causes include bacterial toxins, medications, lactose intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome.
3. The evaluation and management of diarrhea is outlined, including hydration, diet modification, and symptomatic treatments like loperamide. Distinguishing infectious from non-infectious diarrhea can guide appropriate treatment.
Tina, a 6-month old infant, presented with diarrhea, vomiting, fever and signs of dehydration including sunken eyes and decreased skin elasticity. Based on her symptoms and history of her brother recently having gastroenteritis, the most likely diagnosis is acute viral gastroenteritis and dehydration. Proper treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to replace lost fluids and prevent further dehydration. Drugs are generally not needed to treat viral gastroenteritis and can sometimes do more harm.
Diarrhoea is defined as loose, liquid, or watery stools more than 3 times per day. It is mainly caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The major causes of diarrhoea globally are rotavirus infection in children under 5 years old and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infection, which is the most common cause of traveller's diarrhea. Host factors like malnutrition and environmental factors like lack of access to clean water and sanitation also contribute significantly to the high global burden of diarrhoeal diseases.
This document discusses diarrhea and provides details about its normal physiology and defining features. It covers three main sections: 1) Importance, normal function, and defining diarrhea, 2) The various implications of diarrhea including pathophysiology, classification, differential diagnosis, and treatment, 3) A case discussion on diarrhea to answer relevant questions. Key points include definitions of acute vs chronic diarrhea, classifications of chronic diarrhea into secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, and other causes, and discussions of the normal motility, absorption and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.
This document discusses the structures and normal microbiota of the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the urinary system and remove waste from the blood. It also outlines the structures of the male and female reproductive systems, including how the testes, ovaries, uterus and other organs function. Microorganisms normally inhabit parts of the urinary and reproductive tracts in both males and females. The document then examines several bacterial and viral diseases that can infect the urinary and reproductive systems, including urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and others.
This document summarizes the structures and functions of the urinary and reproductive systems. It describes that females have separate urinary and reproductive systems, while males have some shared components. Key structures of each system are identified, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in the urinary system, and ovaries, uterus, vagina, testes, and associated ducts in the reproductive systems. Normal microbiota of each system is discussed. Several diseases that can infect the urinary and reproductive tracts are then outlined, including bacterial urinary tract infections, leptospirosis, and gonorrhea.
Pharmacotherapy of Gastroenteritis infection.pptxdrsriram2001
Pharmacotherapy for gastroenteritis typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing dehydration, and treating the underlying cause if it's bacterial or parasitic in nature.
Acute Gastroenteritis in children and adolescentEleniH1
This document discusses acute gastroenteritis in children. It covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points include:
- Diarrheal disorders account for 9% of childhood deaths globally, with most occurring in Africa and South Asia. Rotavirus and norovirus are common causes.
- Risk factors include young age, malnutrition, lack of breastfeeding, and contaminated food/water.
- Clinical manifestations vary depending on the pathogen but often include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Complications can include dehydration.
- Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and sometimes stool exams. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and
1. Acute diarrhea is defined as increased stool frequency or loose stools lasting less than 2 weeks. Chronic diarrhea lasts more than 4 weeks.
2. Pathogenic mechanisms of diarrhea include increasing intestinal transit speed, bacterial/toxin adhesion and invasion of the intestinal mucosa, and toxin production which can cause secretory or inflammatory diarrhea.
3. Evaluation of diarrhea involves determining if the patient truly has diarrhea or another condition like incontinence or impaction. Potential causes like medications, duration (acute vs chronic), and characteristics of the stool (watery, inflammatory, fatty) should be investigated.
Presentation on small intestine disorder RakhiYadav53
This document discusses several disorders of the small intestine, including inflammation, infection, malabsorption, and obstruction or perforation. It covers the anatomy, physiology and risk factors. Specific conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are examined in terms of their causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and medical or surgical management. Nursing assessments and care plans are also outlined to address needs like pain management, nutrition, and anxiety reduction. A clinical study abstract analyzes symptoms, etiologies and diagnostic methods for small intestine diseases.
1) Diarrhea is defined as having 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day. It is caused by infections, malabsorption, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other medical conditions.
2) Common causes of diarrhea include viral (norovirus, rotavirus), bacterial (Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli), and parasitic (Giardia) infections. Malabsorption and inflammatory bowel disease can also cause diarrhea.
3) Treatment involves oral rehydration and replacing lost fluids and electrolytes. Antimotility agents and antibiotics (in some cases) may also be used. Preventive measures include vaccination against rotavirus.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that results in diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea or vomiting. It is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites infecting the stomach or intestines. Common symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, and weakness. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and potentially stool testing. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Patient education emphasizes proper rehydration, feeding, and prevention of spread.
Foodborne diseases, also called foodborne illness, is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. Infectious organisms including; bacteria, viruses and parasites or their toxins are the most common causes of food poisoning
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by defects in the stomach or duodenal lining from gastric acid and pepsin. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, and stress. Patients may experience burning epigastric pain or develop complications like bleeding. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy or urea breath testing. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, heal ulcers, and prevent recurrence with medications like PPIs, antibiotics, and lifestyle changes. Patients are advised to avoid irritants, eat small frequent meals, and see a doctor immediately if they experience signs of bleeding.
AHN-UNIT 1 PART I Electrolyte imbalance final.pptxnadiaali903926
The document provides information on disorders of the gastrointestinal system. It begins with an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It then discusses specific disorders such as stomatitis, oral cancer, and disorders of the salivary glands that affect the mouth. Disorders of the esophagus are also reviewed, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia, achalasia, and esophageal cancer. Nursing management of these gastrointestinal disorders focuses on promoting oral hygiene, ensuring adequate nutrition, pain management, preventing infections, and providing patient education.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning. It discusses the anatomy of the GI tract and normal flora. Common bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents that can cause diarrhea are described, including Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, norovirus and Giardia. The laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens from stool specimens is outlined, including culture techniques and interpretation. Treatment typically involves rehydration while antibiotics may be used for invasive bacterial infections.
This document discusses acute diarrhea in children. It begins with an overview of the global causes of child mortality in 2008, noting that diarrhea was the second leading cause. It then provides data on mortality from diarrhea at Dr. Soetomo Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia from 2007-2011. The document discusses the definition, physiology, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical diagnosis and management of acute diarrhea in children. It focuses in particular on rotavirus and Shigella as common causes of infectious diarrhea.
The presentation includes the parts and function of our digestive system as well as the process of the parts. Moreover, the presentation includes some diseases in digestive system.
Acute infectious diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity leading to dehydration, hospital admission and death in children.
Viral causes (rotavirus) predominate as the pathogen.
Initial management rely on assessment of severity of dehydration and fluid replacement.
Early refeeding
Antibiotic are needed only in some bacterial and parasitic infections.
Probiotics, prebiotics and zinc reduce the duration and severity of symptoms.
Honey, amazingly contain all these substances and extremely useful in diarrhoea
This document discusses pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. It provides learning objectives on various GI topics like cleft lip and palate, dental caries, peptic ulcers, appendicitis, diverticulitis, intestinal obstructions and colon cancer. It describes the anatomy and functions of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. It also discusses various GI diseases, their causes, clinical manifestations and treatments.
The document defines diarrhea as excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes in stool, with loose or watery stools occurring more frequently than normal. Diarrhea can be caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections as well as non-infectious causes like antibiotics or lactose intolerance. Evaluation of a child with diarrhea involves assessing medical history, performing a physical exam, and diagnostic testing if needed. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to prevent dehydration as well as continuing to feed the child and providing zinc supplementation. Antibiotics are only indicated for specific infectious causes of diarrhea.
The document defines diarrhea and describes its causes, risk factors, classifications, and management. Diarrhea is characterized by loose or watery stools, increased stool frequency, or large stool volume. It has infectious and non-infectious causes like viruses, bacteria, antibiotics, and non-GI infections. Proper management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, and seeking medical help for dehydration signs. Prevention relies on vaccines, handwashing, safe water, and breastfeeding.
Similar to Ch23lecturepresentation 150831183520-lva1-app6891 (20)
This document discusses suffixes and terminology used in medicine. It begins by listing common combining forms used to build medical terms and their meanings. It then defines several noun, adjective, and shorter suffixes and provides their meanings. Examples are given of medical terms built using combining forms and suffixes. The document also examines specific medical concepts in more depth, such as hernias, blood cells, acromegaly, splenomegaly, and laparoscopy.
The document is a chapter from a medical textbook that discusses anatomical terminology pertaining to the body as a whole. It defines the structural organization of the body from cells to tissues to organs to systems. It also describes the body cavities and identifies the major organs contained within each cavity, as well as anatomical divisions of the abdomen and back.
This document is from a textbook on medical terminology. It discusses the basic structure of medical words and how they are built from prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. Some key points:
- Medical terms are made up of elements including roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining vowels. Understanding these elements is important for analyzing terms.
- Common prefixes include hypo-, epi-, and cis-. Common suffixes include -itis, -algia, and -ectomy.
- Dozens of combining forms are provided, such as gastro- meaning stomach, cardi- meaning heart, and aden- meaning gland.
- Rules are provided for analyzing terms, such as reading from the suffix backward and dropping combining vowels before suffixes starting with vowels
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 25 on Cancer from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by a team that includes Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 24 on Immunology from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are highly specialized cells that process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. This chapter discusses the structure and function of neurons, how they communicate with each other via synapses, and how signals are propagated along neurons through changes in their membrane potentials. Neurons play a vital role in the nervous system by allowing organisms to process information and coordinate their responses.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 21 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cell Birth, Lineage, and Death" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 20 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Regulating the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 19 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Integrating Cells into Tissues" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are types of cytoskeletal filaments that help organize and move cellular components. Microtubules are involved in processes like cell division and intracellular transport, while intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength and help integrate the nucleus with the cytoplasm. Together, these filaments play important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells.
This chapter discusses microfilaments, which are one of the three main types of cytoskeletal filaments found in eukaryotic cells. Microfilaments are composed of actin filaments and play important roles in cell motility, structure, and intracellular transport. They allow cells to change shape and to move by contracting or extending parts of the cell surface.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 16 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Signaling Pathways that Control Gene Activity" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 15 of the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira. It provides the chapter title "Cell Signaling I: Signal Transduction and Short-Term Cellular Responses" and notes the copyright is held by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright page for Chapter 14 from the 6th edition textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Vesicular Traffic, Secretion, and Endocytosis" and is authored by a group of scientists including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses how proteins are transported into membranes and organelles within cells. Proteins destined for membranes or organelles have targeting signals that are recognized by transport systems. The transport systems then direct the proteins to their proper destinations, such as inserting membrane proteins into membranes or delivering soluble proteins into organelles.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 12 from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Cellular Energetics" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
This chapter discusses the transmembrane transport of ions and small molecules across cell membranes. It covers topics such as passive transport through membrane channels and pumps, as well as active transport using ATP. The chapter is from the 6th edition of the textbook Molecular Cell Biology and is copyrighted by W. H. Freeman and Company in 2008.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 10, titled "Biomembrane Structure", from the sixth edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter was written by a team of authors including Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh and Matsudaira.
This document is the copyright information for Chapter 9 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "Visualizing, Fractionating, and Culturing Cells" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.