DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
DOWNLOAD THE POWERPOINT FILE FROM HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d8zbqyvc81pgg5w/compton%20effect.pptx?dl=0
Describing Compton Effect from Quantum Mechanics. Presented in East West University.
ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC) is an organisation destined to orient students into correct path to achieve
success in IIT-JEE, AIEEE, PMT, CBSE & ICSE board classes. The organisation is run by a competitive staff comprising of Ex-IITians. Our goal at ATC is to create an environment that inspires students to recognise and explore their own potentials and build up confidence in themselves.ATC was founded by Mr. ANURAG TYAGI on 19 march, 2001.
Growth, structural and optical studies on pure and l histidine doped single c...eSAT Journals
Abstract Single crystals of pure and L-Histidine doped copper sulphate penta hydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O) were grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The grown crystals were carried out by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis to find out the crystalline nature. The different modes of vibration present in the pure and L-Histidine doped CuSO4 crystals were identified by FITR spectra. The wide optical transparency in the entire visible region was shown by UV-Vis-spectral analysis. Keywords: Crystal Growth, XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible
Dear aspirants,
This presentation includes basic terms of crystallography, a brief note on unit cell and its type With derivation of its properties: APF, Coordination no., No. of atoms per unit cell and also its atomic radius. I also added 7 Crystal System, Bravais Lattice and finally Miller Indices concept.
Hope this presentation is helpful.
Any questions or clarifications are welcomed.
Derive the thermal-equilibrium concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor as a function of the Fermi energy level.
Discuss the process by which the properties of a semiconductor material can be favorably altered by adding specific impurity atoms to the semiconductor.
Determine the thermal-equilibrium concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor as a function of the concentration of dopant atoms added to the semiconductor.
Determine the position of the Fermi energy level as a function of the concentrations of dopant atoms added to the semiconductor.
ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC) is an organisation destined to orient students into correct path to achieve
success in IIT-JEE, AIEEE, PMT, CBSE & ICSE board classes. The organisation is run by a competitive staff comprising of Ex-IITians. Our goal at ATC is to create an environment that inspires students to recognise and explore their own potentials and build up confidence in themselves.ATC was founded by Mr. ANURAG TYAGI on 19 march, 2001.
Growth, structural and optical studies on pure and l histidine doped single c...eSAT Journals
Abstract Single crystals of pure and L-Histidine doped copper sulphate penta hydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O) were grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The grown crystals were carried out by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis to find out the crystalline nature. The different modes of vibration present in the pure and L-Histidine doped CuSO4 crystals were identified by FITR spectra. The wide optical transparency in the entire visible region was shown by UV-Vis-spectral analysis. Keywords: Crystal Growth, XRD, FTIR, UV-Visible
Dear aspirants,
This presentation includes basic terms of crystallography, a brief note on unit cell and its type With derivation of its properties: APF, Coordination no., No. of atoms per unit cell and also its atomic radius. I also added 7 Crystal System, Bravais Lattice and finally Miller Indices concept.
Hope this presentation is helpful.
Any questions or clarifications are welcomed.
Derive the thermal-equilibrium concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor as a function of the Fermi energy level.
Discuss the process by which the properties of a semiconductor material can be favorably altered by adding specific impurity atoms to the semiconductor.
Determine the thermal-equilibrium concentrations of electrons and holes in a semiconductor as a function of the concentration of dopant atoms added to the semiconductor.
Determine the position of the Fermi energy level as a function of the concentrations of dopant atoms added to the semiconductor.
process, Thermodynamic process,workdone, relation between pressure volume,first law of thermodynamic,need of second law,statement of second law,carnot heat engine,efficiency,numericals
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 2
Chapter 15: Thermodynamics
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic processes
• Thermodynamic processes for an ideal gas
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Entropy - the second law of thermodynamics
• Statistical interpretation of entropy
• The third law of thermodynamics
3. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 3
Thermodynamics
Example systems
• Gas in a container
• Magnetization and
demagnetization
• Charging & discharging a
battery
• Chemical reactions
• Thermocouple operation
System
Environment
Universe
Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-relation between
heat, work and internal energy of a system and its interaction
with its environment..
4. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 4
Thermodynamics States
Examples of state variables:
• P = pressure (Pa or N/m2),
• T = temperature (K),
• V = volume (m3),
• n = number of moles, and
• U = internal energy (J).
A state variable describes the state of a system at time
t, but it does not reveal how the system was put into
that state.
5. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 5
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics says the change in
internal energy of a system is equal to the heat flow
into the system plus the work done on the system
(conservation of energy).
W
Q
U
7. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 7
“In some chemistry and engineering books, the first law of
thermodynamics is written as Q = ΔU -W’. The equations are the
same but have a different emphasis. In this expression W’ means
the work done by the environment on the system and is thus the
negative of our work W, or W = -W’.
The first law was discovered by researchers interested in
building heat engines. Their emphasis was on finding the work
done by the system, W, not W’.
Since we want to understand heat engines, the historical
definition is adopted. W means the work done by the system.”
-College Physics, Wilson, Buffa & Lou, 6th ed., p. 400.
Sign Conventions - Other Physics Texts
8. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 8
Our book uses ΔU = Q +W’ (a rearrangement of the
previous slide)
W’ < 0 for the system doing work on the environment.
W’ > 0 for the environment doing work on the system.
Q is the input energy. If W’ is negative then that amount of
energy is not available to raise the internal energy of the
system.
Our focus is the energy in the ideal gas system. Doing work
on the environment removes energy from our system.
Sign Conventions - Giambattista
9. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 9
Thermodynamic Processes
A thermodynamic process is represented by a change in
one or more of the thermodynamic variables describing
the system.
Each point on the curve
represents an equilibrium state of
the system.
Our equation of state, the ideal
gas law (PV = nRT), only
describes the system when it is
in a state of thermal equilibrium.
10. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 10
Reversible Thermodynamic Process
For a process to be reversible each point on the curve
must represent an equilibrium state of the system.
The ideal gas law
(PV = nRT), does
not describe the
system when it is
not in a state of
thermal
equilibrium.
Reversible Process
Irreversible Process
11. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 11
A PV diagram can be used to represent the state changes of a
system, provided the system is always near equilibrium.
The area under a PV curve
gives the magnitude of the
work done on a system. W>0
for compression and W<0 for
expansion.
Thermodynamic Processes
12. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 12
The work done on a system depends on the path taken in the PV
diagram. The work done on a system during a closed cycle can
be nonzero.
To go from the state (Vi, Pi) by the path (a) to the state (Vf, Pf)
requires a different amount of work then by path (b). To return to
the initial point (1) requires the work to be nonzero.
15. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 15
Summary of Thermal Processes
f i
W = -P(V -V)
W
Q
U
The First Law of Thermodynamics
i
f
V
W = nRT ln
V
i
f
V
+ nRT ln
V
f i
3
+ nR( T - T )
2
16. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 16
Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas
No work is done on a system when
its volume remains constant
(isochoric process). For an ideal
gas (provided the number of moles
remains constant), the change in
internal energy is
.
T
nC
U
Q V
17. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 17
For a constant pressure (isobaric) process, the change in internal
energy is
W
Q
U
.
T
nC
Q P
CP is the molar specific heat at constant
pressure. For an ideal gas CP = CV + R.
T
nR
V
P
W
where and
18. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 18
For a constant temperature (isothermal) process, U = 0 and the
work done on an ideal gas is
.
ln
f
i
V
V
nRT
W
19. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 19
Example (text problem 15.7): An ideal monatomic gas is taken
through a cycle in the PV diagram.
(a) If there are 0.0200 mol of this gas, what are the temperature
and pressure at point C?
From the graph: Pc
= 98.0 kPa
Using the ideal gas law
K.
1180
c
c
c
nR
V
P
T
20. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 20
Example continued:
(b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas as it is
taken from point A to B?
This is an isochoric process so W = 0 and U = Q.
J
200
2
3
2
3
2
3
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
V
P
P
V
V
P
V
P
nR
V
P
nR
V
P
R
n
T
nC
Q
U
21. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 21
(c) How much work is done by this gas per cycle?
(d) What is the total change in internal energy of this gas in
one cycle?
Example continued:
The work done per cycle is the area between the curves on the
PV diagram. Here W=½VP = 66 J.
0
2
3
2
3
i
i
f
f
i
i
f
f
V
P
V
P
nR
V
P
nR
V
P
R
n
T
nC
U V
The cycle ends where it
began (T = 0).
22. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 22
Example (text problem 15.8):
An ideal gas is in contact with a heat reservoir so that it remains at
constant temperature of 300.0 K. The gas is compressed from a
volume of 24.0 L to a volume of 14.0 L. During the process, the
mechanical device pushing the piston to compress the gas is found
to expend 5.00 kJ of energy.
How much heat flows between the heat reservoir and the gas, and
in what direction does the heat flow occur?
This is an isothermal process, so U = Q + W = 0 (for an
ideal gas) and W = Q = 5.00 kJ. Heat flows from the gas
to the reservoir.
28. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 28
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
A process is reversible if it does not violate any law of
physics when it is run backwards in time.
For example an ice cube placed on a countertop in a warm
room will melt.
The reverse process cannot occur: an ice cube will not form
out of the puddle of water on the countertop in a warm room.
29. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 29
A collision between two billiard balls is reversible.
Momentum is conserved if time is run forward; momentum is
still conserved if time runs backwards.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
30. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 30
Any process that involves dissipation of energy is not
reversible.
Any process that involves heat transfer from a hotter object
to a colder object is not reversible.
The second law of thermodynamics (Clausius Statement): Heat
never flows spontaneously from a colder body to a hotter body.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
31. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 31
Entropy
Heat flows from objects of high temperature to objects at
low temperature because this process increases the
disorder of the system.
Entropy is a state variable and is not a conserved
quantity.
Entropy is a measure of a system’s disorder.
32. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 32
If an amount of heat Q flows into a system at constant
temperature, then the change in entropy is
.
T
Q
S
Every irreversible process increases the total entropy of the
universe. Reversible processes do not increase the total
entropy of the universe.
Entropy
34. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 34
Example (text problem 15.48):
An ice cube at 0.0 C is slowly melting.
What is the change in the ice cube’s entropy for each 1.00 g of ice
that melts?
To melt ice requires Q = mLf joules of heat. To melt one gram
of ice requires 333.7 J of energy.
J/K.
22
.
1
K
273
J
7
.
333
T
Q
S
The entropy change is
35. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 35
A microstate specifies the state of each constituent
particle in a thermodynamic system.
A macrostate is determined by the values of the
thermodynamic state variables.
Statistical Interpretation of Entropy
36. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 36
s
macrostate
possible
all
for
s
microstate
of
number
total
macrostate
the
to
ing
correspond
s
microstate
of
number
macrostate
a
of
y
probabilit
37. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 37
The number of microstates for a given macrostate is
related to the entropy.
ln
k
S
where is the number of microstates.
38. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 38
Example (text problem 15.61):
For a system composed of two identical dice, let the
macrostate be defined as the sum of the numbers showing
on the top faces.
What is the maximum entropy of this system in units of
Boltzmann’s constant?
40. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 40
.
79
.
1
6
ln
ln k
k
k
S
Example continued:
The maximum entropy corresponds to a sum of 7 on the dice.
For this macrostate, Ω = 6 with an entropy of
43. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 43
The number of microstates for a given macrostate is
related to the entropy.
ln
k
S
where is the number of microstates.
=(n1 + n2)!/(n1! x n2!)
n1 is the number of balls in the box on the left.
n2 is the number of balls in the box on the right.
45. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 45
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible to cool a system to absolute zero by a
process consisting of a finite number of steps.
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature
regarding entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute
zero of temperature. The most common enunciation of third law
of thermodynamics is:
“ As a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and
the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.”
49. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 49
Carnot Cycle - Ideal Heat Engine
TL
ή = 1 - ---------
TH
Process efficiency
No heat engine can run at 100% efficiency. Therefore TL
can never be zero. Hence absolute zero is unattainable.
50. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 50
1. You cannot win (that is, you cannot get something for
nothing, because matter and energy are conserved).
2. You cannot break even (you cannot return to the same
energy state, because there is always an increase in disorder;
entropy always increases).
3. You cannot get out of the game (because absolute zero is
unattainable).
The British scientist and author C.P. Snow had an
excellent way of remembering the three laws:
51. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 51
Summary
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic processes
• Thermodynamic processes for an ideal gas
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Entropy - the second law of thermodynamics
• Statistical interpretation of entropy
• The third law of thermodynamics
53. MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 53
Ensemble = mental collection of N systems
with identical macroscopic constraints, but
microscopic states of the systems are
different.
Microcanonical ensemble represents an
isolated system (no energy or particle
exchange with the environment).