The document summarizes the North American manufacturing core region, which spans the US-Canada border along the Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley. Key aspects include: 1) The region has high concentrations of manufacturing, centered around major ports and cities like Chicago, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and others. 2) Abundant resources like coal, iron ore, and other minerals from areas like the Appalachians and Canadian Shield supported industrial development. 3) Transportation infrastructure like canals and railroads were crucial to the region's growth and connecting resources to major markets. 4) Cities in the interior core focused on heavy industry like steel and machinery, while eastern cities specialized more in consumer goods and services.

1. THE NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING CORE (Chapter 5)

2. Introduction Straddles the U.S.–Canadian boarder, but the international boundary has little impact on the region's shape. Manufacturing concentrated Ohio Valley Megalopolis Southern shores of the Great Lakes Overlaps the agricultural core, other regions Manufacturing as definer of continental core Most important ports Centers of communication Primary financial centers

3. North America’s Manufacturing Core (page 91)

4. Agricultural Core (page 209)

5. Overlap with Manufacturing Core Food processing industries in Manufacturing Core Manufacture of farm equipment (page 210)

7. Figure 12-1

8. Vegetation Eastern Forests North: Oak-Hickory South: Chesnut-Oak-Y. Poplar Western Tall Grass Prairie Climate Humid Continental Importance of location Major Microclimatic Variations Hazards Usual: Tornadoes and Flooding Unusual: Earthquakes Physical Geography

9. Physical Geography: Climate Average precipitation > 75 centimeters (>30 inches), most during growing season (April-November) Limited variability , little risk of drought Growing season Last killing frost from mid-April (south) to mid-May (north) First killing frost late September Continental climate: strong seasonal range

10. Average Annual Temperature Range (page 212)

11. Beyond the Corn Belt Dairying North of Corn Belt Climate too cold for corn maturation German, Scandinavian immigrants Corn silage (cut before maturity), other grains for dairy cows Surplus milk: Cheese, butter (survive trip to market) Fruit belts Lake Michigan, Lake Erie shorelines Moderating effect of lakes

12. The Family Farm Family farm as part of American (and Canadian) folklore Exaggerated images of farming Fit until about World War II In swift decline today Changes in ownership Pressure for greater efficiency Necessity for larger operations Rental and leasing of additional land

13. Agricultural Development Early settlers Wheat High-value crop with reliable market Hard on soils, therefore shifted west with settlement Shipping dependent on water transport Flour milling at break-in-bulk points (Cincinnati, Buffalo) Meat from domestic livestock Hogs and cattle Mixed farming: raising grain to feed livestock Rise of Cincinnati as “Porkopolis”

14. 1920s to 1970s Black migration to the North Diversification of agriculture Suburbia emerging into galactic cities 1970s to Present Why the Rust Belt? Industrial Diversification Restoring the Rust Belt Contemporary Human Geography Figure 12-1

15. Advantages of Manufacturing Core Mineral resources Metallic minerals (metamorphic rock) Appalachians Western mountains Canadian Shield Mineral fuels (sedimentary lowlands) West of Appalachians Between Gulf of Mexico and Arctic Accessibility resources Great Lakes (with canals) Ohio River Mississippi and tributaries

16. Canadian Shield Appalachians Rockies Interior Plains Advantages of Manufacturing Core Fuel Resources Coal Resources Great Lakes

17. Coal : The Eastern Interior Other Minerals Oil and Natural Gas Limestone Salt: Underground Mining in the Heartland http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-279/

18. Growth of Manufacturing Core Product of late 19 th century Before 1830, urban/manufacturing development along Atlantic Coast Agricultural settlement between 1830 and Civil War Transportation growth: Erie Canal Railroads

19. Growth of Railroads, 1850, 1860, 1880 (page 95)

20. Historical Growth: Transportation and Industrial Energy (John Borchert) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) Slow, primitive overland and waterway movement Boston, New York, and Philadelphia most important cities (page 97)

21. Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870) Arrival and spread of the steam-powered railroads and small-scale industry Expansion of hinterlands by rail transportation Growth of Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Detroit, other ports (page 97)

22. Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920) Replacement of iron rails with higher-capacity steel Major growth of the steel industry Demand for bituminous coal Spread of electricity (page 97)

23. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1960) Automobiles, trucks, and airplanes Minimized shipping costs Migration toward amenities Growth in large cities, but prospects for future decline (page 97)

24. Information Technology Epoch (1960– ) extension Production and exchange of information , rather than manufacturing. Not necessarily served by the same developmental advantages as earlier eras (page 97)

25. Historical Cultural Geography Indigenous Population Connection to fur trade 1780s to 1860s Importance of land surveys Removal of First Nations Impact of Civil War 1860s to 1920s Rise of mechanized farming, industrialization and railways Figure 12-10

26. Township and Range Survey System Metes and bounds (east coast) Used visible landscape features, directions, measurements Unsystematic Subject to conflict Land Ordinance of 1785 North of Ohio River, west of Pennsylvania Used system of east-west base lines and north-south principal meridians Regular, rectangular Surveyed before settlement

27. Township and Range Survey System (page 217)

28. Economic Character of Eastern Cities Part of Megalopolis Founded on commerce and finance , before manufacturing Manufacturing hearth: New England Specialization in light industry Moderate amounts of partially processed materials High value per unit weight (consumer goods) Importance of services, especially finance, education, culture Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore

29. Economic Character of Interior Core Cities Location near rich mineral, agricultural resources Almost all large cities along Great Lakes Ohio River Metallic minerals from Canadian Shield Mesabi Range, Minnesota Steep Rock deposit, western Ontario Gogebic, Marquette, Menominee Ranges, northern Michigan and Wisconsin Coal from Appalachians (Pennsylvania, West Virginia) Concentration in heavy industry (metal smelting, machinery)

30. Major Coal and Iron Ore Movements (page 102)

31. Cities of the Interior Core Pittsburgh River junction (Monongahela and Allegheny, forming Ohio) Access to raw materials and down-river market Suppliers and users of steel

32. Changes in Steelmaking Capacity, 1960-1989 (page 103)

33. Iron and Steel Mills, 1997 (page 104)

34. Focus upon Central Places GATEWAY CITY: Chicago SECONDARY REGIONALS Toronto Detroit St. Louis TERTIARY REGIONALS Cleveland-Buffalo Zone Cincinnati Milwaukee Twin Cities Kansas City Figure 12-22

35. Lake Ports Transfer of iron ore shipped on Great Lakes to rail cars at Great Lakes ports: break-in-bulk Return rail cars carrying coal Development of steel and other industries at ports Cleveland Largest Lake Erie port city Canal linkage to Ohio River Buffalo (flour milling)

36. Lake Ports Canadian cities: Hamilton (iron and steel) Toronto (diversified) Detroit–Windsor Off main New York–Chicago route Center of automobile manufacture

37. Importance of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway Figure 12-20

38. Chicago Dominant city in interior core Inauspicious site Swampy Poor-quality drinking water Non-navigable river Major fire in 1871 Situational advantages Transfer of goods and people from west and southwest Focus of inland water transportation (Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1848) Railroad center

39. Broad Shifts in Economic Activity Decline in agricultural and manufacturing labor force Greater efficiency Fewer workers needed Rise in service industries More widespread income distribution Workers no longer needed in manufacturing, agriculture

40. Relocation of Industry Population shifts Computers and telecommunications Competition from foreign manufacturers Importance of educated workforce Growth of Sunbelt (southeastern and southwestern U.S., western Canada) Industrial inertia still important Changes in concentration Pre-1920: Atlantic Coast states more heavily manufacturing Post-1920: Growth of interior states at coastal states’ expense

41. (page 109)

42. Figure 12-A