Ch01
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- The document provides a brief history of the development of the Internet from 1969 when the ARPANET was established with 4 nodes, to key events like the adoption of TCP/IP in 1977 and the creation of NSFNET in 1986 which replaced ARPANET. - It discusses standards organizations that create Internet protocols and standards like ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, and forums like the ATM and Frame Relay forums. Standards progress from proposed to draft to recommended. - Internet standards are documented in RFCs which can be informational, proposed, draft, or internet standards based on maturity. Requirement levels range from mandatory to experimental.
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OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn ... • The hi.docx
OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn ...
• The history of the Internet and World Wide Web
• Fundamental concepts and protocols that support the Internet
• About the hardware and software that supports the Internet
• How a web page is actually retrieved and interpreted
This chapter introduces the World Wide Web (WWW). The
WWW relies on a number of systems, protocols, and technologies all
working together in unison. Before learning about HTML markup,
CSS styling, JavaScript, and PHP programming, you must understand
how the Internet makes web applications possible. This chapter begins
with a brief history of the Internet and provides an overview of key
Internet and WWW technologies applicable to the web developer. To
truly understand these concepts in depth, one would normally take
courses in computer science or information technology (IT) covering
networking principles. If you find some of these topics too in-depth
or advanced, you may decide to skip over some of the details here
and return to them later.
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2 CHAPTER 1 How the Web Works
1.1 Definitions and History
The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is certainly what most people
think of when they see the word "Internet." But the WWW is only a subset of the
Internet, as illustrated in Figure 1.1.
1.1.1 A Short History of the Internet
The history of telecommunication and data transport is a long one. There is a stra
tegic advantage in being able to send a message as quickly as possible (or at least,
more quickly than your competition). The Internet is not alone in providing instan
taneous digital communication. Earlier technologies like radio, telegraph, and the
telephone provided the same speed of communication, albeit in an analog form.
Telephone networks in particular provide a good starting place to learn about
modern digital communications. In the telephone networks of old, calls were routed
through operators who physically connected caller and receiver by connecting a
wire co a switchboard to complete a circuit. These operators were around in some
areas for almost a century before being replaced with automatic mechanical
switches, which did the same job: physically connect caller and receiver.
One of the weaknesses of having a physical connection is that you must estab
lish a link and maintain a dedicated circuit for the duration of the call. This type of
network connection is sometimes referred to as circuit switching and is shown in
Figure 1.2.
The problem with circuit switching is that it can be difficult to have multiple
conversations simultaneously (which a computer might want to do). It also requires
more bandwidth since even the silences are transmitted (chat is, unused capacity in
the network is not being used efficiently).
FIGURE 1.1 The web as a subset of the Internet
Thou map of woe, that
thus dost talk in signs!
FIGURE 1.2 Telephone network as example of circuit switc.
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- Design the network topology to facilitate communication and cooperation between departments. Common topologies include star, bus and ring.
- Consider network expandability to accommodate future growth. The design should allow easy and cost-effective expansion.
- Select network media like Ethernet cables or WiFi to link devices depending on physical layout and bandwidth needs. Wired is more reliable than wireless.
- Choose an IP addressing scheme and subnetting structure to efficiently allocate addresses to devices and allow future changes.
- Plan for network security with firewalls,
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Communications Standards Review (CSR) reports on formal telecommunications standards work-in-progress (US and International) covering multimedia and wire line access technology standards.
It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values to potential users and implementers of standards:
⦁ Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards committees creating different standards for the same functions.
⦁ Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there is a minimal level of use.
⦁ The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any group and to allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.
⦁ Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified (but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Relay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups. This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowledged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting to drape a manufacturer's proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal standards work outlined above.
At CSR, the term "Telecommunications Standard Body" refers to formal authorized telecommunications standardization bodies.
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The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Important protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, and telnet were introduced during this period. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected universities and research networks, expanding access. The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s, making the Internet more graphical and user-friendly. By the mid-1990s, commercial use of the Internet began to take off. The document concludes by stating that the next lecture will cover popular Internet services.
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1) The history of telecommunications, from physical delivery methods to early electrical systems like the telegraph.
2) Present and future fixed (cabled) and mobile (wireless) telecommunication systems.
3) Applications of present and future telecommunications technologies.
4) Parker's personal view of where telecommunications will be in 10 years.
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Internet
- The creation of ARPA in 1958 by the United States in response to the USSR's launch of Sputnik led to funding for early computer network research.
- ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) funded the development of the ARPANET, connecting four computers at UCLA and SRI in 1969, which demonstrated that packet switching networks could work.
- Standardization of TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s allowed different networks to interconnect, and by the 1980s commercial internet providers emerged, connecting networks like Usenet and BITNET and allowing widespread growth of the internet.
Internet benefits and pitfalls
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
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This document provides an overview of the history and administration of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from ARPANET and evolved with the development of TCP/IP. It also describes the roles of standards organizations, committees, and groups like IETF, ICANN, and ISOC in developing Internet standards and coordinating its administration and growth. The document contains timelines and diagrams illustrating these topics.
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The history of the Internet began in the 1960s with the creation of ARPANET by the Department of Defense. Key developments included the adoption of TCP/IP protocols in the 1980s and the launch of the NSFNET in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, the introduction of the World Wide Web and graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape made the Internet easily accessible to the general public and sparked its rapid growth.
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The telephone network uses circuit switching to transmit information from sender to receiver – voice is transmitted at a constant speed between sender and receiver. In the early 1960s, because of the increasing importance of computers (while the cost of a computer was huge) and the advent of multitasking computers, people began to consider the problem of how to to connect computers together for sharing between users in different geographical areas.
OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn ... • The hi.docx
OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn ...
• The history of the Internet and World Wide Web
• Fundamental concepts and protocols that support the Internet
• About the hardware and software that supports the Internet
• How a web page is actually retrieved and interpreted
This chapter introduces the World Wide Web (WWW). The
WWW relies on a number of systems, protocols, and technologies all
working together in unison. Before learning about HTML markup,
CSS styling, JavaScript, and PHP programming, you must understand
how the Internet makes web applications possible. This chapter begins
with a brief history of the Internet and provides an overview of key
Internet and WWW technologies applicable to the web developer. To
truly understand these concepts in depth, one would normally take
courses in computer science or information technology (IT) covering
networking principles. If you find some of these topics too in-depth
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and return to them later.
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2 CHAPTER 1 How the Web Works
1.1 Definitions and History
The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is certainly what most people
think of when they see the word "Internet." But the WWW is only a subset of the
Internet, as illustrated in Figure 1.1.
1.1.1 A Short History of the Internet
The history of telecommunication and data transport is a long one. There is a stra
tegic advantage in being able to send a message as quickly as possible (or at least,
more quickly than your competition). The Internet is not alone in providing instan
taneous digital communication. Earlier technologies like radio, telegraph, and the
telephone provided the same speed of communication, albeit in an analog form.
Telephone networks in particular provide a good starting place to learn about
modern digital communications. In the telephone networks of old, calls were routed
through operators who physically connected caller and receiver by connecting a
wire co a switchboard to complete a circuit. These operators were around in some
areas for almost a century before being replaced with automatic mechanical
switches, which did the same job: physically connect caller and receiver.
One of the weaknesses of having a physical connection is that you must estab
lish a link and maintain a dedicated circuit for the duration of the call. This type of
network connection is sometimes referred to as circuit switching and is shown in
Figure 1.2.
The problem with circuit switching is that it can be difficult to have multiple
conversations simultaneously (which a computer might want to do). It also requires
more bandwidth since even the silences are transmitted (chat is, unused capacity in
the network is not being used efficiently).
FIGURE 1.1 The web as a subset of the Internet
Thou map of woe, that
thus dost talk in signs!
FIGURE 1.2 Telephone network as example of circuit switc.
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The document provides an overview of the history and infrastructure of the Internet. It defines the Internet as a globally linked network that uses TCP/IP and provides public or private services. The history discusses the development of packet switching and ARPANET in the 1960s-1980s, which led to the commercialization of the Internet in 1995. The infrastructure has a hierarchical structure of autonomous networks and providers at different tiers. Standards and identifiers are assigned through organizations like ICANN, IANA, IETF and RIRs.
802. 11A Standard Essay
- Determine hardware requirements like servers, switches and routers to support the necessary applications and number of users. This impacts costs.
- Design the network topology to facilitate communication and cooperation between departments. Common topologies include star, bus and ring.
- Consider network expandability to accommodate future growth. The design should allow easy and cost-effective expansion.
- Select network media like Ethernet cables or WiFi to link devices depending on physical layout and bandwidth needs. Wired is more reliable than wireless.
- Choose an IP addressing scheme and subnetting structure to efficiently allocate addresses to devices and allow future changes.
- Plan for network security with firewalls,
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This presentation, designed for a high school communications skills class, outlines the development of the internet.
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The presentation casts a brief introduction and contributions of Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn who are known as the "fathers of the modern internet".
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This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It begins with defining a computer network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can communicate and share resources. The main advantages of networking are sharing information, software/hardware, and centralized administration. There are two main types of networks: peer-to-peer and client-server. Local, metropolitan, and wide area networks are also introduced based on geographical range. Common network topologies like bus, ring, and star are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Standards organizations that set networking standards are listed. Finally, the basic components and devices used for data communication are outlined.
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The document is a lecture on computer networks that describes different network topologies and standards. It defines physical and logical network topologies. For physical topologies, it describes bus, ring, star, mesh and fully connected configurations. It also outlines several key network standards including Ethernet, Token Ring, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth and more. The lecture provides examples of how these standards govern wired and wireless communication protocols to ensure compatibility.
International Telecom Standardization Bodies
Telecommunications standards (wire and wireless) are the underlying "laws" that govern the emerging Global Information Highway and the existing telephone system. Telecommunications networks in every country in the world utilize formal telecommunications standards to physically interwork. Without public agreements and the telecommunications standards that codify such agreements, wide-area voice and data communications would not be possible.
Communications Standards Review (CSR) reports on formal telecommunications standards work-in-progress (US and International) covering multimedia and wire line access technology standards.
It is often difficult to tell whether a standards committee is a formal one. In the US, formal standards committees are accredited by American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The accreditation process is complex but offers some specific values to potential users and implementers of standards:
⦁ Standards work is coordinated to avoid two different standards committees creating different standards for the same functions.
⦁ Standards committees must maintain their standards so long as there is a minimal level of use.
⦁ The standards process is designed to prevent domination by any group and to allow all reasonable technical input to be heard.
⦁ Intellectual Property Rights (IPR, i.e., patent or pending patents) are identified (but not resolved) during the standards creating process.
Today there are some non-accredited standards groups (e.g., ATM Forum and Frame Relay Forum) that develop their work and then introduce it into formal standards groups. This can be a good balance. And very rarely, as in the case of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), informal standards work is so desirable that it becomes acknowledged as formal by force of use. However, the IETF now has ties to formal standards organizations. But the rest of the non-accredited standards groups are often attempting to drape a manufacturer's proprietary approach in finer garb. The proprietary approach may be desirable (e.g., Microsoft MAPI), but it cannot meet the four values of formal standards work outlined above.
At CSR, the term "Telecommunications Standard Body" refers to formal authorized telecommunications standardization bodies.
intro-to-internet.ppt
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Important protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, and telnet were introduced during this period. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected universities and research networks, expanding access. The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s, making the Internet more graphical and user-friendly. By the mid-1990s, commercial use of the Internet began to take off. The document concludes by stating that the next lecture will cover popular Internet services.
intro-to-internet.ppt
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Important protocols like TCP/IP, FTP, and telnet were introduced during this period. In the 1980s, NSFNET connected universities and research networks, expanding access. The World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s, making the Internet more graphical and user-friendly. By the mid-1990s, commercial use of the Internet began to take off. The document concludes by stating that the next lecture will cover popular Internet services.
Telecom1.ppt
This document provides an overview of Rob Parker's upcoming presentation on telecommunications. The presentation will cover:
1) The history of telecommunications, from physical delivery methods to early electrical systems like the telegraph.
2) Present and future fixed (cabled) and mobile (wireless) telecommunication systems.
3) Applications of present and future telecommunications technologies.
4) Parker's personal view of where telecommunications will be in 10 years.
The presentation aims to educate attendees on the evolution of telecommunications and new technical developments, and spark debate about emerging technologies.
CS101- Introduction to Computing- Lecture 28
Virtual University
Course CS101- Introduction to Computing
Lecture No 28
Introduction to Internet
Bjmc i-i, met, unit-iv, the internet
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the Internet from the 1970s to the early 1990s. It describes how DARPA initiated the ARPANET research program in 1973 to connect packet networks, leading to the development of TCP/IP protocols and the early Internet system. It then discusses the growth and expansion of the Internet through research networks established by NSF, NASA, and others. By the early 1990s, the Internet included over 5,000 networks in dozens of countries serving over 700,000 hosts and 4 million users. The document also outlines the roles of organizations like IAB, IETF, and IANA in coordinating technical development and administration of the Internet during this period.
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This document provides an overview of the course "NAD710 - Introduction to Networks Using Linux". The course will cover the history and architecture of networks like the Internet and ARPANET. It will teach students about networking protocols like TCP/IP, network devices, Linux network configuration and commands, DNS, NFS, Samba, routing, wireless networking, and tools for network monitoring and discovery. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm test, term assignments/labs, and a final exam.
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The document provides an introduction to the internet and the world wide web for a course on website design and development. It discusses the history of the internet and how it originated as a military network before becoming publicly available. It defines key terms like web browser, website, and homepage. It explains that the internet is the underlying infrastructure of hardware, while the world wide web is the software comprising hyperlinked web pages. The internet connects millions of computers and networks globally through protocols like TCP/IP, while the web is governed by HTTP and links files and documents stored on various computers.
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- The creation of ARPA in 1958 by the United States in response to the USSR's launch of Sputnik led to funding for early computer network research.
- ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) funded the development of the ARPANET, connecting four computers at UCLA and SRI in 1969, which demonstrated that packet switching networks could work.
- Standardization of TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s allowed different networks to interconnect, and by the 1980s commercial internet providers emerged, connecting networks like Usenet and BITNET and allowing widespread growth of the internet.
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The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
Similar to Ch01 (20)
Lesson 10_ History of computer networks and the Internet.pdf
Lesson 10_ History of computer networks and the Internet.pdf
OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn ... • The hi.docx
OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn ... • The hi.docx
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This document discusses private networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), and network address translation (NAT). It includes sections on private networks, VPNs with figures illustrating a private network, hybrid network, VPN tunneling and addressing. NAT is also covered with figures showing how NAT works by translating IP addresses.
Ch29
This document discusses various aspects of internet security including privacy, digital signatures, security at different layers of the internet protocol stack, and firewalls. It covers symmetric and public key encryption methods for privacy, how digital signatures can provide authentication without privacy, and security protocols at the application layer like PGP and the transport layer like TLS. It also discusses security at the network/IP layer using IPsec and types of firewalls like packet-filter and proxy firewalls that operate at different layers.
Ch28
This document discusses real-time multimedia traffic over the internet. It provides examples of real-time traffic like a video conference versus non-real-time traffic like downloading a pre-recorded video. It describes the key characteristics of real-time traffic, including jitter caused by packet delay and the need for timestamps and playback buffers to prevent jitter. It also discusses how protocols like RTP and RTCP are used to transport real-time multimedia traffic over UDP to make up for UDP's deficiencies for real-time applications.
Ch27
Mobile IP allows mobile hosts to move between networks while maintaining the same home IP address. It uses two IP addresses for each mobile host - a permanent home address and a care-of address that changes as the host moves. The three phases of Mobile IP are agent discovery, registration, and data transfer. During registration, the mobile host registers its current care-of address with its home agent so that data packets can be tunneled or redirected to the mobile host's current location. However, Mobile IP introduces some inefficiency in routing packets to mobile hosts.
Ch26
This document discusses using IP over ATM networks. It covers carrying IP datagrams in ATM cells, routing the cells through ATM networks, using ATMARP to map IP addresses to physical ATM addresses, and creating logical IP subnets (LIS) within ATM networks. Key points include fragmenting datagrams across multiple cells, using different protocol type field values to identify cell types, using entering and exiting routers to route cells, the ATMARP request/reply process to bind addresses, and dividing ATM networks into logical subnets each with their own ATMARP server.
Ch25
This document discusses the World Wide Web and its key components. It covers hypertext and hypermedia, browser architecture, static documents using HTML, dynamic documents using CGI, active documents using Java, and includes diagrams to illustrate these concepts. The chapter provides a high-level overview of the basic building blocks and technologies that make up the World Wide Web.
Ch24
HTTP uses TCP on port 80 to transmit request and response messages between clients and servers. Request messages use methods like GET and HEAD to request resources, and include a request line specifying the resource URL. Response messages return a status line indicating success or failure and can include header fields providing additional information. Examples demonstrate retrieving files, document information, and sending input data to the server using GET, HEAD, and POST methods respectively.
Ch23
The document discusses Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It describes SNMP's components including the Structure of Management Information (SMI) which defines naming rules and encoding of objects, and Management Information Bases (MIB) which define collections of objects and their relationships. It also discusses SNMP messages for reading and changing object values in SNMP packets, using UDP port 161 for communication.
Ch22
This document discusses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). It covers topics such as user agents and addresses that send and receive email, commands and responses used to transfer messages between mail servers, and extensions like MIME that allow adding attachments and formatting. Diagrams show how email is transferred between user agents, mail transfer agents, and mail gateways in a store-and-forward fashion using SMTP.
Ch21
TFTP is a simple file transfer protocol that uses UDP on port 69 to transfer files. It uses RRQ and WRQ request messages to initiate read and write transfers, along with DATA and ACK messages to transfer file contents and acknowledge receipt. While simple, it provides limited security and is often used to transfer configuration or boot files due to its small code footprint.
Ch20
FTP uses TCP connections to transfer files between systems. It uses port 21 for the control connection to send commands and port 20 for the data connection to transfer files. FTP allows users to connect anonymously to access public files without needing a username and password.
Ch19
TELNET and Rlogin are general-purpose client-server application programs that allow for network virtual terminals and remote login. They negotiate options like character encoding and terminal type. TELNET uses escape characters and option negotiation for features like controlling servers and out-of-band signaling. Rlogin provides remote login capabilities over TCP port 513 and examples show how TELNET can be used for remote terminal sessions and logging into servers.
Ch18
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which provides a hierarchical namespace and mapping system to translate between domain names and IP addresses on the internet. It describes the domain name space, distribution of the name space using name servers and zones, and how DNS works through resolution of queries and responses using different record types. Examples are given of forward and inverse queries and responses to look up addresses and validate clients.
Ch17
This document discusses the BOOTP and DHCP protocols. It contains figures that illustrate the packet formats for BOOTP and DHCP as well as diagrams showing the operations and message exchanges of each protocol. Key aspects of BOOTP and DHCP such as client/server interactions and dynamic IP address allocation are examined.
Ch16
This document provides an overview of socket programming concepts including:
1) Definitions of sockets, byte ordering, address transformation, and functions for getting information about remote hosts.
2) Socket system calls for creating and managing sockets including connect, bind, listen, accept, send, receive and close.
3) Examples of connectionless and connection-oriented client-server programs using UDP and TCP including iterative and concurrent server models.
Ch15
This document discusses the client-server model and how it relates to concurrency and processes in computer networks. It begins by comparing the OSI and TCP/IP models, then defines the client-server model and shows examples of the client-server relationship. It next covers concurrency, describing different types of servers like connectionless iterative and connection-oriented concurrent servers. Finally, it discusses processes, showing how programs and processes relate, examples of getting process IDs, and how forking allows a program to create parent and child processes like in a server program.
Ch14
This document discusses multicast routing protocols. It introduces concepts like multicast trees, reverse path forwarding, and describes several multicast routing protocols including DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, and MBONE. DVMRP uses reverse path forwarding and pruning/grafting to efficiently route multicast traffic to multiple receivers. PIM comes in two variants - PIM-DM for dense networks and PIM-SM for sparser wide area networks. MBONE enables multicast routing over the Internet using logical tunneling between multicast routers.
Ch13
This document summarizes several routing protocols:
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), an interior gateway protocol that shares routing tables periodically and uses hop counts to determine best paths. It has issues with slow convergence and instability.
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), an IGP that uses link state routing to calculate shortest paths. Routers flood link state advertisements to maintain synchronized topological databases.
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), an exterior gateway protocol used between autonomous systems to exchange routing and reachability information. It uses path vector routing rather than link states.
Ch12
The document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable in-order byte stream delivery and flow control using sliding windows. It also covers TCP features like error control using sequence numbers and acknowledgments, congestion control using timers and window sizing, segment formatting and options, checksum calculation, connection establishment and termination, and the TCP state machine.
Ch11
The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which provides a simple transport layer allowing processes to send messages called datagrams to other processes. UDP operates above IP and below transport protocols like TCP. It uses port numbers and IP addresses to deliver datagrams to the correct processes. UDP includes a checksum to detect errors but does not establish connections or guarantee delivery like TCP. The document provides examples of how UDP uses a control block table and queue numbers to deliver incoming datagrams to the proper processes.
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Ch01
- 3. A BRIEF HISTORY 1.1
- 4. Time Line The following is a list of important Internet events in chronological order: 1969. Four-node ARPANET established. 1970. ARPA hosts implement NCP. 1973. Development of TCP/IP suite begins. 1977. An internet tested using TCP/IP. 1978. UNIX distributed to academic sites.
- 5. 1981. CSNET established. 1983. TCP/IP becomes the official protocol 1983. MILNET was born. 1986. NSFNET established. 1990. ARPANET replaced by NSFNET. 1995. NSFNET became a research network. 1995. ISPs started.
- 6. Figure 1-1 Internet today
- 7. PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS 1.2
- 8. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS 1.3
- 9. Standards Creation Committees International Standards Organization (ISO) International Telecommunications Union– Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronic Industries Association (EIA) American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- 10. Forums Regulatory Agencies Frame Relay Forum ATM Forum Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- 11. The websites for the above organizations are given in Appendix G.
- 12. INTERNET STANDARDS 1.4
- 13. Figure 1-2 Maturity levels of an RFC
- 14. Figure 1-3 Requirement levels of an RFC
- 15. INTERNET ADMINISTRATION 1.5
- 16. Figure 1-4 Internet Administration