This document provides an overview of the history of computer networks and the internet, tracing developments from the 1960s to present. It discusses key innovations such as packet switching, the evolution of protocols like TCP/IP, and significant milestones, including the emergence of the World Wide Web and the commercialization of the internet in the 1990s. The document outlines the growth of internet applications, security concerns, and recent advancements highlighting the continuing innovation in computer networking.

1. Lesson 10: History of computer networks and
the Internet
This article is part 12/16 of the series Introduction to Computer
Networks
Part 1: Slide Introduction to Computer Networks (English)
Part 2: Lesson 1: Overview of the Internet and its components
Part 3: Lesson 2: Internet services, APIs, and Internet protocols
Part 4: Lesson 3: Edge Network Components of the Internet
Part 5: [Latest Version] Book Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach 8th Edition
Part 12: Lesson 10: History of computer networks and the Internet
Part 6: Lesson 4: Transmission Means of the Internet
Part 7: Lesson 5: Core network components of the Internet
Part 8: Lesson 6: Packet delay, packet loss, and packet switching
network throughput.
Part 9: Lesson 7: Protocol layering and TCP/IP model
In previous articles of the Introduction to Computer Networks Series, an
overview of computer networks and Internet technologies was
presented. In this article, we will take a brief look at the history of the
development of the Internet

2. History of computer networks
Today's computer networks and Internet originated in the early
60s, when the telephone network was dominating the world's communications
network.
The development of packet switching networks 1961 - 1972
The telephone network uses circuit switching to transmit information from
sender to receiver – voice is transmitted at a constant speed between sender
and receiver. In the early 1960s, because of the increasing importance of
computers (while the cost of a computer was huge) and the advent of
multitasking computers, people began to consider the problem of how to
connect computers for sharing between users in different geographical areas.
There are three independent research groups in the world, including:
The first published work on packet switching was by Leonard Kleinrock (at
that time a graduate student at MIT). Using queuing theory, Kleinrock's work
demonstrated the effectiveness of packet switching. In 1964, Paul Baran at
the Rand Institute began researching the use of packet switches for voice
security on military networks, and at the National Physical Laboratory in
England, Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury also worked on developing
their ideas on packet switching.

3. Work at MIT, Rand, and NPL laid the foundations for today's Internet. But
today's Internet has a long history of the research attitude of the early 1960s,
the "just build it and prove it" attitude. JCR Licklider and Lawrence Roberts –
two of Kleinrock's colleagues at MIT – continue to lead the computer science
program at the Advanced Research Institute (ARPA) in the United States.
Roberts announced a master plan for ARPAnet, the first packet-switched
computer network and the direct ancestor of today's public
Internet.
The first packet switches were called interface message processors (IMPs),
and the contract to build the switches was awarded to BBN. On Labor Day
1969, the first IMP was installed at UCLA under Kleinrock's supervision, and
three additional IMPs were installed shortly thereafter at the Stanford
Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara, and the University of California.
study in Utah.
These four large network nodes installed in late 1969 were the early
precursors of the Internet. Kleinrock recalls the network's first use, to perform
a remote login from UCLA to SRI, crashed the system.
By 1972, ARPAnet had grown to about 15 nodes and was first demonstrated
by Robert Kahn at the 1972 International Conference on Computer
Communications. The first “host-to-host” protocol between The ARPAnet
system, called the Network Control Protocol ( NCP), was completed (RFC
001). Ray Tomlinson wrote the first email program in 1972.
Monopoly and Internetwork 1972 – 1980
ALOHAnet, a network of affiliated universities on the Hawaiian islands, or as
DARPA's satellite television package (RFC 829) and package radio networks.

4. Telenet is a commercial packet-switched network product based
on BBN's ARPAnet technology.
The Cyclades, a French packet circuit network pioneered by Louis Pouzin.
Time-sharing networks such as Tymnet and the GE Information Services
network, among others, during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
IBM SNA (1969-1974), operated in parallel with ARPAnet.

5. Several other networks are under development. Developing a structure to
connect networks is growing rapidly. Pioneering work on interconnection
networks (under the auspices of the Defense Advanced Projects Agency
(DARPA)), in essence creating a network of networks, was carried out by

6. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn; The term internetting was coined to
describe this job.
The architectural principles are expressed in the TCP protocol. However, early
versions of TCP were quite different from today's TCP. Early versions of TCP
used a resend service combined with a packet forwarding service (which
today is handled by the IP protocol) to ensure reliability.
Initial experimentation with TCP, combined with the realization of the
importance of an unreliable, uncontrolled transport service, for applications
such as Internet telephony, led to the separation of IP from the protocol TCP
and the development of the UDP protocol. The three important Internet
protocols we see today, TCP, UDP, and IP, were concepts formed in the late
1970s.
In addition to DARPA research related to the Internet, many other important
cyber activities have been conducted. In Hawaii, Norman Abramson
developed ALOHAnet, a packet-based radio network that allowed multiple
remote access. The ALOHA protocol was the first multiple-access protocol,
allowing users in different geographical areas to share a single broadcast
medium (e.g., a radio frequency).
Metcalfe and Boggs built on Abramson's multiple access protocol work when
they developed the Ethernet protocol, based on the broadcast principle.
Interestingly, Metcalfe and Boggs's Ethernet protocol was motivated by the
need to connect multiple computers, printers, and shared drives. Many years
ago, before the computer revolution and the explosion of networks, Metcalfe
and Boggs laid the foundation for today's LAN computers.
Ethernet technology represents an important step forward for internetworking.
Each local Ethernet network is a network, and as the number of LANs
increases rapidly, the need to connect LANs becomes increasingly important
Network development 1980 - 1990

7. In the late 1970s, there were about 200 servers connected to ARPAnet. By
the late 1980s, the number of servers connected to a public network similar to
today's Internet numbered hundreds of thousands. This is the year of strong
development of the network. This growth comes from efforts to create
computer networks that connect universities.
BITNET provides email and file transfer between universities in North
America. CSNET was established to connect researchers who did not have
access to the ARPAnet network. In 1986, NSFNET was created to provide
connectivity to NSF-funded supercomputing centers. NSFNET's main line
initially had a speed of 56 kbps, then increased to 1.5 Mbps by the end of the
decade, and it was used as the main line to connect areas.
Many components of the modern Internet architecture emerged within the
ARPAnet community. TCP/IP officially became a protocol standard for
ARPAnet, replacing the NCP protocol on July 1, 1983. In the late 1980s, TCP
was given anti-congestion control capabilities. DNS (mapping between
computer names on the Internet and 32-bit IP addresses) was also
developed.
Along with the development of ARPAnet (mainly American efforts), the French
also developed the Minitel project in the early 1980s, with the ambition to
bring packet-switching networks to every home. The Minitel system, funded
by the government, consists of public packet-switched networks (based on the
X.25 protocol packet), Minitel servers, and inexpensive terminals with
low-speed modems. pre-mounted. Minitel achieved great success in 1984
when the French government distributed free Minitel terminals to households
in need.
Minitel sites include free sites such as phone numbers as well as separate
paid sites. At its peak in the mid-1990s, it offered more than 20,000 services,
from home banking to specialized research databases. It is used by 20
percent of the French population and generates more than a billion dollars in
revenue each year while creating 10,000 jobs. Minitel became a large part of
French households 10 years before most Americans had heard of the
Internet.
The explosion of the Internet in the 1990s
The 1990s marked a series of events for the continued development and
near-future commercialization of the Internet. The ancestor of the Internet,
ARPAnet, gradually disappeared. MILNET and the Defense Packet
Network evolved in the 1980s to handle most of the traffic related to the US

8. Department of Defense, and NSFNET was used as the primary
network connecting regional networks within the US and national networks.
other outside.
In 1991, NSFNET lifted restrictions on commercial use of NSFNET. NSFNET
would also be phased out in 1995, with the main network traffic carried by
commercial Internet Service Providers.
The main event of 1990 was the emergence of the World Wide Web, bringing
the Internet into homes and businesses around the world. The Web serves as
a platform that enables the deployment of hundreds of new applications.
The Web was invented at CERN by Tim Bemers-Lee between 1989 and
1991, based on ideas derived from earlier work on hypertext from the 1940s
by Vannevar Bush and from the 1960s by Ted Nelson. Bemers-Lee and his
colleagues developed the first versions of HTML, HTTP, web server, and
browser – the four main components of web applications.
By the end of 1993, there were about two hundred web servers in operation.
Around this time several researchers developed graphical web browsers,
including Marc Andreessen, who led the development of the Mosaic graphical
browser. In 1994 Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark founded Mosaic
Communications, which later became Netscape Communications
Corporation. In 1995, college students were using Mosaic and Netscape to
surf the Web every day.
Around this time, companies, large and small, began operating Web servers
and transacting e-commerce on the web. In 1996, Microsoft began making
browsers, starting the browser war between Netscape and Microsoft, which
Microsoft won a few years later.
The second half of the 1990s was a period of intense growth and innovation
for the Internet, with large corporations and thousands of startups creating
Internet products and services. Internet email continues to grow with rich
features for email readers, offering address books, file attachments, and
multimedia communications. By the end of the millennium, the Internet
supported hundreds of popular applications, including four well-known
application groups:
E-mail, including attachments and emails accessible from the Web.
The Web, including web browsing and the commercial Internet.
Instant messaging with contact lists, pioneered by ICQ.
Peer-to-peer sharing of MP3 files, pioneered by Napster.

9. What's interesting is that the first two groups of popular apps came from
research communities, while the last two groups were created by a few young
entrepreneurs.
The period 1995-2001 was a period of "ups and downs" for the Internet in
financial markets. Before they were profitable, hundreds of Internet startups
offered their services for free and at the same time listed their companies on
the stock market. Many companies have been worth billions of dollars without
any significant profits. Internet stocks crashed in 2000-2001, and many
startups had to close their doors.
However, several companies have emerged as big winners in the Internet
space, including Microsoft, Cisco, Yahoo, eBay, Google, and Amazon.
The development of the Internet in recent years
Innovation in computer networking continues at a rapid pace. Progress is
being made on all fronts, including the deployment of new applications,
content distribution, Internet telephony, higher transmission speeds in LANs,
and faster routers. But three developments worth noting in particular are the
rise of high-speed network access (including wireless access), security, and
P2P networks.
The growth of broadband Internet access, through cable and DSL, prepared
for a proliferation of new multimedia applications, including voice and video
over IP, video sharing, and television over IP. The ubiquity and growing
availability of high-speed (11 Mbps and higher) and medium-speed (hundreds
of kbps) WiFi networks make it possible to access the Internet via mobile
phone networks not only not only maintain seamless connectivity but also to
facilitate a set of exciting new services.
After a series of prominent denial-of-service attacks on web servers in the late
1990s, and an increase in attacks by worms (e.g., Blaster worms), network
security became a major topic. very important. These attacks have led to the
development of intrusion detection systems that provide early warning of an

10. attack, and the use of firewalls to filter out unwanted traffic before it
enters. Network.
The last innovation that we pay special attention to is P2P networks. Normally,
the user's computer can connect continuously, so it can share information
continuously. There have been many P2P success stories over the past
decade, including P2P file sharing (Napster, Kazaa, Gnutella, eDonkey,
LimeWire, …), file distribution (BitTorrent), Voice over IP (Skype), and IPTV
(PPLive, PPStream).
summary
Thus, this article ends with the history of the development of computer
networks and the Internet. In the next lesson, we will solve exercises
surrounding the previous lessons.
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