2. South America
• Portugal had exclusive control on trade to the
East along the sea route around Africa
• This forced Spanish to find another route to
China
• They found the “New World” and worked to
monopolize it!
3.
4.
5. Line of Demarcation
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand called on
Pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard) to decide who
could settle where.
• Everything to the east of the line went to
Portugal
• Everything west of the line went to Spain
6.
7.
8. • Portugese were unpleased with this because
the winds they needed to get around Africa
took them into Spanish area
• The Treaty of Tordesillas was established
9.
10. • How did other nations feel about the Treaty of
Tordesillas?
• The French, Dutch and English explored areas
anyway.
11. Treatment of the Natives
• Europeans looked down on the Indians and
pressured them to become more civilized (or
more European)
• At best, the Indians were second class citizens
who were expected to perform whatever
menial tasks the Europeans were unwilling to
do.
12. How were they going to rule their
settlements?
• They were separated from their settlements
by an ocean.
• They wanted absolute power like they had in
their home countries
13. There were 3 problems to that:
1. Couldn’t solve problems quickly because had
to wait for answers to issues
2. They ignored the Creoles (Spanish or
Portuguese born in Americas).
– They only gave governing duties to those born in
the mother country
3. Spain and Portugal determined the price,
quantity, and types of goods that could be
produced and sold in the colonies.
14. Portuguese Rule of the Colonies
• Portugal granted control to 12 nobles called
donatario
– Their rule would be passed down to their sons
– Had complete control of the land
– Were responsible to colonize, defend and tax their
territory and to send excess funds to Portugal
15. • The Roman Church would bring complaints of
the colonists to the donatarios
• If the complaints were ignored, the church
would report back to Portugal
16. Spanish Authority in New World
• Spain appointed a viceroy to rule each colony
• The viceroy had to answer to the Council of
the Indies (which was in Spain)
• Also had an official who was in charge of each
village or city.
17. Native Population
• Explorers were sent as ambassadors from
Spain to native South Americans
• Friars and priests were sent to convert the
Indians
18. • Conquistadors were rewarded with land with
an Indian labor force
• Many conquistadors were harsh in treatment
of this labor force
19.
20. • Bartolome de Las Casas spoke out against
mistreatment
• His efforts helped pass the New Laws of 1542
– Courts were established to protect the Indians and
mestizos (people with Indian and Spanish parents)
– Most reforms were overturned by powerful
landowners
21.
22.
23. • Slaves were needed to take the place of dead
Indians
• At least 9 millions Africans were enslaved and
brought to the New World
25. • Silver and sugar were the two major exports
of colonial Latin America
• Over time, Indians became skilled labor and
black slaves did hard labor of digging and
loading
• Today, one of most profitable resources is
coffee
Why is it called Latin America? Latin was the language used by the Roman conquerors during the time of the Roman Empire
They found it first and had a monopoly on it
The Spanish laid claims to north, south and central America
Why not on the eastern side? Why only on the west?
Had to wait for information to get across the ocean
High tax on exported goods as well as imported goods
This restricted the personal and economic growth of the colonies
How did that make relations between the church and the donatarios?
Could only be Roman Catholic (no protestantism was allowed)
20% of all gold and silver mined in colonies went to Spain
vice=in place of roy=king
Only Spanish born could hold these positions
Officially, the Spanish government never approved of enslaving the native South Americans
Could only enslave the Indians were were cannibals and hostile
After a while they reported back that all Indians were cannibals and hostile
This let them farm, mine or manufacture goods for trade or sale
Roman church often represented these Indians during labor disputes and defended them against ill-treatment
Harsh treatment, exposure to European illnesses and harsh responses to uprisings led to reduced Indian population
