This document provides guidance on determining effective types of support and introductions for speeches. It recommends using examples, comparisons, statistics, expert testimony, illustrations, and visual aids to reinforce the thesis for complex, unfamiliar, or controversial topics. Personal stories, analogies, and references to shared experiences with the audience can help engage listeners. Visual aids should be simple, large enough to see, and directly support the key points to enhance understanding.

1. Introduction Types
p. 160-164

2. Determine your Intros

3. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce

4. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce
• Complex process/unfamiliar ideas may need several
examples, comparisons, & visual aids

5. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce
• Complex process/unfamiliar ideas may need several
examples, comparisons, & visual aids
• Distracted audiences need more stories/illustrations
(Have extra stories ready to deliver as needed)

6. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce
• Complex process/unfamiliar ideas may need several
examples, comparisons, & visual aids
• Distracted audiences need more stories/illustrations
(Have extra stories ready to deliver as needed)
• Persuasive speeches - use several stats, expert testimony,
& illustrations

7. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce
• Complex process/unfamiliar ideas may need several
examples, comparisons, & visual aids
• Distracted audiences need more stories/illustrations
(Have extra stories ready to deliver as needed)
• Persuasive speeches - use several stats, expert testimony,
& illustrations
• Far off topics need concrete examples, definitions, &
visuals for clearer understanding

8. Determine your Intros
• Support you thesis with info to reinforce
• Complex process/unfamiliar ideas may need several
examples, comparisons, & visual aids
• Distracted audiences need more stories/illustrations
(Have extra stories ready to deliver as needed)
• Persuasive speeches - use several stats, expert testimony,
& illustrations
• Far off topics need concrete examples, definitions, &
visuals for clearer understanding

9. Types of Support

10. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education

11. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact

12. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact
• Facts

13. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact
• Facts
• Statement can be proven true

14. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact
• Facts
• Statement can be proven true
• Indisputable evidence

15. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact
• Facts
• Statement can be proven true
• Indisputable evidence

16. Types of Support
• Testimonies: Statement from a considered expert
through experience or education
• Beliefs or Quotes leading to impact
• Facts
• Statement can be proven true
• Indisputable evidence

17. More Types of Support

18. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)

19. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship

20. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship
In 2007-08, 68.3% of public school students graduated from high school according to
California Dept. of Ed, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Jack O’Connell.

21. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship
In 2007-08, 68.3% of public school students graduated from high school according to
California Dept. of Ed, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Jack O’Connell.
• Check out your sources - watch for biased sources

22. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship
In 2007-08, 68.3% of public school students graduated from high school according to
California Dept. of Ed, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Jack O’Connell.
• Check out your sources - watch for biased sources
• Avoid over-saturation of statistics - Brain overload

23. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship
In 2007-08, 68.3% of public school students graduated from high school according to
California Dept. of Ed, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Jack O’Connell.
• Check out your sources - watch for biased sources
• Avoid over-saturation of statistics - Brain overload
• Round off statistics (eg: 95.3954% students fail to
understand statistical information)

24. More Types of Support
• Statistics (Stats)
• Numerical data compiled to show relationship
In 2007-08, 68.3% of public school students graduated from high school according to
California Dept. of Ed, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Jack O’Connell.
• Check out your sources - watch for biased sources
• Avoid over-saturation of statistics - Brain overload
• Round off statistics (eg: 95.3954% students fail to
understand statistical information)

25. Reference to Topic/Occasion

26. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation

27. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience

28. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude

29. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude

30. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude
• Contrast to hostile audience

31. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude
• Contrast to hostile audience
• Poor assumption

32. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude
• Contrast to hostile audience
• Poor assumption
• Offend listeners

33. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude
• Contrast to hostile audience
• Poor assumption
• Offend listeners
• Reference to occasion brings all to common ground

34. Reference to Topic/Occasion
• Ready-to-Listen audience based on situation
• Interested audience
• Friendly attitude
• Contrast to hostile audience
• Poor assumption
• Offend listeners
• Reference to occasion brings all to common ground

35. Relevant Quotation

36. Relevant Quotation
• Apropos quotation draws audience to
an important point in speech.

37. Relevant Quotation
• Apropos quotation draws audience to
an important point in speech.
• Helps to vividly illustrate speaker’s
point

38. Relevant Quotation
• Apropos quotation draws audience to
an important point in speech.
• Helps to vividly illustrate speaker’s
point

39. Relevant Quotation
• Apropos quotation draws audience to
an important point in speech.
• Helps to vividly illustrate speaker’s
point
Wedding dress
quotation, p. 160

40. Illustration

41. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example

42. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes

43. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go

44. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go

45. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go

46. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go

47. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go
• Descriptions are recognized & agreeable

48. Illustration
• Detailed verbal example
• Color affects emotions & attitudes
• Explain “hot pink wall,” “canary yellow
entryway,” or “lime green door” will wake
you up or be ready-to-go
• Descriptions are recognized & agreeable
• The pictures illustrate visual examples to
audience

49. Personal Reference

50. Personal Reference

51. Personal Reference
Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister, used
his fond childhood memories spent in Ireland to
establish goodwill with the Irish Parliament.

52. Personal Reference
Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister, used
his fond childhood memories spent in Ireland to
establish goodwill with the Irish Parliament.
• Using common ground connections with
audience breaks down prejudices and opens
doors to communication.

53. Personal Reference
Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister, used
his fond childhood memories spent in Ireland to
establish goodwill with the Irish Parliament.
• Using common ground connections with
audience breaks down prejudices and opens
doors to communication.

54. Personal Reference
Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister, used
his fond childhood memories spent in Ireland to
establish goodwill with the Irish Parliament.
• Using common ground connections with
audience breaks down prejudices and opens
doors to communication.
Irish Parliament

55. Personal Reference
Tony Blair, former British Prime Minister, used
his fond childhood memories spent in Ireland to
establish goodwill with the Irish Parliament.
• Using common ground connections with
audience breaks down prejudices and opens
doors to communication.
Irish Parliament

56. Humorous Story

57. Humorous Story

58. Humorous Story
Horace Deets, Executive Director of AARP (American
Association of Retired Persons) 1988-2001.

59. Humorous Story
Horace Deets, Executive Director of AARP (American
Association of Retired Persons) 1988-2001.
• When Americans turn 50 years old, AARP sends
invitations to join this organization.

60. Humorous Story
Horace Deets, Executive Director of AARP (American
Association of Retired Persons) 1988-2001.
• When Americans turn 50 years old, AARP sends
invitations to join this organization.
• Incorporating humor about growing old relaxed
his audience but humor related to his message.

61. Humorous Story
Horace Deets, Executive Director of AARP (American
Association of Retired Persons) 1988-2001.
• When Americans turn 50 years old, AARP sends
invitations to join this organization.
• Incorporating humor about growing old relaxed
his audience but humor related to his message.
• No offensive jokes, mocking others, or sarcastic
that could turn audience against the speaker.

62. Startling Statement
Capture the attention of your audience.
Astounding statistics arouse curiosity
and establish topic importance.
• 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before theyʼre
18 years old.
• Teens want to look good no matter what: nearly three-
quarters are spending the same or more this year on
either cosmetics (70%), clothing (72%), hair products
(71%) or skin care (74%).

63. Rhetorical Question
• When your someone tells you some obvious
info, ever respond, “Do you think I’m stupid?”
• No answer is expected or warranted
• Purpose: Gets a person to THINK!

64. Visual Aid
• A picture says a thousand words
• Needs to be large enough for the audience to
easily view
Recycling can be
a beautiful thing
Mississippi Flood
Black Rat Snake Damage

65. Visual Aids & Tips

66. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say

67. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position

68. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position
• Keep simple: Few words & 1 image is best

69. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position
• Keep simple: Few words & 1 image is best
• Make visible - audience needs to see

70. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position
• Keep simple: Few words & 1 image is best
• Make visible - audience needs to see
• Colorful: Draw attention & give info

71. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position
• Keep simple: Few words & 1 image is best
• Make visible - audience needs to see
• Colorful: Draw attention & give info
• Make your point - nice visuals without purpose = useless

72. Visual Aids & Tips
• Chart, map, graph, diagram, outline, picture, or model
supporting what you say
• An image used to support your position
• Keep simple: Few words & 1 image is best
• Make visible - audience needs to see
• Colorful: Draw attention & give info
• Make your point - nice visuals without purpose = useless
Don’t pass around during your talk