Supporting Ideas

Supporting Your
Ideas

Deploying Supporting Materials

Using Examples

Using Statistics

Using Testimony

Using Other Supporting Materials

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Supporting Your
Ideas
(continued)

Using Life Experience (Narrative)

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Supporting Your Ideas > Deploying Supporting Materials

Deploying Supporting Materials
• Types of Supporting Materials
• Why Use Supporting Materials?
• Using Supporting Materials Effectively

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Types of Supporting Materials
• Scientific evidence includes all factual information. It is necessary and particularly
useful for logical appeals.
• Testimonials, personal experience, intuition, and anecdotal evidence are all great
for emotional appeals.
• Non-scientific supporting materials may be useful, but are not necessarily
reflective of broader truths.

Statistics
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Why Use Supporting Materials?
• Scientific evidence is used to prove that a set of facts exist in the world.
• Non-scientific evidence is often used to create emotional connections with the
audience, which can make them more receptive to the argument.
• Misused supporting materials can ruin your perceived reliability as a speaker and
cause the audience to stop taking your argument seriously.

Exam Question

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Using Supporting Materials Effectively
• Regardless of the type of supporting material used, they are effective only if they
fulfill the speaker's burden of proof.
• Supporting materials must exist in order to be used; not all types exist for all
arguments.
• The supporting evidence used depends on the idea being supported. Some ideas
are more effectively supported by certain types of materials.
• Not all types of supporting materials are effective for every appeal. Speakers
should select the materials that make their specific appeal most effective.

• The type of supporting material used also depends on the audience. If the
audience cannot comprehend the material, it is not effective.

Chocolate Ice Cream

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Supporting Your Ideas > Using Examples

Using Examples
• Types of Examples: Brief, Extended, and Hypothetical
• Communicating Examples



Types of Examples: Brief, Extended, and Hypothetical
• Examples include specific situations, problems or stories designed to help
illustrate a principle, method, or phenomenon.
• Brief examples are used to further illustrate a point that may not be immediately
obvious to all audience members but is not so complex that is requires a more
lengthy example.
• Extended examples are used when a presenter is discussing a more complicated
topic that they think their audience may be unfamiliar with.
• A hypothetical example is a fictional example that can be used when a speaker is

explaining a complicated topic that makes the most sense when it is put into

Average Fixed Cost Equation

more realistic or relatable terms.


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Communicating Examples
• Examples are essential to apresentation that is backed up with evidence, and it
helps the audienceeffectively understand the message being presented. An
example is a specificsituation, problem, or story designed to help illustrate a
principle, method,or phenomenon.
• One method of effectively communicating examples is by using an example to
clarify and complement a main point of a presentation.
• A speaker should be careful to not overuse examples as too many examples may
confuse the audience and distract them from focusing on the key points that the
speaker is making.

Corks, for Example

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Supporting Your Ideas > Using Statistics

Using Statistics
• Understanding Statistics
• Communicating Statistics



Understanding Statistics
• Understanding statistics requires creating a persuasive narrative that explains the
data and an adequate explanation of why a statistic is being used, what it means
and its source.
• The persuasive use of statistics is one of the most powerful tools in any rational
argument, especially in public presentations.
• There are many ways to interpret statistics, however a public speaker should be
mindful that they are presenting a statistic in an accurate way and not misleading
the audience through a misrepresentation of a statistic.
Statistics

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Communicating Statistics
• Statistics will, and should, almost always be used to illustrate a relationship.
• Refrain from bombarding your audience with too many mind-numbing numbers.
• Before all else, the two pillars of communicating statistics are accuracy and
clarity.

Annual Carbon Emissions By Area

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Supporting Your Ideas > Using Testimony

Using Testimony
• Expert versus Peer Testimony
• How to Incorporate Expert Testimony



Expert versus Peer Testimony
• Testimonials can be obtained from expert authorities, celebrities and other
inspirational figures, and antiauthorities.
• An expert is is the kind of person whose wall is covered with framed credentials.
• People trust the recommendations of people whom they want to be like.
• Antiauthorities are sources of peer testimony whose source of knowledge is
firsthand experience.

Oprah at Her 50th Birthday Party

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How to Incorporate Expert Testimony
• Expert testimony should be incorporated to support, defend, or explain the main
point or subpoint of a speech.
• Limiting your main points, subpoints, and support points to three or four points
each improves the ability for your speech to communicate with the audience.
• Noticing how professionals use the testimony of experts can provide creative
examples for how to incorporate expert testimony into a speech.

Barry Schwartz

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Supporting Your Ideas > Using Other Supporting Materials

Using Other Supporting Materials
• Analogies
• Definitions
• Visual Demonstrations



Analogies
• Analogies compare something new and different (the main topic of a speech) to
people, places, objects, and ideas familiar to audience members.
• Public speakers often use analogies to strengthen political and philosophical
arguments, even when the semantic similarity is weak or non-existent.
• Analogies that begin with phrases including "like", "so on," and "as if" rely on an
analogical understanding by the receiver of a message that includes such
phrases.
• Considering audience demographics, and constructing similar rather than extreme

analogies, are tactics public speakers use to create effective analogies.

The Human Eye is Like a Camera

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Definitions
• Providing the definition of the key terms also works as a signal to your audience
that you know what you’re talking about.
• In order to define the key terms, you first have to bluntly state what they are.
• Very often, you’ll use the work of somebody else to help you define the key terms.

Dictionary

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Visual Demonstrations
• Visual aids can be memorable, improving the likelihood that the audience will
remember the point of a speech.
• Demonstrations can inject humor into a presentation.
• Demonstrations using visual aids provide effective metaphors to clarify a point.

The Plastic Bag Prop

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Supporting Your Ideas > Using Life Experience (Narrative)

Using Life Experience (Narrative)
• The Importance of Stories
• How and When to Use Narrative



The Importance of Stories
• Studies suggest that people accept ideas more readily when their minds are in
story mode as opposed to when they are in an analytical mind-set.
• Stories help us connect with our audiences in a way that all the charts, graphs,
statistics, and bullet points in the world will never be able to do.
• Stories help to motivate audiences to act.

Top Public Speaking Tips

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How and When to Use Narrative
• A narrative is relayed in the form of a story.
• The greatest story commandment is to make the audience care.
• Your story should not be forced; the audience should perceive it as natural part of
your speech.

The Narrative Tale

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Appendix

Supporting Your Ideas

Key terms
• abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• anecdote An account or story which supports an argument, but which is not supported by scientific or statistical analysis.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• antiauthority A non-authority source. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• comprehensible Able to be comprehended; understandable. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• concept An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic
form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded
manifestations of the concept). (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• expert A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• homomorphism A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Hypothetical A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated subject. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• iconicity The state of being iconic (in all meanings). (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• isomorphism A one-to-one correspondence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Mean For a data set, the arithmetic mean is equal to the sum of the values divided by the number of values.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)



• Median described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from
the lower half. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• Mode The value that appears the most often in a data set.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• model A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real world system or event.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• narrative The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see also storytelling) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• narrative The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see also storytelling) (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• peer Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of something else).

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• phenomenon A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing by those who witness it.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• prop An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in which actors perform. Contraction of "property".

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• scientific evidence Empirical, true facts or figures. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• statistics A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as
population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• statistics A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as
population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• TED Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



Statistics

Upscene. CC BY http://blog.upscene.com/thomas/index.php?m=08&y=08&d=13&entry=entry080813-113055&category=10 View on Boundless.com


Exam Question

http://www.xdr.com/dash/blog/index.php?m=03&y=11&entry=entry110302-102900. "Dave's Blog - Elliott Wave Principle Book Available Free Online!!!." CC BY
http://www.xdr.com/dash/blog/index.php?m=03&y=11&entry=entry110302-102900 View on Boundless.com


Chocolate Ice Cream

Flickr. "Chocolate ice cream (eggless) with chocolate cake and roasted almonds | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemilkinabottle/6265404407/ View on Boundless.com


Average Fixed Cost Equation

Wikipedia. "Average fixed cost." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_fixed_cost View on Boundless.com


Corks, for Example

Flickr. "2010_04_01_0005 corks for example | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/45909111@N00/4484587820/ View on Boundless.com


Annual Carbon Emissions By Area

Flickr. "All sizes | Carbon Emissions by Continent Chart | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mplemmon/3203403862/sizes/m/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com


Oprah at Her 50th Birthday Party

Flickr. "Oprah at her 50th birthday party | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/210467069/ View on Boundless.com


Barry Schwartz

Flickr. "IMG_2636 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/billhr/3266173988/ View on Boundless.com


The Human Eye is Like a Camera

Flickr. CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/yulia_guseva/6156029440/ View on Boundless.com


Dictionary

Flickr. "Dictionary | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/greeblie/3338710223/ View on Boundless.com


The Plastic Bag Prop

Flickr. "canal debris | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/polandeze/378698004/ View on Boundless.com


Top Public Speaking Tips

University of British Columbia Learning Commons. "Presentation Skills | Learning Commons." CC BY http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/ View on
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The Narrative Tale

Flickr. "VFS Digital Design Assembly: Storytelling | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/5261295953/ View on
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An account or story which supports an argument, but which is not
supported by scientific or statistical analysis.
A) scientific evidence

B) comprehendible

C) anecdote

D) Median




B) comprehendible

C) anecdote

D) Median

Wiktionary. "anecdote." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anecdote


Of the three reasons for using support, choose the answer below
which refers to one of those reasons appropriately and also
satisfies most of the criteria for using support in a speech.
A) “The President’s job proposal offers only socialist policies that will
destroy the American dream.” To make the speech more vivid, you could
quote this presidential challenger from the opposing party.
B) “The President plans to fund his job-creation proposal partly by
increasing taxes on annual incomes over $250,000.” To clarify, you could
quote the author from the book “100 Years of Job Creation.”

C) “After asking voters for their views on the President's job proposal, I
discovered there are three problems with this plan.” To increase your
credibility, you could choose to make a similar statement.
D) All of the answers



Of the three reasons for using support, choose the answer below
which refers to one of those reasons appropriately and also
satisfies most of the criteria for using support in a speech.
A) “The President’s job proposal offers only socialist policies that will
destroy the American dream.” To make the speech more vivid, you could
quote this presidential challenger from the opposing party.
B) “The President plans to fund his job-creation proposal partly by
increasing taxes on annual incomes over $250,000.” To clarify, you could
quote the author from the book “100 Years of Job Creation.”

C) “After asking voters for their views on the President's job proposal, I
discovered there are three problems with this plan.” To increase your
credibility, you could choose to make a similar statement.
D) All of the answers

Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Which of the following is the best type of supporting material to
use for a logical appeal?
A) personal experience

B) scientific evidence

C) anecdotal evidence

D) intuition



Which of the following is the best type of supporting material to
use for a logical appeal?
A) personal experience


C) anecdotal evidence

D) intuition

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


A) A demonstration

B) An example

C) A testimonial

D) An anecdote



A) topic

B) credibility

C) anecdote

D) introduction



A) segue

B) brainstorming

C) transition

D) anecdote



Empirical, true facts or figures.

A) anecdote

B) comprehendible

C) scientific evidence

D) concept



Empirical, true facts or figures.

A) anecdote

B) comprehendible

C) scientific evidence

D) concept

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/scientific-evidence


If you are trying to appeal to your audience's emotions, a good
supporting material to use is
A) scientific evidence.

B) a newspaper article.

C) a personal anecdote.

D) a mathematical theory.



Able to be comprehended; understandable.


B) anecdote

C) statistics

D) comprehensible



Able to be comprehended; understandable.


B) anecdote

C) statistics

D) comprehensible

Wiktionary. "comprehensible." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehensible


Which of the following is something you should consider when
deciding what types of supporting materials to use?
A) All of these answers.

B) What supporting materials are available.

C) Whether your appeal will be emotional or logical.

D) What type of audience you expect for your speech.



Which of the following is something you should consider when
deciding what types of supporting materials to use?

B) What supporting materials are available.

C) Whether your appeal will be emotional or logical.

D) What type of audience you expect for your speech.



A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated
subject.
A) anecdote

B) narrative

C) Hypothetical

D) Orator



A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated
subject.
A) anecdote

B) narrative

C) Hypothetical

D) Orator

Wiktionary. "Hypothetical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hypothetical


A brief example is used
A) when a presenter is discussing a complicated topic with which the
audience is unfamiliar.
B) to help the audience better visualize a topic and relate to the point of
the presentation.
C) when a fictional example can help put the topic into more realistic or
relatable terms.
D) to further illustrate a point that is not obvious, but not very complex
either.



Difficult to understand; abstruse.

A) direct

B) objectivity

C) orality

D) abstract




A) direct

B) objectivity

C) orality

D) abstract

Wiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract


In a speech, examples should
A) be long and involved stories that relate peripherally to the message of
the speech.
B) occur many times in the speech, to illustrate each point made by the
speaker.

C) All of these answers.

D) be used as a complement to a key point.



In a speech, examples should
A) be long and involved stories that relate peripherally to the message of
the speech.
B) occur many times in the speech, to illustrate each point made by the
speaker.


D) be used as a complement to a key point.



A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing
by those who witness it.
A) Hypothetical

B) phenomenon

C) Median

D) prop



A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing
by those who witness it.
A) Hypothetical

B) phenomenon

C) Median

D) prop

Wiktionary. "phenomenon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenomenon



A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype




A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype

Wiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract


According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
inhaling smoke from cigarettes or other devices impacts the
circulatory system by restricting blood vessels and increasing the
incidence of peripheral vascular disease and abdominal aortic
aneurysm. Which of the following revisions of this statement is the
most effective in using language familiar to teenagers?
A) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette
smoking restricts blood vessels and raises the incidence of vascular
disease and certain types of aneurysms.
B) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking
damages blood vessels and can cause other circulatory problems.
C) According to the CDC, smoking cigarettes, marijuana, or powdered
drugs can have serious effects on your veins and arteries, making them
less flexible and more vulnerable to disease and other problems.
D) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that smoking
can damage your blood vessels.


According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
inhaling smoke from cigarettes or other devices impacts the
circulatory system by restricting blood vessels and increasing the
incidence of peripheral vascular disease and abdominal aortic
aneurysm. Which of the following revisions of this statement is the
most effective in using language familiar to teenagers?
A) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette
smoking restricts blood vessels and raises the incidence of vascular
disease and certain types of aneurysms.
B) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking
damages blood vessels and can cause other circulatory problems.
C) According to the CDC, smoking cigarettes, marijuana, or powdered
drugs can have serious effects on your veins and arteries, making them
less flexible and more vulnerable to disease and other problems.
D) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that smoking
can damage your blood vessels.
Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


The value that appears the most often in a data set.

A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mode

D) analogy



The value that appears the most often in a data set.

A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mode

D) analogy

Wikipedia. "Mode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode


described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a
sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower
half.
A) statistics

B) Median

C) accuracy

D) comprehendible



described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a
sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower
half.
A) statistics

B) Median

C) accuracy

D) comprehendible

Wikipedia. "Median." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median


A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations,
often related to demographic information such as population
counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc.
A) accuracy

B) narrative

C) statistics

D) Hypothetical



A) accuracy

B) narrative

C) statistics

D) Hypothetical

Wiktionary. "statistics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statistics


For a data set, the arithmetic _______ is equal to the sum of the
values divided by the number of values.
A) Mean

B) statistics

C) accuracy

D) narrative



For a data set, the arithmetic _______ is equal to the sum of the
values divided by the number of values.
A) Mean

B) statistics

C) accuracy

D) narrative

Wikipedia. "Mean." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean


A) Mean

B) Median

C) statistics

D) Mode



Which of the following is a useful method for helping your
audience understand statistics?
A) Use a small sample size so the audience can feel a personal
connection.

B) Use statistics and terminology that are easily understood.

C) Quote numbers to flood the audience with information and force them
to pay close attention.

D) All of these answers.



Which of the following is a useful method for helping your
audience understand statistics?
A) Use a small sample size so the audience can feel a personal
connection.

B) Use statistics and terminology that are easily understood.

C) Quote numbers to flood the audience with information and force them
to pay close attention.




Which answer best rewrites the following passage so that it
possesses stronger conversational qualities? Research
undertaken by a major university found that out of 607 reported
cases of founder, 522 horses had foundered in both front hooves
at the same time, and of the horses which foundered in one hoof,
only 8% did not eventually founder in the other hoof too.
A) University research shows that about five out of six horses founder in
both front feet and 8% founder in just one.

B) Research has shown that most horses founder in both front feet. One
study that looked at over 600 founder cases found that less than 10%
had foundered in just one hoof.
C) Most horses founder in both front feet, not just one, according to
research done at a major university.
D) Most horses founder in both front feet, if not immediately, then
eventually.


Which answer best rewrites the following passage so that it
possesses stronger conversational qualities? Research
undertaken by a major university found that out of 607 reported
cases of founder, 522 horses had foundered in both front hooves
at the same time, and of the horses which foundered in one hoof,
only 8% did not eventually founder in the other hoof too.
A) University research shows that about five out of six horses founder in
both front feet and 8% founder in just one.

B) Research has shown that most horses founder in both front feet. One
study that looked at over 600 founder cases found that less than 10%
had foundered in just one hoof.
C) Most horses founder in both front feet, not just one, according to
research done at a major university.
D) Most horses founder in both front feet, if not immediately, then
eventually.
Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


According to a report from the U.S. government’s National Center
for Education Statistics, “In 2005, approximately 40 percent of the
41.9 million Hispanics and 68 percent of the 12.3 million Asians in
the United States were foreign born.” Why would it be unethical
for a speaker use this quote to illustrate why the children of
immigrants should not be allowed to pay in-state tuition rates?
A) Because using it in that context would be an expression of intolerance

B) Because using it in that context would be a distortion

C) Because using it in that context would be intimidating

D) Because using it in that context would be degrading



According to a report from the U.S. government’s National Center
for Education Statistics, “In 2005, approximately 40 percent of the
41.9 million Hispanics and 68 percent of the 12.3 million Asians in
the United States were foreign born.” Why would it be unethical
for a speaker use this quote to illustrate why the children of
immigrants should not be allowed to pay in-state tuition rates?
A) Because using it in that context would be an expression of intolerance

B) Because using it in that context would be a distortion

C) Because using it in that context would be intimidating

D) Because using it in that context would be degrading
Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY
3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Examine the following observation, and then choose the answer
which paraphrases it best. Paraphrase the quoted material only,
not the source identification. According to Vanhala et al.’s “Factors
Associated with Parental Recognition of a Child’s Overweight
Status,” “In this cross-sectional study, more than half of the
parents' with an overweight or obese seven year old child did not
recognize their child's overweight status. Daughters' overweight
status was identified better than sons...” (7)
A) In a study, 50% or more of the parents in the study who had
overweight seven-year-olds did not recognize that their child was
overweight, but did notice overweight girls more than boys.
B) A study found that most parents did not recognize their kids were fat,
but those few who did tended to notice fat girls more than fat boys.
C) Parents noticed when their daughters were overweight more often
than when their sons were, according to one study.
D) One study found that the majority of parents did not realize when their
children were overweight, although theyto noticed when changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
their daughters
Free share, print, make copies and
were overweight more often than when their sons were.


Examine the following observation, and then choose the answer
which paraphrases it best. Paraphrase the quoted material only,
not the source identification. According to Vanhala et al.’s “Factors
Associated with Parental Recognition of a Child’s Overweight
Status,” “In this cross-sectional study, more than half of the
parents' with an overweight or obese seven year old child did not
recognize their child's overweight status. Daughters' overweight
status was identified better than sons...” (7)
A) In a study, 50% or more of the parents in the study who had
overweight seven-year-olds did not recognize that their child was
overweight, but did notice overweight girls more than boys.
B) A study found that most parents did not recognize their kids were fat,
but those few who did tended to notice fat girls more than fat boys.
C) Parents noticed when their daughters were overweight more often
than when their sons were, according to one study.
D) One study found that the majority of parents did not realize when their
children were overweight, although they noticed share, print, make copies daughters at www.boundless.com
Free to when their and changes. Get yours
Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
were overweight more often than when their sons were.


A) accuracy

B) statistics

C) narrative

D) Hypothetical



Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of
conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.
A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mean

D) Median



A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mean

D) Median

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy


When using a table, you should always
A) minimize memory load by removing unnecessary data and minimizing
decimal places.

B) present as much data as possible, with large expanses of figures.

C) decide which variable goes on which axis, and what scale is most
appropriate.

D) use 3D graphs to add clarity to your information.



A) abstract

B) accuracy

C) direct

D) objectivity



A) abstract

B) accuracy

C) direct

D) objectivity

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy


A) statistics

B) Mean

C) Median

D) Mode



Why should you put statistics into context for your audience?

A) The audience will have a greater emotional response to the numbers.

B) Numbers without context can be mind-numbing to an audience.

C) Use statistics to illustrate a relationship, which is more important than
a number.




Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of
something else).
A) TED

B) peer

C) analogy

D) Median



Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of
something else).
A) TED

B) peer

C) analogy

D) Median

Wiktionary. "peer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer


A non-authority source.

A) narrative


C) TED

D) antiauthority



A non-authority source.

A) narrative


C) TED

D) antiauthority

Wiktionary. "antiauthority." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiauthority


If a speaker wishes to use testimonials about the impact of oil
spills on the daily life of surrounding beach communities, which of
the following would likely be most compelling to a mainstream
audience?
A) A celebrity

B) An inspirational figure

C) An expert authority

D) A peer



What is the primary benefit of incorporating expert testimony into
a speech?
A) It helps speakers elaborate and develop their main objectives

B) It helps speakers support their sub points

C) It bolsters the speaker's authority to speak on the given topic

D) It bolsters expert support for the speakers' ideas



A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject.

A) expert

B) brainstorming

C) choose

D) narrow



A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject.

A) expert

B) brainstorming

C) choose

D) narrow

Wiktionary. "expert." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expert


Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences.

A) anecdote

B) TED

C) peer

D) antiauthority



Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences.

A) anecdote

B) TED

C) peer

D) antiauthority

Wiktionary. "TED." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TED


Analogies draw comparisons between ideas or objects that

A) lack certain aspects or characteristics, but are similar in a few areas.

B) highlight some form of semantic difference between two words or
ideas.
C) share certain aspects or characteristics, but are dissimilar in other
areas.
D) highlight how the relationship between one set of ideas is dissimilar to
another set of ideas.



When using an analogy in presentations, speakers should keep
which of the following tips in mind?
A) Use analogies that are relatable to the audience.

B) Use analogies that are long and complex.

C) Use analogies as the main focus of the presentation.

D) Use analogies from other people's experiences.



The state of being iconic (in all meanings).

A) prop

B) concept

C) iconicity

D) model



The state of being iconic (in all meanings).

A) prop

B) concept

C) iconicity

D) model

Wiktionary. "iconicity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconicity


A one-to-one correspondence.

A) prop

B) concept

C) isomorphism

D) model



A one-to-one correspondence.

A) prop

B) concept

C) isomorphism

D) model

Wiktionary. "isomorphism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomorphism


A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures.

A) homomorphism

B) prop

C) concept

D) model



A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures.

A) homomorphism

B) prop

C) concept

D) model

Wiktionary. "homomorphism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homomorphism


To properly define key terms so that they create credibility in a
presentation, the speaker must
A) include all possible definitions for each key term.

B) include the key terms used in the original question that inspired the
presentation.
C) avoid spending too much time thinking about the key terms that are
key concepts.

D) state what the key terms are at the very end of the presentation.



An understanding retained in the mind, from experience,
reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic
form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of
instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded
manifestations of the _______).
A) TED

B) analogy

C) prop

D) concept



An understanding retained in the mind, from experience,
reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic
form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of
instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded
manifestations of the _______).
A) TED

B) analogy

C) prop

D) concept

Wiktionary. "concept." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept


An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in
which actors perform. Contraction of "_______erty".
A) prop

B) TED

C) analogy

D) concept



An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in
which actors perform. Contraction of "_______erty".
A) prop

B) TED

C) analogy

D) concept

Wiktionary. "prop." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prop


The well-timed use of a well-chosen prop can impact a
presentation in which of the following ways?

B) Props can be effective metaphors.

C) Props can inject humor into a presentation.

D) Props can have an emotional impact.



A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real
world system or event.
A) model

B) iconicity

C) concept

D) isomorphism



A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real
world system or event.
A) model

B) iconicity

C) concept

D) isomorphism

Wiktionary. "model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/model


The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see
also storytelling)
A) narrative

B) Hypothetical

C) analogy

D) Mode



also storytelling)
A) narrative

B) Hypothetical

C) analogy

D) Mode

Wiktionary. "narrative." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/narrative


also storytelling)

B) Mean

C) concept

D) narrative



Which of the following explains why stories are an effective
teaching tool in speeches and presentations?
A) Stories help to motivate audiences to act.

B) Stories provide additional details and mental visuals for audiences.


D) Stories give speakers the opportunity to tell personal stories that
audiences can relate to.



Stories can be a powerful tool because the audience's emotions
become inextricably tied to those of the story’s
characters. Psychologists refer to this state as
A) social cognition.

B) critical analysis.

C) narrative transport.

D) analytical mind-set.



also storytelling)
A) Hypothetical

B) analogy

C) Mode

D) narrative



also storytelling)

B) narrative

C) Mean

D) concept



When using narratives, the speaker should use which of the
following tactics to make his or her main points interesting and
memorable for the audience?
A) Limit the narrative to five or six minutes at the most.

B) Use numerous narratives throughout the speech.

C) Base narratives on personal experiences, as well as facts.

D) Narratives should point toward multiple goals.



Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence
• Wikipedia. "Scientific evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence
• Wikipedia. "Intuition (knowledge)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)
• Wikipedia. "Anecdotal evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
• Flat World Knowledge. "Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking 1.0 | Flat World Knowledge." CC
BY-SA http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/3795
• Saylor. "COMM101: Public Speaking « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY-SA
http://www.saylor.org/courses/comm101/
• Connexions. "Extract meaningful information from data." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m31282/latest/
• Austrailian Bureau of Statistics. "1500.0 - A guide for using statistics for evidence based policy, 2010." CC BY
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/1500.0chapter92010
• Manner of Speaking. "Making it Stick: Credibility Counts | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA
http://mannerofspeaking.org/2009/09/30/making-it-stick-credibility-counts/
• Wikipedia. "Statistical graphics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics

• Wikibooks. "Development Cooperation Handbook/How to present an idea." CC BY-SA 3.0


• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Presentations." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations#What_Visual_Aids_Will_You_Use.3F
• Wikipedia. "Analogies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogies#Rhetoric
• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA https://equityandexcellence.wikispaces.com/Teaching+with+Metaphors%2526Analogies
• http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/How_We_Learn. "How We Learn - UCD - CTAG." CC BY
http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/How_We_Learn
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Main part." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part
• Wikipedia. "Presentation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation
• Wikipedia. "Product demonstration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_demonstration
• Manner of Speaking. "How Do Props Help a Presentation? | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA
http://mannerofspeaking.org/2011/09/25/how-do-props-help-a-presentation/
• Wikidot. "logical reasoning - Public Speaking." CC BY-SA http://publicspeaking.wikidot.com/logical-reasoning

• Manner of Speaking. "The Psychology of Storytelling | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA
http://mannerofspeaking.org/2010/08/24/the-psychology-of-storytelling/
• University of British Columbia Learning Commons. "Presentation Skills | Learning Commons." CC BY
http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/
• Wikispaces. "We Are Media - module 4 strategy why are stories engaging." CC BY
http://bethemedia.wikispaces.com/module+4++strategy+why+are+stories+engaging

• Manner of Speaking. "Making it Stick: Tell stories | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA

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