Centralization in pakistan
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Centralization became firmly established in Pakistan's political system from 1947 onwards. Muhammad Ali Jinnah first centralized power by dissolving provincial governments and concentrating authority in the central government. Successive military rulers, including Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan, and Zia-ul-Haq, further reinforced centralization through various constitutional amendments and policies that disempowered provincial and local governments. By 2000, Pakistan was highly centralized, with institutionalized clientelism, personalized politics, and the circumscription of power for elected provincial and local bodies, leaving political power concentrated at the federal level.
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The document discusses the relationship between democracy and the Mexican Revolution. It argues that while the revolution initially had democratic goals, it soon shifted towards authoritarianism under the PRI party. Over the 20th century, revolutionary nationalism declined as the economy liberalized and opposition parties gained influence. Recent electoral reforms have established pluralism but democracy remains incomplete as authoritarian legacies persist in the political system and deeper reforms are still needed.
WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PAKISTAN
It is observed that power relations, which form political, economic, social and cultural environment, hinder women’s full participation in all these fields. Politics is one of those fields where gender inequality has gained global attention. From voters to elected members, women are under-represented and this occurred not due to lack of abilities, but the prevailing environment of political discrimination and cultural barriers denied women right of equal participation even in democratic governments.
For More information visit our website www.pakvoter.org/wie/
#women #representation #localgovermentpakistan #womeninelection #womenempowerment #womenpoliticalleader
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Darwinism Evolution Big Bang With respect to theory of Intellectual designs.
The document discusses and compares the theories of evolution, intelligent design, and creation as described in the Quran. It provides arguments that intelligent design best explains the complexities and precise order seen in nature, as everything appears to be pre-designed. It notes that the Quran describes God as the creator who formed humans and all things perfectly, and created the heavens, earth, and all that is between in six days. The document argues that theories like the Big Bang contradict this timeline and design in nature.
Basic Functions Of Management
Planning involves establishing organizational goals and determining how to accomplish them. An organization's mission statement captures its basic purpose and distinguishes it from others. Examples provided include Audi's mission to "delight customers worldwide" and McDonald's and KFC's missions related to food service. Organizing groups resources, activities, and people to achieve goals efficiently. Audi organizes production across facilities. Leading influences people toward common goals while motivating provides reasons to work for the organization's benefit. Controlling evaluates and regulates ongoing work to ensure goal achievement, as seen in Audi addressing a fuel issue in China. Types of controlling include feedback, feed forward, and concurrent control.
Making Negative Statements, Questions
Negative statements are the opposite of affirmative statements and are used to express opposing ideas. Examples of negative statements include "My guests are not arriving now" which is the opposite of the affirmative statement "My guests are arriving now." Questions are sentences or phrases used to find out information, with examples including interrogative sentences like "What time is it?" This document provides an overview of how to form negative statements and questions in various tenses like present indefinite, past indefinite, present continuous, present perfect, and future tenses by using helping verbs and changing the form of the main verb.
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This document provides guidance on creating an academic curriculum vitae (CV) versus a resume. A CV is intended for academic purposes like obtaining grants, tenure, or awards, while a resume is meant to get interviews. A CV includes all education and experience specifically relevant to one's academic field. The document outlines the typical sections of a CV and tips for each section, including contact information, education, honors/awards, experience, publications, and others. It emphasizes keeping the CV concise, clear, complete, consistent and current.
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Cpec
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Centralization in pakistan
- 2. POINTS OF DISCUSSION What is Centralization Centralization in Pakistan Drawback of centralization
- 3. CENTRALIZATION Centralization is defined as the concentration of administrative power in a central government, authority, etc.
- 4. CENTRALIZATION IN PAKISTAN (HISTORY) Muhammad Ali Jinnah first made this country central dominated Government of Sindh and NWFP was dissolve by Jinnah in1948. Civil servants and bureaucrats were promoted. Pass a bill that his words will be the constitution. One house and 2 wings only in 1957 act.
- 5. AYUB KHAN 1962 Constitution gave Power to President and Governors. Further Centralization Through One Unit Policy and Interventions Against Political Parties. The Absence of Mass-based Political Parties Created a Lack of Pressure to Decentralized.
- 6. YAHYA KHAN Interference in East Pakistan Approval of constitution More power to President
- 7. BHUTTO Repealed Basic Democracies, Promulgated but did not Implement LGO 1972 and LGO 1975 Fear of Losing Power to Regional Mass-based Parties Provided Disincentive for Decentralization Growing Urbanization Changed the Social Structure Consequent Political Change, with the creation of a More Organized and Politically Active Urban Middle Class
- 8. ZIA-UL-HAQ Centralization Reinforced Through Direct Military Control of Quasi-Presidential Government Implemented Bhutto’s LGOs No Constitutional Protection Given to Elected Bodies Provision of Municipal Services Primary Objective Local Governments Given Little Financial Power Non-Party Basis of Elections Curtailed Power of Parties, and Perpetuated Clientelist Politics and Elite Capture
- 9. ZIA-UL-HAQ Urban Councils Enjoyed Higher Levels of Revenue and Income than Rural and Pre-Urban Ones Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to Rural or Pre-Urban Areas Rural and Pre-Urban Areas Dependent on Provincial Administrative Tier for Financial Support Competition between Urban Middle Class and Numerically Strong Rural Elites for Resources
- 10. ZIA-UL-HAQ Non-Party Based Elections in 1985 Created Localization of Politics at all Levels Revival of Party Basis (1988) Did Not Reverse Localization of Politics Due to Weakened Parties Space Left by Parties Filled by Fluid Local Political Factions Disincentive for Parties to Empower Competing Tier of Political Patronage
- 11. SUMMARY (1947-2000) Institutionalization of Clienteles, Personalized Politics. Disempowerment of Provincial Elected Tier. Circumscribed Power of Elected Local Governments. Strong Bureaucratic Hold Over Local Governments. Political Power Highly Centralized.
- 12. DRAWBACKS OF CENTRALIZATION High State Authority and Control Power in hand of Elite Non Marginalized Decision Making Less Efficiency of Service Delivery Less Perception of Needs of People Week provincial and federal relations