Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC CAPACITY TESTING THROUGH PYSICAL ACTIVITY
PERFORMED BY SYDNEY UNIVERSITY BIOLOGY STUDENTS
INTRODUCTION
The human body thrives on energy in order to work. This energy is provided to the body in the form
of chemical potential energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In order for the body to fuel
more cellular activity, ATP needs to be regenerated and this can be done aerobically (in the presence
of oxygen) or anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) (Åstrand 1956). In doing so, ATP is
produced more aerobically rather than anaerobically, which takes a lengthier period to produce.
The aerobic energy system primarily fuels certain physical activities of moderate intensity, which
allows the body to supply oxygen to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However more testing is required to evaluate further whether the individual's level of fitness to carry
out anaerobic exercises is influenced by their aerobic capacity. The scientific data investigated by
Schwarz M. et al. (2001) compared the metabolic and cardio circulatory strain during physical
activity of walking and jogging. This emphasized the relationship between the calculations of the
change in pulse rate measured against the physical activity performed. It was concluded from the
study that the heart rate at the individual anaerobic threshold was also 19 to 17% lower during
aerobic if compared to anaerobic exercises. However, this illustrated the importance of individual
differences. The variances to one another, factors of age, weight, diet and other lifestyle factors
inhibit the extent of how the data can be measured and interpreted. This further justifies that with the
absence of these limiting factors, the calculations used in the study are deemed to be as accurate as
possible although individual discrepancies have to be considered which may alter the results of the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cellular Respiration And Interdeynthesis And Cellular...
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are critical in the continued cycle of energy to sustain life as
we define it. Both have several stages in which the creation of energy occurs, and have varied
relationships with organelles located within the eukaryotic cell. The processes are the key in how
life has evolved and become as diverse as we know it. Although cellular respiration and
photosynthesis have different processes, they are interdependent upon each other, while exhibiting
complementary cycles.
Cellular respiration by itself refers to the process of drawing energy from food and organic
molecules for use. This is done by several reactions that are dependent upon each other. Similar to
breathing, whereas as humans inhale oxygen, and exhale carbon dioxide, the process of cellular
respiration is the exchange of oxygen to help break down the fuel which is defined as an aerobic
process. This process is done by cells exchanging gases with its surroundings in order to create
adenosine triphosphate (commonly references as ADT), which ultimately is used by the cells as a
source of energy. This process is done through several reactions and is thus an example of a
metabolic pathway. In a significantly simplified expression, in cellular respiration chemical energy
that comes from fuel molecules is converted into ADP. ADP is then joined with a phosphate, which
then converts into ATP, the energy currency of cells. When ATP is consumed or spent by the cells, it
releases another

t
The purpose of this lab is to observe carbon dioxide being produced during an anaerobic respiration.
Students will understand the effects of inhibitors. During the experiment for Mitosis, students
should understand the different stages of mitosis and the cell cycle. They should be able to observe
the stages of mitosis in the experiment.
Cellular respiration releases energy as organic molecules are oxidized. ATP or Adenosine
triphosphate is where this energy is stored. Cells need ATP to metabolize and use it to transport,
reproduce, and various other important activities. Through a process called glycolysis, glucose
breaks down to pyruvate as glucose is oxidized. In ATP, energy released from glucose is stored.
Cells can perform glycolysis with or without the presence of oxygen. With oxygen, cells go through
the Krebs cycle, in which the cells can oxidize pyruvate to carbon dioxide. The organisms that use
this aerobic respiration after glycolysis are called aerobes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yeast and fungi are examples. Even without oxygen, they can perform the oxidation of glucose and
release of ethanol and carbon dioxide is possible. A downside of this respiration is that it will
produce 18–fold fewer ATP per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration does. This is because it
does not go through the Kreb's cycle or electron transport chain. During procedure 12.1, students
will observe anaerobic fermentation by yeast and the effects of pyruvate, Magnesium sulfate,
Sodium fluoride and glucose on the anaerobic respiration of yeast. Pyruvate is produced from
glycolysis. It can be reduced to ethanol or lactic acid during the

Comparison Of Respiration In Flatworm And Humans
COMPARISON OF RESPIRATION IN FLATWORMS, AND HUMAN
INTRODUCTION.
Animals exist either as very simple, or complex forms. Simple forms can either be unicellular such
as bacteria, or simple multi–cellular, as flatworms and cnidarians. Complex animals are multi–
cellular with organised organ system requirements that enable them to carry out complex metabolic
processes. Respiration is one of the key metabolic processes for the energy requirements of all other
physiologic processes. The primary role of respiration is to deliver oxygen to cells and tissues, and
remove carbon dioxide (Charles, 2015) To appreciate how the size of organisms plays different roles
in the respiratory process, we can use an example of a simple, multi–cellular organism like Planaria;
a fresh–water, free–living flatworm, and compare with a complex multi–cellular organism like
human.
COMPARISON OF RESPIRATION IN FLATWORMS AND HUMAN:
A comparison of planarian flatworm and human reveal a great difference in their structures that
enables them to meet their respiratory requirements. They have different means of obtaining oxygen
from their surrounding, which is determined by their respective environments. The complexity of
each respiratory system, correlates with the size of the animal. Unicellular and simple multi–cellular
organisms use simple diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide as their mean mechanism, while
higher organism combine breathing, diffusion, the circulatory system and complex mitochondria

Aerobic Respiration And Aerobic Respiration
Since the beginning of the world there has always been one question in common between people
around the planet. The question is: 'how did we come to existence?'. However, the answer is not
always the same because everyone has different believes, but according to science eukaryotes came
to existence because we evolved from prokaryotic cells. At the beginning of time, the only
inhabitants of earth were microbes. Aerobic cellular respiration and oxygenic photosynthesis both
play a big role in our evolution. Cellular respiration is a process that mostly takes place in the
mitochondria where cells break down food and turn in it into adenosine triphosphate(ATP), or in
more simpler terms, energy for the cell. Although cellular respiration can do either anaerobic or
aerobic cellular respiration processes, it is usually used to describe aerobic cellular respiration
because it actually was created as a synonym for aerobic respiration. Aerobic cellular respiration is
the process where oxygen is used to make energy molecules. Aerobic respiration creates a lot more
ATP molecules than in anaerobic respiration because anaerobic does not use oxygen as a reactant.
Aerobic cellular respiration goes through three steps, and they are: glycolysis, citric acid cycle
(Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis means separating sugars, and in that
process every glucose is turned into two pyruvate molecules. It then enters the mitochondria if it is a
eukaryotic cell and the pyruvate

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Introduction Cells are the basic units of life and their processes are vital to the functioning of all
organism. The reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complimentary and are also
the most important pathways on the Earth. Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide
into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions
that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into energy , which is known
as ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and waste products. The two processes are closely related and
likewise, they share many similarities and differences
Processes in a Nutshell The main difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is that
photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast and cellular respiration takes place in the mitchondrion.
Plants contain mitochondria and chloroplasts so both they may undergo both processes. However,
animals and other heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration, but not photosynthesis. In a nutshell, the
purpose of these processes is to convert free energy into ATP.
Discovery of Photosynthesis
The beginning of the discovery of photosynthesis began in the mid–17th century when J.B. Van
Helmont carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew.
After this noticed that the soil mass changed very little. He then hypothesized that the mass of the
growing plant must come from the water.

Cellular Respiration Lab
The hypothesis of this lab was if yeast is exposed to glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose and DI water,
then the yeast will break down glucose at the fastest rate and produce the most CO₂. This hypothesis
was supported by the results of the lab. The results showed that glucose produced the most CO₂ in
comparison to the other solutions, supporting the idea that cellular respiration was happening the
fastest in the glucose solution. As cellular respiration is occurring, CO₂ is being released into the air.
The carbon in the CO₂ is coming from carbons in the reactants of cellular respiration and are
released to get rid of excess carbons. By looking at the rate at which carbon dioxide is being
produced, the rate of respiration can be identified because the release of CO₂ is a product of
respiration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Test tube number one contained the sucrose solution and at the end of the experiment, 3mm of CO₂
was produced. Sucrose is a disaccharide, meaning it is made of two monosaccharides, so it had to
break down into fructose and glucose, making the process of respiration longer. Glucose is used
directly in cell respiration, so in order to undergo the reaction, sucrose had to go through the extra
step of hydrolysis. Test tube number two contained the lactose solution, and it did not produce any
CO₂ (0 mm) during the experiment. This is because lactose does not contain the enzyme required for
the reaction, so it did not go through cellular respiration at all. The third test tube contained the
fructose solution, which produced 10mm of CO₂. The reason for this amount is because, while it is a
monosaccharide, fructose requires an enzyme to begin cellular respiration, so the solution must go
through an extra step in order for the reaction to occur. This step, however does not decrease the
CO₂ production too

Cellular Respiration Process
There are three processes that all take part in Respiration, and they are all very similar. They are
Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. These three processes help make up
what we know as Cellular Respiration. Glycolysis is broken down into two parts: Investment and
Harvest. In Harvest there is something called Glucose. The glucose, C6H12O6, combines with
another related system called Fructose. Together these two make another process call
Glyceraldehyde. In this process, Glyceraldehyde, G3P which has 3 phosphate, gets carried over to
the second part of the Glycolysis processes called the Harvest. In Harvest, this is where the NADHs
come into play and get somewhat discombobulated. The NADHs help carry over energy and create
ATP and ADP. The NADH then loses its H and then distributes it to become 2 NAD. This cycle is
only one of three in the Cellular Respiration process. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this cycle it is somewhat of a circle process, by circle I mean it is somewhat like the circle of life
if you were to draw it out. First in this cycle, we have the Cytoplasm and the Mitochondria. These
two key items help create the Pyruvate and oxygen for the cycle, C3H3O3. The formula for these
two things shows if there is or is not any Fermentation Lactic Acid. The oxygen can differentiate
between "Aerobic" or "Anaerobic". We then take the formula, C3H3O3, and carry it up to represent
CCC with the pyruvate. The NADH then come back into play when we carry over the 3 CCC and
turn it into CCCCCC, also know as the Citric Acid. Then we carry over the CCCCCCs through an
enzyme and it turns into now only 5 CCCCCs. As this cycle continues after the 5 Cs, it stays with 4
CCCCs and starts the process all over again. This process helped create FADH2, NADH, ATP, and
CO2, which all equals up to 1

Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two different types of processes that create energy.
Cellular Respiration is "the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011, p.
1027)." This process occurs in all living organisms. In comparison, Photosynthesis is "the
conversion of sunlight into a chemical form of energy. In the cyanobacteria, the process takes place
in special thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll or chlorophyll–like pigments. Among
eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of such organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates
and green algae. (Pommerville, 2014, p. 185)".
Both processes have different stages to create energy. Cellular respiration has aerobic and anaerobic
processes. In the aerobic process, enzymes break down glucose in "presence of oxygen to produce
cell energy". The stages in cellular respiration include glycolysis, transition, Krebs cycle and the
electron transport system. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. During this stage, there is a
"conversion of glucose into pyruvate (Pommerville, 2014, p. 171)". In addition, "two ATP molecules
are required and the net yield is 2 pyruvates and 2 ATPs (Pommerville, 2014, p. 173)". The
transitional stage "occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane." According to Pommerville, "Each
pyruvate is converted into an acetyl CoA as CO2 is liberated and two NADH are formed. Each
acetyl CoA combines with an oxaloacetate to form citrate (p. 174)." Unfortunately, this step did

The Principles Of Cellular Respiration
INTRODUCTION
This experiment provides a precise avenue of exploration into the principles of cellular respiration
as it pertains to its processes that take place in the presence and absence of oxygen. Cellular
respiration "refers to a [cell's] methods of breaking down organic molecules to release their stored
energy, which is used to generate ATP" (Upadhyaya, 2015). In other words, cells break down fuels
such as glucose or sucrose in order to retrieve energy in the form of ATP, which can then be used to
drive work within the cell. There are specific chemical reactions that take place during this process,
and these reactions differ when the cell has access to oxygen and when it does not. When oxygen is
present, the cell will undergo aerobic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electrons, which are not shown in either equation, play an essential role in the final synthesis of ATP
in both processes.
Aerobic Respiration
In aerobic respiration, glucose is split into two three–carbon molecules known as pyruvates in the
first stage called glycolysis as alluded to earlier. Both of these products lose one carbon as carbon
dioxide, and "[attaches] to coenzyme A, forming a new molecule called acetyl CoA" (Upadhyaya,
2015). Acetyl CoA is then inserted into what is known as the citric acid cycle. This eight–step cycle
features the synthesis, degradation, and regeneration of citrate while releasing carbon dioxide and
reducing electron carriers NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2 (Reece, 2013). The reduced (term
for a molecule that has gained at least one electron) carriers proceed to the inner membrane of the
mitochondria where the electrons are transferred over to the first of four systematic proteins that
make up the electron transport chain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs (Reece, 2013). 'Pulled'
by the electronegative oxygen at the end of the chain, the electrons navigate through the chain,
creating an environment that enables protons to travel across the membrane (Reece, 2013). This
proton–motive force, or high concentration of hydrogen ions, eventually diffuses back through the
membrane through its only route: ATP synthase; it is this protein that generates ATP via
phosphorylation (Reece, 2013).
Fermentation
Neither the electron

Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
Do you know what Photosynthesis is? Do you know what Cellular respiration is? Do you know
what they do? Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both depend on each other for life to exist.
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food
(like sugar), oxygen and water. For photosynthesis to happen, the materials you need are the light
energy, water(H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Photosynthesis happens in the
chloroplast/chlorophyll of the plant. The Chloroplast is an organelle found inside of the plant cells.
The light energy comes from the sun. The water comes from the ground through its roots. The
carbon dioxide comes from the air and the plant collects the carbon dioxide. The items that the plant
produces are oxygen(O2), glucose(sugar, C6H12O6), and water. The oxygen is considered a waste
product of photosynthesis and is released into the environment. Glucose is a sugar that is an
important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates. Glucose
can be converted into chemicals required for growth of plant cells such as cellulose. Both water and
carbon dioxide have oxygen in their molecules and that creates and excess of oxygen.
Photosynthesis is important because it gives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For cellular respiration to happen, the materials needed are oxygen, glucose(sugar), and it happens
in the mitochondria. The symbol formula for glucose is "C6H12O6". The oxygen comes from the
plant, the plant absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. The glucose comes from
photosynthesis, when photosynthesis happens it absorbs glucose and produces it as well. The
mitochondria is a cell organelle found in all organisms which converts glucose(sugar) into
energy(ATP) for the cell. Cellular respiration is important because it gives organisms the energy
needed to grow and

Investigating Respiration
Investigation respiration
Respiration is when enzymes in cells cause protein synthesis and photosynthesis to happen.
Respiration is a crucial part of life because all living organism would have to respire to live. When
respiring animals and human let in oxygen from plants and then let out a waste product which is
carbon dioxide.
How would you identify carbon dioxide gas?
Carbon dioxide is identified by see whether a lighted wooden splint would go out or not when put in
a test tube of carbon dioxide. If the lighted tested tube goes out then there is carbon dioxide. You can
also test it out using lime water because the carbon dioxide would turn the lime water cloudy.
Carbon dioxide is less dense than air and also has a downward delivery. Its

The Cycle of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Introduction: In this Cellular Respiration and
Fermentation lab, we discuss about the cellular respiration which is classified as an aerobic process
and fermentation which is anaerobic process. An aerobic process is where it contains oxygen unlike
the anaerobic process does not. In the aerobic process there are 4 steps that should be recognized:
glycolysis, conversion, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. This experiment contains
or uses the yeast concentration to see how much CO2 developed over 20 minutes, counting per 2
minutes and measuring how much has progressed. Materials and Methods: I. 4 instruments to
measure respiration Test tubes Flasks Binder clips 1–ml ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, our hypothesis was not correct. We were measuring the amount of CO2 involved and our
hypothesis could not really analyze this answer for my group. Tube 3 and 4 both had the same
amount of glucose which was 3 and both increased during time. In conclusion, the higher amount of
glucose put in resulted in an increase of amount of CO2 produced. I believe there were definitely
errors in my group's experiment. For example, our test tube was test tube 2 and was supposed to be
held constant but instead we got numbers because as we observed it was increasing. However, we
inferred that maybe the pipette or tube was not cleaned thoroughly and that could have affected our

Anaerobic Respiration Essay
Aerobic: in general
1. occurs in presence of oxygen.
2. CO2 and water is produced
3. lot of energy is liberated (38 ATP)
4.occurs in plants' and animals' cells
5. C6H12O6 ––> CO2 + H2O + ATP (Energy)
ATP from aerobic respiration of glucose
For longer periods of exercise muscle cells need oxygen supplied by the blood for aerobic
respiration. This provides far more energy (36 molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose),
but the rate at which it can be produced is limited by how quickly oxygen can be provided. This is
why you can't run a marathon at the same speed as a sprint.
Anaerobic:
1. occurs in absence of oxygen
2. Lactic Acid or Alchol is produced
3. relatively small energy is liberated (2ATP)
4. occurs in many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The end product of anaerobic respiration is lactate, which gradually diffuses out of muscle cells into
the blood and is carried to the liver. Here it is converted back to pyruvate.
In aerobic respiration the electron transport chain turns NADH back into NAD with the aid of
oxygen and recycles the NAD. With anaerobic respiration the shortage of oxygen in the cells means
that they must find another way to convert NADH back into NAD, this process is called
fermentation. Lactate fermentation occurs in mammals when there is a deficiency of oxygen. It has
many advantages including strenuous exercise and oxygen demand under water. It works by each
pyruvate molecule produced taking up two hydrogen molecules (from glycolysis) to form lactate.
This then leaves the NAD+ to be recycled. The lactate produced can cause problems in itself, it's a
toxic chemical and can form cramp in muscles. This lactate can be taken away from the cells by the
blood to the liver to be converted into glycogen.
Fats and proteins can also be used to respire. When fats are about to be respired they are broken
down into fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol is converted into triose phosphate and enters the

glycolysis stage. The fatty acids are broken down into two carbon fragments and entered into the
Krebs cycle via acetyl co–enzyme A.

Introduction Of Cellular Respiration And Anaerobic...
Lashawny Nash
Bio 141L Section 14
Introduction
Cellular respiration is the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break
down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP (Reece et al
Chapter 9). Basically what that means is that we all need energy to function so the energy we get,
we get it from the food we consume. The way that we harvest the energy is through cellular
respiration. There are two main types of cellular respiration, an anaerobic respiration and an aerobic
respiration. For gas change to happen that one final electron act as an acceptor in cellular
respiration, and it processes the oxygen that was taken in and that is how aerobic respiration takes
place. As for anaerobic respiration, it is a catabolic pathway that accepts the electrons at the end of
the electron transport chain (Reece et al Chapter 9). So because of there have to be an exchange
between oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment and the cells, the total cellular respiration
rate which is the same as the metabolic rate, this can happen estimating the measure of gas exchange
from the individual (Marshall et al 1). Gas exchange can be used to estimate metabolic rates, this
can happen using a respirometer. A respirometer measure the oxygen that get taken in by the
organism. The metabolic rate is the overall sum of the energy that an animal have. There are a few
things that can affect the metabolic rate, one being the mass. The

A Study On Cellular Respiration
1. Define the following terms:
a. Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) (2 points) – the process of oxidizing food molecules to
carbon dioxide and water. Glucose is an example.
b. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) (2 points)– metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,
gas, or alcohol.
2. Summarize what occurs during the three steps of cellular respiration and indicate where each
process takes place in the cell. (6 points)
a. Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell, outside the organelles. Glycolysis begins
respiration by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.
b. Krebs cycle: The function is to supply the third stage of respiration with electrons. Occurs within
the mitochondria, completes the breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to
carbon dioxide.
c. Oxidative phosphorylation: chemiosmosis occurs in this stage, this involves the electron transport
chain. –this occurs in the mitochondria.
3. What is the primary energy molecule in cells? (5 points) ATP is the primary energy molecule in
cells. ATP removes one of the phosphate oxygen groups which leaves adenosine diphosphate.
4. List the equation in word and chemical form for each of the following processes: (6 points)
a. Cellular respiration: Chemical: C6 H12+06–>6 CO2 + H2O + Energy. Glucose + Oxygen {}
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
b. Alcoholic fermentation: Chemical: C6H1206 + 2CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2. Glucose – Alcohol
Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

The purpose of this lab was to investigate the process of cellular respiration and use our
understanding to determine how the type of seed affects the rate of cellular respiration and why. We
used six different kinds of seeds and categorized them into three general groups. Tomato and squash
were vegetable seeds, Alaskan peas and Red Bush kidney beans were legumes, and wheat and
barley were cereals. We determined whether the vegetable seeds, legumes, or cereals had the
greatest rate of cellular respiration, and how their seed type affected the rate of cellular respiration.
Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the cereal seeds would have the greatest rate of cellular
respiration, then the legumes, and lastly, the vegetable seeds. Cereals are rich with carbohydrates
and fat, and can increase the rate of cellular respiration when ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glucose, a six–carbon sugar, is
split to form the pyruvate, and this occurs through a series of small reactions. First, ATP converts to
ADP by breaking off a phosphate group which is added to the glucose. This is a phosphorylation
reaction. Phosphate is high in energy and destabilizes the glucose molecule. After the glucose is
rearranged into fructose, another phosphorylation reaction occurs, making the glucose molecule
extremely unstable so that it splits into two PGAL molecules. The two sugar molecules are oxidized
through the transfer of electrons to NAD+, which it turn, reduces NAD+ into NADH. The energy is
used to attach another phosphate group to each PGAL molecule. As the sugars oxidize, they each
release one phosphate, which converts two ADP to two ATP. The sugars rearrange and transfer their
last phosphate group to convert two ADP to two ATP again. The end product of glycolysis is a net
increase of two ATP molecules, two NADH molecules, and two pyruvate

Chapter 9
– Objectives
– Equation for Cellular Respiration
– Electron Carriers and Redox Reactions
– Process of Cell Respiration – Glycolysis – Prep Reaction – Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) –
Electron Transport Chain
– Fermentation
– The Ingredients
– You already know what is needed for Cellular Respiration
Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide+ Water +ENERGY!
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 +H2O + ATP
– Redox Reactions (the shuffling of electrons)
Most of the reactions involved in the process are possible because of the redox reaction of NAD, an
electron carrier
Oxidation – a reaction in which a substance loses electrons C6H1206 CO2
Reduction – a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No that's not all!
2 Molecules of ATP(e)
2 Molecules of NADH
Pryuvates move to the mitochondria
And go through some conversions
They transform to acetyl CoA
And that's the alteration
We get out one NADH
Now on to a rotation
The Krebs cycle goes round and round
Every turn yields one Tri–Phosphate
We also get one FADH2
Which is used in the final formation
With 3 NADHs Now
Electron Translocation

That's the end of the current phase
The next has oxidation
Now let's move to the final stage
Of Cellular Respiration
Just get a clue
As we move to
Oxidative Phosphorylation
FADH2 is the silver in the cell
NADH

Cellular Respiration Rate
This article synthesizes the effects of temperature on the rate of cellular respiration. The method
used employed the use of gas sensors and a respiration chamber to test how different temperatures
influenced the rate of cell respiration in worms. Based on this experiment, it was noted that
temperature indeed does affect the rate of respiration in cells. Low temperatures were seen to slow
down the rate of respiration while extremely high temperatures were also noted to slow down the
rate of respiration. The results of the study are important in finding the optimum temperatures in
which organisms can thrive in and also contribute significantly to the discipline of respiratory
biology which contributes to understanding of biological connectivity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Worms were exposed to these temperatures and their rate of respiration was observed for individual
temperature. The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of temperature change on the
rate of cellular respiration. (Lab Handout)
PURPOSE:
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of temperature change on the rate of cellular
respiration and to compare the rate of cell respiration of worms.
HYPOTHESIS:
The rate of respiration in worms will be lower at 4˚c and 37˚c than it would be at 24˚c.
METHODS:
In this experiment, LabQuest, sensors (O2 and CO2 gas sensors), thermometer, worms, incubator,
Biochamber 250, ice cubes, two plastic tubs and a water bath were used. The CO2 gas sensor was
set to low (0–10,000 ppm) and the two sensors were connected to LabQuest. The rate on the meter
screen was set to 0.1 samples/second and the data–collection length to 600 seconds. The room
temperature was measured and recorded. Eight worms were placed inside the respiration chamber.
The O2 gas sensor was plugged snugly into the chamber in a vertical position and the CO2 gas
sensor was plugged into the neck of the chamber. After two minutes, data was

The Importance Of Cellular Respiration
It can be said that cellular respiration is one of, if not the most important biochemical reactions, this
applies even more so for humans. This metabolic pathway is intricate to say the least, yet so very
fascinating. It is from this process that we derive energy from the food we consume. It creates our
fuel, in specific glucose. Majority of what we consume or at least carbohydrates, breaks down into
glucose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6 (Phelan, 2010). Through cellular respiration energy is
produced, and this energy is generated to complete everyday tasks, produce heat within our bodies,
and to provide electrical impulses in our brains. This is done so by cells releasing energy from the
chemical bonds of food molecules and providing that energy for the essential processes of life. All
living cells must carry out cellular respiration. This process can be either aerobic or anaerobic.
Unlike prokaryotic cells who carry out cellular respiration within their cytoplasm or on the inner
surfaces of their cell, the mitochondria are the site of most of the reactions, including cellular
respiration, occur in eukaryotic cells. ATP is the energy currency in these cells. In other words, the
outcome of cellular respiration is as a production process for ATP (Phelan, 2010)
The first stage is called glycolysis, which can take place without the presence of molecular oxygen,
which is called anaerobic respiration. If oxygen is present in the cell, then the cell can subsequently
take

Cellular Respiration Essay
1. Is glucose the only molecule that can be catabolized during cellular respiration? Why do we use
glucose as the model? Besides glucose, other carbohydrates, as well as fats and proteins, can be
catabolized in cellular respiration. We refer to glucose in the model because, in the reaction of
glycolysis, the point of it is the breakdown of glucose (the sugar). 2. Why do hydrogen atoms
accompany electrons as they are transferred in biological systems? Electrons are accompanied by
hydrogen atoms because of their opposite charges. Because electrons have a negative one change for
each, and the hydrogens are carrying one proton, both particles are pulled to each other. 3. Why is it
thought that glycolysis is the first catabolic pathway to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Can a cell produce enough ATP to persist by using glycolysis alone? Why or why not? No, it can
not. Through the process of glycolysis, there can only be a net total of 2 ATP molecules created.
However, when you include aerobic pathways like oxidative phosphorylation, 34 more ATP
molecules are created. 5. Why do anaerobic cellular systems use fermentation? What would happen
if they didn't? Anaerobic cellular systems use fermentation to recycle NADH to NAD+. Without the
presence of fermentation, anaerobic pathways can no longer continue to process. NAD+ is used as
an electron acceptor and indirectly caused the hydrogens to cross over from molecules to molecules.
Without fermentation, ATP and pyruvate molecules cannot be created by anaerobic systems. 6. Why
do mammalian muscle cells perform lactic acid fermentation (instead of, say, ethanol fermentation)?
Lactic acid fermentation is performed by mammalian muscle cells because the process can continue
on to oxidative phosphorylation can recycle NADH back to NAD+. However, in ethanol
fermentation, the latter does not happen as well as the end product (ethanol) is harmful to the cells.
The cells exposed can die from ethanol fermentation due to the alcohol while lactic acid does no
actual damage to the

Respiration And Photosynthesis
The sun will release energy through nuclear reactions. Plants can use the light energy it releases to
produce glucose which they can store and use. The stored glucose is then consumed by a organism
in the food chain. This could be a herbivore, microorganisms or a omnivore.
An autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds like protiens,
carbohydrates, and fats. Heterotrophs function as consumers in food chains: they obtain organic
carbon by eatng other heterotrophs or autotrophs. This contrasts with autotrophs, like plants and
algae, which can use photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is used in
chemical energy. Using the energy of light, carbohydrates like sugars are synthesized from carbon
dioxide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy and reduced reactions from sunlight in
photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor during respiration. Oxygen is the
byproduct of a water molecule breaking down in the beginning of photosynthesis to supply
photosystem II with electrons. There is no role of oxygen in photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the
terminal electron acceptor during respiration.
Chemiosmosis is movement of ions across a membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It
relates to ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or
photosynthesis. ATP respiration breaks down complex molecules to release energy that is used to
make ATP.
The Calvin cycle is a set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
The cycle is independent light because it starts after the energy has been captured from sunlight. It
creates large macromolecules by attaching carbon from atmospheric CO2 to other organic
molecules. The difference between C3, and C4, plants are the process of light and their dark
reactions. They are us to save water to limit the amount of water

The Stages Of Cellular Respiration
Respiration & Photosynthesis Cycle
There are three stages of cellular respiration. Those stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and
the electron transport. During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is part into two molecules of a
compound called pyruvic acid. The compounds for glycolysis are situated in the cytoplasm. The
citric acid cycle also called the Krebs cycle finishes the breakdown of glucose the distance to CO2,
which is then discharged as a waste product. The compounds for the citric acid cycle are broken
down in the liquid inside mitochondria. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle create a small amount of
ATP. They create significantly more ATP in a roundabout way, by means of responses that exchange
electrons from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pyruvic acid holds most of the high energy of glucose. That energy is then gathered in the
second stage of cellular respiration, known as the citric acid cycle.
Following the glycolysis stage, the two molecules of pyruvic acid that remains after the glycolysis
stage are not particularly ready for the citric acid cycle. What must take place first is each pyruvic
acid loses a carbon and stands as CO2. The remaining fuel molecules, each with only two carbons
are left are called acetic acid. Electrons are then stripped from these molecules and transferred to
another molecule of NAD again forming more NADH. Lastly, each acetic acid is joined with a
molecule referred to as Coenzyme A or (CoA). CoA is an enzyme derived from the B vitamin
pantothenic acid to form acetyl CoA. The CoA takes the acetic acid into the first reaction of the
citric acid cycle and is then stripped and recycled. The citric acid cycle extracts the energy of sugar
by breaking the acetic acid down to CO2. The acetic acid accompanies a four–carbon acceptor
molecule to create a six–carbon product known as citric acid. For each acetic acid molecule that
enters the cycle as fuel two CO2 molecules exit as a waste product. En route the citric acid cycle
takes energy from the fuel. Some of that particular energy is used to produce ATP. Nonetheless, the
cycle catches more energy in the form of NADH and another relative electron hauler referred to as
FADH2.
The primary stop in the way down the

The Importance Of Cellular Respiration
¬¬Aldo San Pedro BIO 196–2023 Sharma October 30 2017 Writing Assignment #2 Cellular
Respiration is one of the most important biochemical reactions. Through a serious of reactions, it is
how we get energy from the foods we eat. First in this reaction pathway is glycolysis, or the
oxidation of glucose, which occurs in the cytosol in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Glucose, a
monosaccharide derived from the food we eat, is oxidized into 2 intermediate molecules named
pyruvate and energy is released. This process is powered by 2 ATP molecules. ATP can be thought
as the "energy currency" of a cell. In addition, the oxidation of glucose powers the phosphorylation
of 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP molecules (producing 2 net ATP in the process), and reduces 2
molecules of the electron carrier NAD+ into 2 NADH Next, if oxygen is present, the two
aforementioned pyruvate molecules are oxidized into 2 molecules of acetyl–CoA in the cytosol. This
reaction releases two molecules of CO2 and reduces 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH. In eukaryotes, the two
acetyl–CoA molecules then enter the mitochondrial matrix to be oxidized even further in the citric
acid cycle. In prokaryotes, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. In this stage, acetyl–CoA
combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Citrate is then oxidized into a number of intermediates,
generating energy. This process occurs twice for each glucose molecule. The products of the citric
acid cycle for one

Photosynthesis and Respiration
All organisms on earth depend on photosynthesis, in which light energy is used to make sugar and
other food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. For example, plants and other photo–
synthesizers need only energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from air, and water from the soil to
make the sugar glucose. Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process on earth because it
provides food for virtually all organisms, not only for photo–synthesizers but for the organisms that
eat them. Plants can capture the energy of the sun by a chemical process called photosynthesis. This
chemical reaction can be described by the following simple equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
The product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CO2 is converted into malic acid and then converted back to CO2 during the day when light is
present, thus producing sugars, while the stomata are closed and greatly reducing water loss. Plants
convert the energy from light into simple sugars, such as glucose. This food may be converted back
to water and carbon dioxide, releasing the stored energy through a process called respiration. This
energy is required for growth in nearly all organisms. Simple sugars are also converted to other
sugars and starches (carbohydrates) which may be transported to the stems and roots for use or
storage, or they may be used as building blocks for more complex structures, e.g. oils, pigments,
proteins, cell walls, etc. Photosynthesis is dependent on the availability of light. In other words, as
sunlight increases in intensity photosynthesis increases. This results in greater food production.
Many garden crops, such as tomatoes, respond best to maximum sunlight. Tomato production is cut
drastically as light intensities drop. Only two or three varieties of "greenhouse" tomatoes will
produce any fruit when sunlight is minimal in fall and spring. Water plays an important role in
photosynthesis in several ways. First, it maintains a plant's turgor or the firmness or fullness of plant
tissue. Turgor pressure in a cell can be compared to air in an inflated balloon. Water pressure or
turgor is needed in plant cells to maintain shape and ensure

Cellular respiration is a sequence of three metabolic stages. Stage one is glycolysis and occurs in the
cytoplasm. Stages two and three occur in the mitochondria and are respectively called the Krebs
cycle and the electron transport chain. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use these metabolic stages
to produce the energy required to grow, reproduce and undertake maintenance, in the form of ATP
(Flinders University , 2018). A step in the Krebs cycle can see an enzyme catalysed conversion of
succinate to fumarate where an electron is transferred from one complex to another, a redox reaction
(Knox, et al., n.d.). Substrate concentration is a variable used to increase the rate of a reaction. It is a
limiting factor however, up until a certain point, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flinders University , 2018. Biology Molecular Basis of Life: General Information and Laboratory
Manual. Adelaide : College of Science and Engineering.
Hancock, C. N., Wei Liu, W., Alvord, G. & Phang, J. M., 2016. Amino Acids. Co–regulation of
mitochondrial respiration by proline dehydrogenase/oxidase and succinate, 48(3), pp. 859–872.
Jones, A. E. & H., G., 1963. Oxidation of succinate and the control of the citric acid cycle in the
mitochondria of guinea–pig liver, mammary gland and kidney. Biochemical Journal, 87(3), p. 639–
648.
Knox, B., Ladiges, P., Evans, B. & Saint, R., n.d. Biology: An Australian Focus. 5th Edition ed.
North Ryde(New South Wales): McGraw Hill Australia PTY LTD.
Qquagliariello, E. & Palmieri, F., 1968. Control of Succinate Oxidation by Succinate‐Uptake by
Rat‐Liver Mitochondria. European Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 4(1), pp. 20–27.
Uddin, N., 2012. Enzyme Concentration, Substrate Concentration and Temperature based Formulas
for obtaining intermediate values of the rate of enzymatic reaction using Lagrangian polynomial.
International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1(3), pp.

ATPAnd Cellular Respiration
1–) What does ATP stand for?
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate. It is a coenzyme that cells use to store energy. Also ATP is
present in all cell's cytoplasm and nucleus as well because it's vital for proper life functions in plants
and animals.
2–) How many ATP molecules are produced by Cellular Respiration and by Fermentation?
By Cellular Respiration there are 38 molecules that can be made per oxidized glucose molecule: 2
from the Krebs cycle, 2 from glycolysis, and an average of 34 from the electron transport system.
On the other hand Fermentation is less efficient when using the energy from glucose , which is only
2 ATP produced per glucose.
3–) Please name the parts of the cell cycle
G1 phase : prepares the cell to go into the

Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis
Plants are made up of eukaryotic cells that are responsible for the survival of all living organisms.
There are two processes that occur within plant cells to help produce the oxygen we breathe. These
processes are called photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is a reaction in which
light energy is converted into glucose and ATP. The chemical equation for this reaction is
CO2+H2O+light energy–––>C6H12O6+O2. This reaction takes place in the chloroplast of a plant
cell. There are two parts that make up photosynthesis: the light reactions that occur in the thylakoid
membrane, and the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma. The light reactions are made up of two
electron transport chains: Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI). To start, light energy from
the sun excites an electron in PSII and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air,
to produce glucose. The CO2 is converted into glucose in a process called carbon fixation. This
glucose molecule will be used in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a reaction in which
glucose is converted into ATP. The chemical equation is C6H12O6+O2–––>CO2+H2O+energy.
There are three parts that make up this reaction: glycolysis which occurs in the cytosol, the Kreb's
cycle which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation which occurs in the
cristae of the mitochondria. First, glycolysis, a catabolic reaction, will break glucose down into two
molecules of pyruvate. During this process, two NADH and two ATP are gained. The two pyruvate
are then converted into acetyl–CoA and used in the Kreb's cycle, which is another catabolic reaction.
This conversion produces one NADH and CO2. During the Kreb's cycle, the two acetyl–CoA will
be used up to produce six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATP, with waste products of H2O and

What Is Cellular Respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process and series of metabolic reactions that turns chemical energy into
the useable energy source, ATP. Since it depends on a variety of factors, there are also many things
that can inhibit its completion, like nitric oxide, an endogenously produced substance that can be
toxic, particularly affecting the cytochrome C complex in cellular respiration. Haem oxygenase, an
enzyme, "catalyse[s] the oxidative degradation of haem to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO),
accompanied by the release of ferrous iron" (D'Amico et.al, 2006). The carbon monoxide released
was viewed as "toxic," but it has actually been found to "significantly increase cellular cGMP
concentrations," and "increase the activity of calcium–activated potassium channels," which can
reverse the "hypoxia–induced inhibition" of these channels (D'Amico et.al). Nitric oxide's binding to
cytochrome C oxidase in the electron transport chain can inhibit mitochondrial respiration, but it is
unclear if endogenous CO's binding to the CCO can also do so.

Respiration is defined as the process of taking air into the body. Cellular respiration is much more
complex. An organism consists of a single cell and even while a humans body contain trillions, all
cells undergo cellular respiration. It also is by this process of breaking down food molecules which
are simple sugars that produces the energy currency of the cell, also known as Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP).
The way that photosynthesis works is by capturing light energy. This energy is captured in chemical
bonds, and meaning that plants use radiant energy to fix molecules together. This is how plants
provide their own nutrition from carbondioxide, water, and minerals. Also as part of this process,
oxygen is released in the atmosphere which

Aerobic Respiration And Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration, also known as cellular respiration, is an essential process for the production of
ATP and occurs in 3 metabolic stages. The stages included are glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation. Throughout the whole process, glucose or various other saccharides are
broken down, producing CO2, ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, and FADH2. Aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration are very similar, the only difference is the final electron acceptor, as Aerobic
respiration involves oxygen. In order to study and detect how much cellular respiration occurs in an
organism, the amount of glucose used, the amount of oxygen consumed, or the amount of CO2
given off can be measured. Bread, wine, and beer are all made from yeast. Yeast must go through
cellular respiration and produce CO2 in order for the bread to rise and form properly; however,
different monosaccharides may affect the level of CO2, measured in mL, given off by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (found in yeast), while affecting yeast's ability to metabolize during
glycolysis. Durham tubes (a sealed, cut–off 5 mL, pipette) can be used to measure the amount of
CO2 produced as the yeast metabolizes.
The approached used was to test the level of CO2 (mL) production, after different solutions with 1.5
mL of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 4.5 mL and either 1M of glucose, fructose, or galactose go
through cellular respiration. The higher level of CO2 produced indicates the more cellular
respiration that took place. A

Name________Darrien Bolding_____________ Date________________
Cellular Respiration Webquest Worksheet (from: http://zunal.com/webquest.php?user=19049)
Directions: Answer in your own words behind or under the questions. Do not copy and paste unless
told to do so and then use quotes.
Part I. Process Overview
http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/respintro.html Read the entire page! These questions are not
in order! How is cellular respiration like combustion (burning)? [2nd paragraph] Its releasing
energy. How is cellular respiration unlike combustion? The molecules from which we harvest
energy give up their energy in a controlled fashion rather than all at once as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Find a labeled diagram of the mitochondria, attach it to this page, and place the web address next to
the picture. [pic] http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cellresp/krebs.html What molecule must be
produced from pyruvate in order to enter the Krebs' cycle? [Hint: look at the word under pyruvate.]
Glyloysis. What gas is given off during the above reaction? Carbon. What molecule is reduced by
removing an electron? Succinyl. How many steps are involved in the entire cycle? 10. How many
CO2 molecules are produced per pyruvate? 3 How many CO2 molecules are produced per glucose?
1 How many NADH2 molecules are produced per pyruvate? 3 How many FADH2 molecules are
produced per glucose? 1 How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule in the Krebs' cycle? 4
Show where CO2, ATP, NADH2 and FADH are produced in the cycle below by arrows coming off
the cycle or find a simplified picture to copy and paste just be sure to paste the web site address next
to it.

Biology: Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the oxidation of organic compounds that occurs within cells, producing
energy for cellular processes. Cellular respiration is very significant because without it humans and
other animals couldn't generate energy for basic functions. "Sir Hans Adolf Krebs received the
Nobel prize for medicine in 1953 for his discovery of the Krebs cycle in 1937"(Share). Long before
Krebs discovered the Krebs cycle (which is one of three stages of cellular respiration), cellular
respiration was taking place. Cellular respiration is an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat
(energy). The energy produced in cellular respiration is in the form of ATP molecules. The most
common form of cellular respiration is

Cellular Respiration Paper
Cellular respiration is used for the production of energy and the removal of waste products. The two
types of cellular respiration are aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is used and anaerobic
respiration, in which oxygen is not needed. (Jasuja et al, 2013). Aerobic respiration is used in every
cell but anaerobic respiration is usually used in prokaryotic cells. Both take place in the
mitochondria and cytoplasm and have 3 stages of respiration; glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron
transport chain. In the end of the reaction, there is a "production of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
for aerobic respiration whereas anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, reduced species and
ATP" (Jasuja et al, 2013). The production of alcohol is present ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The overall end products of alcohol fermentation are carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol) (Morton,
1980). "This is achieved by the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid and then the enzymes pyruvate
decarboxylase and alcoholic dehydrogenase replace the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. These newly
formed enzymes finally cause pyruvic acid to convert into the end products that are ethanol and
carbon dioxide" (Morton, 1980). The factors that might affect changes in the end products that may
be produced can be the temperature of the glucose solution and sugar concentration. The rate of
reaction increases as temperatures increase but only till a certain optimal point and then it is starting
to decrease the rate of the reaction. If there is an increase in the concentration of sugar then there
will be an increase in the reaction

The purpose of the Cellular Respiration lab was to identify if cellular respiration is sped up due to
exercise. To conduct the experiment each student filled a beaker with 15 ml of water and three drops
of bromothymol blue. Next each student blew into the beaker through a straw until the water mix
turns yellow. When carbon dioxide is added too bromothymol blue it changes to a yellow color.
Each student times how long it takes for the water to turn yellow, records the data, and then reset the
lab. Subsequently the student would exercise for a total of five minutes and then repeating the lab,
again recording how long it takes for the water mix to turn yellow.
Above a graph illustrates the data that my group collected for the experiment. The blue bar graph
represents the time it took to turn the bromothymol blue, yellow without exercise and the red bar
graph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the visualisation of the graph and the data my group collected we were able to notice that after
we exercised the bromothymol blue turned yellow an average of 1.41 seconds faster than when there
was no exercise. For example, when I conducted the experiment without any exercise it took me
7.38 seconds to turn the bromothymol blue, yellow; however, when I exercised for five minuets it
only took 4.88 seconds to turn the mix yellow, a standard 1.5 seconds faster. In the experiment, the
hypothesis that was made stated that cellular respiration would occur faster with addition of
exercise. Given the data that was presented via the lab, our group was able to conduct that this
hypothesis was proven correct, with all of our groups speed of color change speeding with the
addition of exercise. This occurs because when the body is exercising the cells need a higher amount
of oxygen in a

Synthesis Of Cellular Respiration
Introduction
Cellular respiration is a vital process that breaks down glucose to create energy. It takes place in
aerobic organisms, meaning they require oxygen. The first step in this process is glycolysis where
the breakdown of glucose occurs. After this oxidation of the glucose molecule, it becomes a
pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and gives away two electrons that convert NADs to NADHs. The
pyruvate then enters the mitochondria where it is transformed into acetyl CoA by oxidizing one of
the carbons in the pyruvate to co2 (Freeman, 2017). If oxygen is present, this molecule will continue
to the citric cycle where it will undergo a series of eight mediated steps where the energy from the
acetyl CoA is released to produce FADH and ATP (Freeman, 2017). In the 6th step of the citric acid
cycle, succinate is oxidized to fumarate, giving away its electrons which reduces FAD to FADH2.
These electrons are then transported to the electron transport chain where ATP, the main goal of
cellular respiration, is produced. In this experiment, by substituting with an alternate electron
acceptor, we can see and monitor just how quickly the reaction occurs in the presence of more
succinate. Because DCPIP turns from blue to colorless as it becomes reduced, by measuring the
transmittance of different samples, it will show the amount of DCPIP that has been reduced. If
different amounts of succinate are added to the mitochondrial suspension, then the solution
containing the most amount of succinate

A Comparison Of Life And Respiration For Speech
A Comparison of Respiration for Life and Respiration for Speech Respiration is a necessary bodily
function in sustaining life. Its basic objective is to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide by
way of four stages: ventilation, distribution, perfusion, and diffusion (Seikel, Drumright, & King,
2016, p. 147). Respiration is also vital to the production of speech, but the way in which respiration
occurs while producing speech is different than the process of respiration for life in a few ways.
Respiration for life is a passive process while respiration for speech is an active process, requiring
some conscious effort. During respiration for speech, the respiration cycle is altered in order to
maintain appropriate pressures and volumes needed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoracic muscles involved in forced expiration include the interosseous portion of the internal
intercostals, innermost intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcostals, and serratus posterior inferior.
The function of the interosseous portion of the internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals is
to depress ribs 1–11. The transversus thoracis are found on the inner surface of the rib cage and
function to depress the rib cage for forced expiration. Within the inner wall of the thorax the
subcostals can be found, functioning to depress the thorax. Contraction of the serratus posterior
inferior muscles helps to pull the rib cage down, supporting expiration. Abdominal muscles of
expiration include the transversus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique
abdominis, rectus abdominis, and quadratus lumborum. Of all the anterior abdominal muscles, the
transversus abdominis is the deepest and its function is to compress the abdomen. Positioned in
between the transversus abdominis and the external oblique abdominis, the internal oblique
abdominis rotates and flexes the trunk as well as compresses the abdomen. The most superficial and
biggest group of abdominal muscles are the external oblique abdominis. When these muscles
contract bilaterally, they flex the vertebral column and compress the abdomen. When they are
contracted unilaterally, they rotate the trunk. The rectus abdominis muscles run along the midline of
the body and are responsible for flexion of the vertebral

The Respiratory System And The Physiology Behind Pulmonary...
DECLARATION
I hold a copy of this assignment that I can produce if the original is lost or damaged.
I hereby certify that no part of this assignment/product has been copied from any other student's
work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment. No
part of this assignment/product has been written/produced for me by another person except where
such collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned.
Signature: Reuel Avishek Mudliar Date: 20/10/14
PRACTICAL REPORT: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The complexity of the respiratory system and the physiology behind pulmonary respiration can be
considered extraordinary high. Within the single system, individual organs, actions and co–
ordinations are culminated to equate in the survival of humans. The respiratory system carries out
many roles within the body; control of bodily pH, aid in speech production and olfaction, regulation
of blood pressure and promotion of venous and lymphatic flow. Although these function are
necessary to optimally function, the exchange of gases from the internal bodily environment to the
external bodily environment is the most important function and role of the respiratory system
(Martini, Ober, Nath 2011).
Control of respiration is both voluntary and involuntary, the respiratory system is predominately
controlled by the autonomic nervous system centralized in the brainstem. The centres specifically
responsible are the

Cellular Respiration

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