Cells
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Cells are the smallest living units that make up all organisms. They come in two main types - single-celled organisms and multi-celled organisms made up of many cells. Cells have a membrane boundary and internal structures called organelles that allow materials to move in and out. Cells are small because as size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases, making it harder for cells to exchange materials through their membranes as they would need more food but have less surface area for material transport.
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Cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. Cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, a vacuole, and cell wall. Cells can be specialized, such as root hair cells, leaf cells, red blood cells, and nerve cells in animals or phloem and xylem tissues in plants. Cells combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of life. They make up all living things, including plants and animals. Plant and animal cells contain similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, which perform similar functions like producing energy and controlling processes. However, plant and animal cells also contain some unique structures that allow them to perform specialized functions essential to their type of cell. Cells carry out important processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport to maintain functions.
Cells
This document summarizes the key structures and organelles found within prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane as well as other organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles that perform specialized functions. The document also provides diagrams and descriptions of these various cellular components.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-storing molecules like glucose. The overall equation is: carbon dioxide + water + energy (light) → glucose + oxygen. For photosynthesis to take place, a plant needs carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and light energy from the sun. Oxygen is released as a byproduct and sugars are produced and transported throughout the plant.
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This document discusses and compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It provides information on their key structures and functions. Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and include bacteria. They have a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and can reproduce asexually. Eukaryotic cells are larger, have membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Examples of eukaryotes include plants, animals and fungi. The document provides details on specific structures like the nucleus, cell membrane, and flagella in both cell types.
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Specialized cells in plants and animals have unique structures and functions. The document discusses several types of specialized cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells, palisade cells, and xylem cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body while white blood cells protect the body by killing bacteria. Nerve cells carry electrical signals and coordinate functions. Muscle cells allow movement by contracting. Sperm and egg cells are reproductive cells that combine during fertilization. Root hair cells absorb water and minerals in plant roots. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis. Xylem cells transport water and provide structure in plant stems.
Plant and animal cells slideshow
This document discusses and compares the organelles found in plant and animal cells. It describes the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi complex. The cell membrane shapes the cell and regulates what enters and exits, while the cell wall provides structure and protection only in plant cells. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Vacuoles provide structure, storage, and waste disposal and are larger in plant cells. Other organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi complex have similar functions in both plant and animal cells, such as generating energy
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Cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. Cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, a vacuole, and cell wall. Cells can be specialized, such as root hair cells, leaf cells, red blood cells, and nerve cells in animals or phloem and xylem tissues in plants. Cells combine to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells
Cells are the basic unit of life. They make up all living things, including plants and animals. Plant and animal cells contain similar structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, which perform similar functions like producing energy and controlling processes. However, plant and animal cells also contain some unique structures that allow them to perform specialized functions essential to their type of cell. Cells carry out important processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport to maintain functions.
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This document summarizes the key structures and organelles found within prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane as well as other organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and vacuoles that perform specialized functions. The document also provides diagrams and descriptions of these various cellular components.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-storing molecules like glucose. The overall equation is: carbon dioxide + water + energy (light) → glucose + oxygen. For photosynthesis to take place, a plant needs carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and light energy from the sun. Oxygen is released as a byproduct and sugars are produced and transported throughout the plant.
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Specialized cells in plants and animals have unique structures and functions. The document discusses several types of specialized cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells, palisade cells, and xylem cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body while white blood cells protect the body by killing bacteria. Nerve cells carry electrical signals and coordinate functions. Muscle cells allow movement by contracting. Sperm and egg cells are reproductive cells that combine during fertilization. Root hair cells absorb water and minerals in plant roots. Palisade cells contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis. Xylem cells transport water and provide structure in plant stems.
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Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - animal cells and plant cells. Cells have several organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. Organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell membrane. In multicellular organisms, cells combine to form tissues like muscle and epithelial tissue. Multiple tissue types combine to create organs such as the heart and liver. Organ systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems are made of different organs working together. The human body contains many organ systems that function as a whole to form a living organism.
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The document discusses cells and microscopy. It begins by explaining that cells are the basic units of structure and function for living things. It then describes some early microscopists like Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden and Schwann and their discoveries about cells. Their findings led to the widely accepted Cell Theory which states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic functional units, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also provides details about parts of microscopes and different types of microscopes used to study cells.
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This document provides information on the four basic tissue types found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. It focuses specifically on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, classification, and major types. Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell layers, cell shape, and surface modifications. The major epithelial tissue types are simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, and glandular epithelium. Glands are further classified based on their structure, secretory mechanism, and secretory products.
Cells powerhouse carpenter.pptx
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
epithelia Tissues.pptx
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types found in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, classification, and major types. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and linings and is classified based on cell layers, cell shape, and surface modifications. The major epithelial tissue types are simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, and glandular epithelium. Glands are classified based on their structure, secretory mechanism, and secretory products.
Cell structure lecture
The document discusses the basic structure and organization of cells. It begins by outlining the main characteristics of living things and then describes the different levels of organization, from atoms and molecules up to biomes and the biosphere. It then provides details on the basic structure of plant and animal cells, including the organelles and their functions. It discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes specialized cell types.
Cell structure and functions
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. All organisms are composed of cells, which can exist as unicellular organisms like bacteria or as multicellular organisms like plants and animals. Cells were first observed in the 1600s by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek using early microscopes. It was later established that cells are the fundamental unit of life by scientists in the 1830s. Cells contain organelles and come in various shapes and sizes but all have the same basic chemical composition and their activity determines the structure and function of the organism.
Cell Story.SlidesMania.pptx
This document provides an overview of a science module on cells. It includes two lessons, one on animal cells and one on plant cells. The module aims to differentiate between animal and plant cells based on the presence or absence of certain organelles. It begins with sample test questions to assess understanding of cell structures and functions. These include defining a cell, identifying the cytoplasm, and outlining the roles of the nucleus and cell membrane. The document then provides a brief history of cell discovery, noting that Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope and Robert Hooke first observed and named plant cells. It describes the major parts of the animal cell and their functions.
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Cells
- 1. Cells
- 2. CellsThe Building Blocks of Life Cell theory- states that cells are the smallest living unit in all organisms and that all cells come from other cells.
- 3. Cells: the Basic Building Blocks of Life Single Celled Organism- live on their own Multi Celled Organism- live dependant on other cells Bacteria Red Blood Cells
- 4. Parts Membrane- external boundary of cell that allows materials for life in and out Organelles- specialized internal structures
- 5. Why are cells so small? Volume= how much space does it take up? Surface area= how much ‘skin’ does it have?
- 6. Why are cells so small? Calculate the SA and Vol of a sphere that has a radius of 1.5 cm. Calculate the SA and Vol of a sphere that has a radius of 15 cm. SA= 28 cm squared 14/28=0.5 Vol=14 cm cubed SA= 2800 cm squared Vol=14000 cm cubed 14000/2800=5
- 7. Why are cells so small? Vol to SA = 8 to 4 Vol to SA= 4 to 4
- 8. Why are cells so small? Volume is how much room we have- so we can fill all that space with food coming in or waste going out. Surface area is how much room we have to move items in and out. The bigger the cell, the more waste it produces and food it needs, but the less it can move those across the membrane.
- 9. Questions ?
Editor's Notes
- Cells- Ch 4
- Note the legos- legos are made of plastic but being plastic does not mean something is a lego. The picture on the right is a cell dividing.
- Which cell needs other cells to help it survive? (RBC)
- Find the membrane. Identify how many different organelles are displayed on this picture.
- Cells in general are tiny (with the exception of bird eggs). This has to do with some basic math. This diagram gives you the equations to calculate Surface Area and Volume of a sphere.
- When comparing the surface area to the volume- we see a huge difference as the size gets larger. The bigger the cell, the more volume to surface area.
- If food can’t get in or wastes can’t get out efficiently, a cell will die. Just like these trucks will back up in the parking lot.
- (like how many trucks can we fit in a parking lot)(like how many roads to move trucks)
- We will continue with a worksheet to practice the math and see how size affects a cell.