This document provides a review of cell structure and theory for an IB Biology exam. It includes review questions about the three statements of cell theory, examples of cells that challenge cell theory guidelines like multinucleated cells and single-celled organisms, structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, organelle functions, differences between plant and animal cells, and how stem cells differentiate into specialized cells.

1. IB Biology: Cell Structure Review (1.1-1.2) NAME:
1. What are the three fundamental statements of cell theory?
i.
ii.
iii.
2. Some types of cells seem to challenge the common guidelines of cell theory…
a. Give an example of cells which are multinucleated (have more than one nucleus): __________________________
b. Give an example of an organism which can be a ‘giant’ single cell: __________________________
c. Why are viruses often considered ‘acellular’ or even non-living?
3. What is the magnification of these images?
a. Scale bar 10µm measures 40 mm on the image:
b. Scale bar 5nm measures 25mm on the image.
4. A micrograph has a scale bar of 2µm, which measures 40mm on the image. Measuring the maximum length of the cell in
the image, the ruler reads 180mm. How long is the cell (actual size)?
5. What are the advantages of maximizing the surface area:volume ratio in a cell?
6. As the volume of a cell increases,what happens to…? (increase/ decrease)
a. Production of waste products: _________________________
b. Usage of nutrients and oxygen: _________________________
c. The surface area:volume ratio: _________________________
7. Suggest things a large cell might do (structurally) to maximize its surface area:volume ratio.
8. State the 7 ‘functions of life:’

2. 9. Describe what is meant by the term emergent properties and how they relate to cells.
10. This is an electron micrograph of the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
a. What is the magnification of this image?
b. What is the maximum (actual) length of the main body of the cell?
c. What is the name and function of this structure?
d. S. typhi and E. coli are examples of prokaryotes. What does the term ‘prokaryote’ mean?
11. In the space below, draw and label (with names and functions),the structure of a generalized prokaryote cell. Include
capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, flagella, nucleoid (naked DNA), cytoplasm, and ribosomes (70s).
12. In the table below, complete the comparison between prokaryote and eukaryote cells:
Prokaryote Eukaryote
70S Ribosomes
Nucleus contains DNA
DNA associated with protein
No mitochondria, Golgi, or ER
Circular DNA
Reproduces by binary fission
Contains membrane-bound organelles
10-100 micrometers
13. This image is a transmission electron micrograph of a bacterium.
a. Identify the labeled structures
I………………………………
II……………………………..
III…………………………….
IV…………………………….
b. Calculate the magnification of the image:

3. 14. The image below shows a TEM micrograph of a liver cell.
a. Identify the labeled structures: cell membrane, nuclear membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Calculate the magnification of the
image, right:
c. Calculate the maximum (actual)
diameter of the nucleus:
15. Outline the functions of these eukaryotic organelles:
Organelle Structure (description) Function of organelle
Region of the cell containing chromosomes, surrounded
by a double membrane, in which there are pores.
Storage and protection of genetic information on
chromosomes.
Ribosome
Small spherical subunit consisting oftwo subunits,some
attached to membranes, others free.
Spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane,
containing digestive enzymes.
Digestion of structures and molecules that are not
needed in the cell.
Organelles surrounded by two membranes, the inner of
which is folded inwards.
Chloroplast
Double-membrane containing layers of membranes
(thylakoid stacks) and the pigment chlorophyll.
Large, folding membrane structure found close to the
nucleus, with ribosomes attached to some surfaces.
Golgi
Apparatus
Large, folded membrane structure found close to the
plasma membrane, often with vesicles budding off the
outer edge.
16. State at least three differences between plant and animal cells.
17. Explain how cells of multicellular organisms differentiate from stem cells to become specialized cells.