Cell division basics
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Cell division is necessary for growth, reproduction and repair of organisms. Mitosis produces two cells from one parent cell with the same number of chromosomes, while meiosis produces four reproductive cells from one parent cell with only half the number of chromosomes, resulting in sperms and ova with 23 chromosomes each.
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Mitosis and meiosis
This document provides an overview of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for cell growth and replacement in the human body. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis involves two cell divisions while mitosis involves one, and meiosis results in genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I.
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
The document compares and contrasts the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs in body cells and results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and is involved in growth and cellular reproduction. Meiosis occurs in sex cells and results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes, and is involved in sexual reproduction and producing genetic variation in offspring.
Brief summary ofSpermatogenisis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. Sperm stem cells called spermatogonia divide through mitosis in the seminiferous tubules to form spermatocytes. These spermatocytes then undergo meiosis, which involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome number and produce four haploid spermatids. The spermatids then differentiate through spermiogenesis into mature sperm over 10 weeks, developing a head, midpiece, and tail.
Mitosis/Cellular Division
Mitosis is a process of cell division that occurs in somatic cells to allow for organism growth, tissue repair, and cell replacement. During mitosis, the genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. There are four main phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes condense and align before separating into the two daughter cells. Mitosis is important for multicellular organisms as it replaces dead cells and allows the organism to continue growing and repairing tissues and organs.
Cell reproduction sunday
Cells reproduce through the process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells that have identical sets of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis is responsible for growth, development, and replacing injured or worn out cells throughout the body. Meiosis is a process that occurs during sexual reproduction where one cell divides into four cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes, so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the normal chromosome number is restored. The key difference between mitosis and meiosis occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where the pairs of homologous chromosomes align and then separate, resulting in daughter cells with half the normal chromosome number.
Organismal 2
1. The document discusses the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and cell division. It describes how cell growth triggers cell division, with the cell membrane growing more slowly than the cytoplasm.
2. Mitosis is described as nuclear division that copies a cell's DNA so each daughter cell has identical DNA. The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
3. Meiosis produces gametes and involves two nuclear divisions. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, resulting in haploid gametes. Fertilization of an egg and sperm restores diploidy.
Presentation
This document discusses cellular reproduction and development. It explains that body cells contain 46 chromosomes while gametes contain 23 through mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis produces gametes for fertilization, which leads to embryo development over 5 days from a zygote to a blastocyst. The document also outlines spermatogenesis and oogenesis, describing the processes that generate mature sperm and eggs.
Mitosis
This document discusses the process of mitosis in cells. It explains that mitosis allows organisms to grow, repair damaged tissue, and replace dead cells. The key phases of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these phases, chromosomes condense and duplicate, then separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two identical daughter cells each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. Cancer occurs when cells lose controls on the cell cycle and continue dividing uncontrollably.
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Mitosis and meiosis
This document provides an overview of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for cell growth and replacement in the human body. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Both processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The key differences are that meiosis involves two cell divisions while mitosis involves one, and meiosis results in genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I.
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
The document compares and contrasts the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis occurs in body cells and results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and is involved in growth and cellular reproduction. Meiosis occurs in sex cells and results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes, and is involved in sexual reproduction and producing genetic variation in offspring.
Brief summary ofSpermatogenisis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. Sperm stem cells called spermatogonia divide through mitosis in the seminiferous tubules to form spermatocytes. These spermatocytes then undergo meiosis, which involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome number and produce four haploid spermatids. The spermatids then differentiate through spermiogenesis into mature sperm over 10 weeks, developing a head, midpiece, and tail.
Mitosis/Cellular Division
Mitosis is a process of cell division that occurs in somatic cells to allow for organism growth, tissue repair, and cell replacement. During mitosis, the genetic material in the nucleus is duplicated and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. There are four main phases of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes condense and align before separating into the two daughter cells. Mitosis is important for multicellular organisms as it replaces dead cells and allows the organism to continue growing and repairing tissues and organs.
Cell reproduction sunday
Cells reproduce through the process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells that have identical sets of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis is responsible for growth, development, and replacing injured or worn out cells throughout the body. Meiosis is a process that occurs during sexual reproduction where one cell divides into four cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes, so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the normal chromosome number is restored. The key difference between mitosis and meiosis occurs during prophase I of meiosis, where the pairs of homologous chromosomes align and then separate, resulting in daughter cells with half the normal chromosome number.
Organismal 2
1. The document discusses the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and cell division. It describes how cell growth triggers cell division, with the cell membrane growing more slowly than the cytoplasm.
2. Mitosis is described as nuclear division that copies a cell's DNA so each daughter cell has identical DNA. The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
3. Meiosis produces gametes and involves two nuclear divisions. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, resulting in haploid gametes. Fertilization of an egg and sperm restores diploidy.
Presentation
This document discusses cellular reproduction and development. It explains that body cells contain 46 chromosomes while gametes contain 23 through mitosis and meiosis. Meiosis produces gametes for fertilization, which leads to embryo development over 5 days from a zygote to a blastocyst. The document also outlines spermatogenesis and oogenesis, describing the processes that generate mature sperm and eggs.
Mitosis
This document discusses the process of mitosis in cells. It explains that mitosis allows organisms to grow, repair damaged tissue, and replace dead cells. The key phases of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these phases, chromosomes condense and duplicate, then separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, forming two identical daughter cells each with the same number and type of chromosomes as the original cell. Cancer occurs when cells lose controls on the cell cycle and continue dividing uncontrollably.
08 lecture presentation
Cell reproduction, or cell division, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. During cell division, the parent cell duplicates its chromosomes and distributes one copy to each daughter cell. This ensures that each daughter cell has the full complement of genetic information. Cell division allows for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, which produces gametes like eggs and sperm that each contain half the number of chromosomes. When a gamete from each parent joins during fertilization, a new individual is formed with a unique combination of genes from both parents. This genetic variation contributes to evolution in species.
Gift thamsanqa lubisi meiosis
Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid parent cell. It includes one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate so that each daughter cell receives one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell. Meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
Chapter 8 notes bio
Cellular transport includes passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which uses energy. There are three types of passive transport - simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis. The cell cycle involves interphase where the cell grows and prepares for division, mitosis where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis where the cell divides. Cancer occurs when cell growth is uncontrolled resulting in tumors that can metastasize throughout the body.
Cell division-mitosis-meiosis
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis in regular body cells, which is to keep cells living and growing. It then goes into more detail about the specific phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The document also discusses why cells divide, noting that there is a size limit after which cells must divide to continue taking in nutrients and removing waste. Finally, it covers meiosis and how this process in gamete cells maintains a chromosome count of 46 in offspring while also ensuring genetic diversity between parents and children.
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Cell division-mitosis-meiosis-1225581257073362-9
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis in regular body cells: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Cells undergo mitosis to grow and multiply while maintaining an identical set of chromosomes. The document then covers meiosis, which occurs in gamete cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count, ensuring genetic diversity between offspring while maintaining the species' overall chromosome number. In summary, mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division that allow organisms to grow, repair tissues, and sexually reproduce.
Cell division
Prokaryotic cells undergo binary fission, where the chromosome duplicates and the cell grows until it splits into two cells each with a complete chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis, a process with four phases - prophase where chromosomes condense, metaphase where they align in the center, anaphase where chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite ends, and telophase where the cell divides into two new cells. Mitosis results in two daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Interphase precedes mitosis where each chromosome makes a copy of itself.
Stem cell culture
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
Banana phone cassie
Cells are the basic unit of life and undergo mitosis and meiosis to grow bodies and create new life. Mitosis uses cell division to repair damage and build the body through growth, resulting in two daughter cells. Meiosis creates egg and sperm cells through a more complex process involving two cell divisions and an exchange of genetic material, resulting in four haploid cells. Both processes involve the same six phases - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis - but have different purposes and outcomes.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
1 5 chapter 5. cell division-ali-2013
1. The document discusses cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It defines the stages of the cell cycle and explains what occurs in each phase.
2. Mitosis and meiosis are described as two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and occurs in body cells, while meiosis produces gametes and reduces chromosome number.
3. The stages of mitosis and meiosis are defined in detail, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is noted to have two rounds of division while mitosis only has one.
Concept 12.1
Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells and allows organisms to reproduce their own kind. It occurs through the cell cycle, where a cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Eukaryotic cells package their DNA into chromosomes found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are duplicated and separated into sister chromatids during cell division. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
Cell division
Cell division, also known as mitosis, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. It occurs through mitosis and is the process by which somatic cells replicate, as well as for tissue growth and repair. Meiosis produces gametes, or sex cells, which have half the number of chromosomes and undergo fusion during fertilization to form a single cell with a full chromosome count.
Chapter 5
Every human begins as a single cell from the union of an egg and sperm. This single cell divides through mitosis and meiosis to form the trillions that make up the adult body. Cell division occurs through two main types - mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces chromosome number in sex cells or gametes involved in sexual reproduction.
Cell project by Leonardo
The document discusses cells and cell theory. [1] Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1664 while examining cork under a microscope and coined the term. [2] Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann later proposed cell theory, which states that all organisms are made of one or more cells and cells only arise from pre-existing cells. [3] Cells exist in various shapes and sizes depending on their function, and can be observed under a microscope.
BU4.2 Cell Cycle & Mitosis
This document summarizes the cell cycle and cellular division. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Mitosis is the specific stage of the cell cycle where the cell nucleus divides. Mitosis consists of four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cellular division and forming two daughter cells. The process ensures cells do not become too large and replaces damaged or dead cells to allow organisms to grow.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes such as eggs and sperm. It involves two rounds of cell division that reduce the number of chromosomes by half. This contrasts with mitosis, which produces identical body cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, resulting in four haploid cells at the end with only one chromosome from each pair.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 4 - 4.6 Growth in multicellular organisms
Growth in multicellular organisms involves two main processes - growth and development. Growth refers to a permanent increase in size through cell division and cell enlargement. It follows distinct phases including cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation. Development refers to qualitative changes that involve cell specialization. Growth can be measured through parameters like height, weight, surface area, fresh mass, and dry mass. Primary growth in plants occurs through cell division at the apical meristems, increasing length. Secondary growth thickens stems and roots through the activity of vascular cambium, adding rings of xylem and phloem.
Stem cells
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Inheritance
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and occur in pairs inside the cell nucleus. They are inherited such that offspring receive one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother's egg and one set of 23 chromosomes from their father's sperm. An individual's gender is determined by their sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. DNA carries the genetic instructions for cells and is organized into genes that code for proteins.
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08 lecture presentation
Cell reproduction, or cell division, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. During cell division, the parent cell duplicates its chromosomes and distributes one copy to each daughter cell. This ensures that each daughter cell has the full complement of genetic information. Cell division allows for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, which produces gametes like eggs and sperm that each contain half the number of chromosomes. When a gamete from each parent joins during fertilization, a new individual is formed with a unique combination of genes from both parents. This genetic variation contributes to evolution in species.
Gift thamsanqa lubisi meiosis
Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid parent cell. It includes one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate so that each daughter cell receives one chromosome of each pair. Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and the parent cell. Meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction.
Chapter 8 notes bio
Cellular transport includes passive transport which does not require energy, and active transport which uses energy. There are three types of passive transport - simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport includes exocytosis and endocytosis. The cell cycle involves interphase where the cell grows and prepares for division, mitosis where the nucleus divides, and cytokinesis where the cell divides. Cancer occurs when cell growth is uncontrolled resulting in tumors that can metastasize throughout the body.
Cell division-mitosis-meiosis
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis in regular body cells, which is to keep cells living and growing. It then goes into more detail about the specific phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. The document also discusses why cells divide, noting that there is a size limit after which cells must divide to continue taking in nutrients and removing waste. Finally, it covers meiosis and how this process in gamete cells maintains a chromosome count of 46 in offspring while also ensuring genetic diversity between parents and children.
Adult stem cells
definition
properties
characteristics
types
maintainance
cell proliferation in development and differentiation
Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal
This report will talk about the physiology of tissue renewal among different tissues and the important role played by stem cells in such mechanism as wells as the various key signaling mechanism involved.
Cell division-mitosis-meiosis-1225581257073362-9
This document discusses cell division through the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It begins by explaining the basic phases and purpose of mitosis in regular body cells: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. Cells undergo mitosis to grow and multiply while maintaining an identical set of chromosomes. The document then covers meiosis, which occurs in gamete cells and involves two cell divisions to reduce the chromosome count, ensuring genetic diversity between offspring while maintaining the species' overall chromosome number. In summary, mitosis and meiosis are the two types of cell division that allow organisms to grow, repair tissues, and sexually reproduce.
Cell division
Prokaryotic cells undergo binary fission, where the chromosome duplicates and the cell grows until it splits into two cells each with a complete chromosome. Eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis, a process with four phases - prophase where chromosomes condense, metaphase where they align in the center, anaphase where chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite ends, and telophase where the cell divides into two new cells. Mitosis results in two daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Interphase precedes mitosis where each chromosome makes a copy of itself.
Stem cell culture
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
Banana phone cassie
Cells are the basic unit of life and undergo mitosis and meiosis to grow bodies and create new life. Mitosis uses cell division to repair damage and build the body through growth, resulting in two daughter cells. Meiosis creates egg and sperm cells through a more complex process involving two cell divisions and an exchange of genetic material, resulting in four haploid cells. Both processes involve the same six phases - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis - but have different purposes and outcomes.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)
1. The document discusses a breakthrough on stem cells presented by four students under the guidance of Dr. NRIPENDRA NATH BALA.
2. It defines stem cells as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
3. The document outlines the history of stem cell research from 1978 to 1997 and describes the properties and characteristics of ideal stem cells as well as embryonic and adult stem cells. It discusses potential applications of stem cells in tissue repair and treatment of diseases like Parkinson's, diabetes, and baldness.
1 5 chapter 5. cell division-ali-2013
1. The document discusses cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It defines the stages of the cell cycle and explains what occurs in each phase.
2. Mitosis and meiosis are described as two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and occurs in body cells, while meiosis produces gametes and reduces chromosome number.
3. The stages of mitosis and meiosis are defined in detail, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is noted to have two rounds of division while mitosis only has one.
Concept 12.1
Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells and allows organisms to reproduce their own kind. It occurs through the cell cycle, where a cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Eukaryotic cells package their DNA into chromosomes found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are duplicated and separated into sister chromatids during cell division. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
Cell division
Cell division, also known as mitosis, produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. It occurs through mitosis and is the process by which somatic cells replicate, as well as for tissue growth and repair. Meiosis produces gametes, or sex cells, which have half the number of chromosomes and undergo fusion during fertilization to form a single cell with a full chromosome count.
Chapter 5
Every human begins as a single cell from the union of an egg and sperm. This single cell divides through mitosis and meiosis to form the trillions that make up the adult body. Cell division occurs through two main types - mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which reduces chromosome number in sex cells or gametes involved in sexual reproduction.
Cell project by Leonardo
The document discusses cells and cell theory. [1] Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1664 while examining cork under a microscope and coined the term. [2] Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann later proposed cell theory, which states that all organisms are made of one or more cells and cells only arise from pre-existing cells. [3] Cells exist in various shapes and sizes depending on their function, and can be observed under a microscope.
BU4.2 Cell Cycle & Mitosis
This document summarizes the cell cycle and cellular division. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Mitosis is the specific stage of the cell cycle where the cell nucleus divides. Mitosis consists of four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - where the chromosomes align and separate. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cellular division and forming two daughter cells. The process ensures cells do not become too large and replaces damaged or dead cells to allow organisms to grow.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process that produces gametes such as eggs and sperm. It involves two rounds of cell division that reduce the number of chromosomes by half. This contrasts with mitosis, which produces identical body cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, resulting in four haploid cells at the end with only one chromosome from each pair.
Biology Form 5 Chapter 4 - 4.6 Growth in multicellular organisms
Growth in multicellular organisms involves two main processes - growth and development. Growth refers to a permanent increase in size through cell division and cell enlargement. It follows distinct phases including cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation. Development refers to qualitative changes that involve cell specialization. Growth can be measured through parameters like height, weight, surface area, fresh mass, and dry mass. Primary growth in plants occurs through cell division at the apical meristems, increasing length. Secondary growth thickens stems and roots through the activity of vascular cambium, adding rings of xylem and phloem.
Stem cells
Stem cells can be used in a variety of ways including as research tools, for cell therapies, drug target validation, toxicology screening, drug delivery, and as a source for 3D bioprinting. As research tools, stem cells and related materials are used to study areas like cancer stem cells, growth factors, and differentiation. For cell therapies, both allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplants are used to treat diseases. Stem cells also aid in drug development through target validation, toxicity assessment, and serving as vehicles for drug delivery. They show promise as materials for 3D printed tissues and organs.
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Biology Form 5 Chapter 4 - 4.6 Growth in multicellular organisms
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Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Inheritance
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and occur in pairs inside the cell nucleus. They are inherited such that offspring receive one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother's egg and one set of 23 chromosomes from their father's sperm. An individual's gender is determined by their sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. DNA carries the genetic instructions for cells and is organized into genes that code for proteins.
Human heart
The human heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body. The heart is made of cardiac muscle that can contract regularly without fatigue. Blood returns to the heart through the vena cavae and pulmonary veins and is pumped back out through the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Genetics of human blood groups
There are four main blood types in the ABO blood group system defined by the presence or absence of antigens A and B. A person's blood type is determined by combinations of three alleles - IA produces the A antigen, IB produces the B antigen, and i produces no antigen. Both IA and IB are codominant, so someone with the genotype IAIB will have both the A and B antigens and have blood type AB.
Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the hardening of the arteries due to fat deposition. High blood pressure and chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage artery walls, causing plaque to build up. Over time, plaque can block or reduce blood flow, leading to chest pain, heart attack, or stroke if a blood clot forms or breaks off. To prevent cardiovascular disease, people should maintain a healthy lifestyle by not smoking, exercising, limiting alcohol, and managing stress.
Circulatory system
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Vitamins & minerals
Lack of minerals like calcium, iron, chromium, and magnesium can lead to serious health conditions. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency and causes iron-deficiency anemia with symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and decreased immune function. Calcium is important for bone health and deficiency can cause osteoporosis. Vitamin deficiencies can also cause diseases like scurvy with symptoms of bleeding gums and spots on the skin or rickets, a softening of the bones in children. Nutrition involves taking in nutrients from food for growth, tissue repair, and energy through absorption and assimilation.
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Food pyramid
The Food Pyramid outlines 6 food groups and recommends eating more servings from the groups at the bottom and fewer from those at the top. Grains form the base and should provide 50% of daily calories. Fruits and vegetables are next and provide vitamins and fiber, with 5-9 servings recommended daily. Dairy, meat and alternatives make up the third level and supply nutrients like calcium and protein, with 2-3 servings each day. Fats, oils and sweets at the top should be eaten sparingly and in moderation.
Yogurt
Yogurt is produced by adding a starter culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria to milk. During fermentation, the bacteria convert lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and causing the milk proteins to thicken. This partial pre-digestion and acidic environment makes yogurt easily digestible and able to replenish healthy bacteria in the intestines after antibiotic use. Yogurt can be made by boiling, cooling, and incubating milk with a starter culture for 10 hours to allow the bacteria to ferment the lactose into lactic acid.
Nutrition new
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Diet
A balanced diet requires getting adequate macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and mineral salts. Carbohydrates provide energy and are obtained from foods like grains, fruits and vegetables. Proteins from meat, fish, beans and dairy are needed for growth, repair and bodily functions. Fats supply energy and are found in plant oils and animal products. A balanced diet also includes fiber from plants and water, which transports nutrients and regulates bodily processes. Vitamins and minerals regulate functions and protect the body, with vitamins classified as water or fat soluble.
Root hair cells and water transport
Transport in plants occurs through xylem vessels. If a plant stem is placed in dye, the dye will be transported through the xylem into the leaves. Lignified xylem vessels provide structural support, especially in larger plants. Young plants wilt without water because their central cells lack support. Cambium is a layer of cells that divides to produce both xylem and phloem. Root hair cells have thin extensions that increase their surface area for water absorption from soil. Transpiration occurs on the underside of leaves and drives the movement of water through the plant.
Animal cell
The document describes the main organelles found in cells and their functions. The mitochondrion produces energy for the cell, the nucleus controls cell activities, and the Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport, the cell membrane controls movement into and out of the cell, and free ribosomes also aid in protein synthesis.
Cells
Cells of various types were described, including pollen grains that are typically 100 micrometers in size, red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and help transport gases through their biconcave shape, and root hair cells that have thin extensions to increase the surface area for water absorption.
Plant cell
The document describes the functions of three organelles in a plant cell. The chloroplast harvests energy from sunlight to produce sugar. The vacuole stores water and other materials. The cell wall supports the plant cell.
Transport in plants
Plants have developed vascular systems to transport nutrients and water throughout their large bodies. The xylem transports water and minerals up from the roots through dead conductive cells, while the phloem transports organic nutrients down from the leaves through living cells. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, and creates a transpirational pull that drives water absorption by roots and transport through xylem vessels up the stem using capillarity and osmosis.
Topic 6 infection, immunity and forensics revision
1. The document discusses microorganisms that cause disease, called pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and worms.
2. It provides details on the structure and life cycle of viruses and bacteria, and explains how diseases like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are caused and transmitted.
3. Prevention methods for diseases are discussed, such as vaccinations, antibiotics, and improving living standards.
Forensics
The document discusses several forensic clues that can indicate time of death:
1. The stages of decomposition and rigor mortis in the body provide clues. Rigor mortis starts 2-4 hours after death as muscle cells run out of ATP and lock rigid.
2. The type and development of insect larvae living in the body can also provide clues about time since death.
3. Body temperature decreases after death due to heat transfer to the surroundings, and factors like body fat, clothing, and surroundings affect the cooling rate, allowing time of death to be estimated by comparing to known cooling curves.
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