Forensics
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The document discusses several forensic clues that can indicate time of death: 1. The stages of decomposition and rigor mortis in the body provide clues. Rigor mortis starts 2-4 hours after death as muscle cells run out of ATP and lock rigid. 2. The type and development of insect larvae living in the body can also provide clues about time since death. 3. Body temperature decreases after death due to heat transfer to the surroundings, and factors like body fat, clothing, and surroundings affect the cooling rate, allowing time of death to be estimated by comparing to known cooling curves.
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RIGOR MORTIS by rajkumar malur
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death. It begins between 2-6 hours after death as ATP is no longer replenished and calcium causes perpetual muscle contraction. Rigor mortis reaches a maximum at around 12 hours and dissipates around 24-72 hours post-mortem. Several factors can alter its onset and duration including temperature, muscle exertion prior to death, and diseases. It is one sign used to estimate time of death but varies considerably between individuals.
Rigor mortis
This document provides information about rigor mortis, including its basic definition, progression according to Nysten's Law, physical changes that occur, biochemistry behind it, applications in forensic pathology, and a table to guide determining time of death based on body temperature and stiffness. Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body that occurs after death due to chemical changes in the muscles. It begins 2-6 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours, and dissipates around 72 hours, traveling from the head to the extremities. The biochemistry involves calcium ions causing muscle contraction after cellular respiration stops. Rigor mortis can help determine time of death in forensic investigations.
Rigor mortis ppt
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles after death. It begins in involuntary muscles within 1-2 hours, then spreads to voluntary muscles over 6-12 hours. Maximum rigor is reached at 12 hours and passes off over the next 12 hours. It is caused by depletion of ATP and influx of calcium ions into muscles. Rigor mortis can help determine time and position of death, and distinguish ante-mortem from post-mortem injuries. It may be simulated by heat stiffening, cold stiffening, or cadaveric spasm at the moment of death. A case study described rigor mortis revealing an unusual body position, indicating the crime scene differed from where the body was discovered.
Death & changes after death
Post mortem changes occur after death and can be categorized as immediate, early, or late changes. Immediate changes include the stoppage of nervous system function, respiration, and circulation. Early changes consist of facial pallor, loss of skin elasticity, muscle relaxation, eye changes, body cooling, post mortem staining, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and decomposition. Post mortem staining results from blood settling due to gravity and can provide clues about the decedent's position and cause of death. Rigor mortis is muscle stiffening that begins 1-2 hours after death and usually dissipates after 24 hours. These post mortem processes are important for medico-legal death investigations.
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Forensic medical theory of death
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RIGOR MORTIS by rajkumar malur
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death. It begins between 2-6 hours after death as ATP is no longer replenished and calcium causes perpetual muscle contraction. Rigor mortis reaches a maximum at around 12 hours and dissipates around 24-72 hours post-mortem. Several factors can alter its onset and duration including temperature, muscle exertion prior to death, and diseases. It is one sign used to estimate time of death but varies considerably between individuals.
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This document provides information about rigor mortis, including its basic definition, progression according to Nysten's Law, physical changes that occur, biochemistry behind it, applications in forensic pathology, and a table to guide determining time of death based on body temperature and stiffness. Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the body that occurs after death due to chemical changes in the muscles. It begins 2-6 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours, and dissipates around 72 hours, traveling from the head to the extremities. The biochemistry involves calcium ions causing muscle contraction after cellular respiration stops. Rigor mortis can help determine time of death in forensic investigations.
Rigor mortis ppt
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles after death. It begins in involuntary muscles within 1-2 hours, then spreads to voluntary muscles over 6-12 hours. Maximum rigor is reached at 12 hours and passes off over the next 12 hours. It is caused by depletion of ATP and influx of calcium ions into muscles. Rigor mortis can help determine time and position of death, and distinguish ante-mortem from post-mortem injuries. It may be simulated by heat stiffening, cold stiffening, or cadaveric spasm at the moment of death. A case study described rigor mortis revealing an unusual body position, indicating the crime scene differed from where the body was discovered.
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Post mortem changes occur after death and can be categorized as immediate, early, or late changes. Immediate changes include the stoppage of nervous system function, respiration, and circulation. Early changes consist of facial pallor, loss of skin elasticity, muscle relaxation, eye changes, body cooling, post mortem staining, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and decomposition. Post mortem staining results from blood settling due to gravity and can provide clues about the decedent's position and cause of death. Rigor mortis is muscle stiffening that begins 1-2 hours after death and usually dissipates after 24 hours. These post mortem processes are important for medico-legal death investigations.
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Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death due to chemical changes in the myofibrils. It typically begins 1-2 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours, and dissipates over the next 12 hours. Cadaveric spasm is a sustained muscular contraction occurring at death without primary relaxation. Heat, cold, and gas stiffening can mimic rigor mortis but have distinct features and mechanisms. Understanding post-mortem muscle changes aids determining time and cause of death.
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Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes include decomposition, adipocere formation, and mummification. Determining postmortem changes aids in estimating time since death and investigating causes of death.
death changes after death.ppt in the class
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is caused by a chemical change in muscles and typically lasts 1-3 days. Late changes include decomposition through autolysis and bacterial action, resulting in discoloration, bloating, and maggot activity.
FM-PM_changes-16-12-14 (1).ppt
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes include decomposition, adipocere formation, and mummification. Determining postmortem changes aids in estimating time since death and investigating causes of death.
FM-PM_changes-16-12-14.ppt
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is caused by a chemical change in muscles and typically lasts 1-3 days. Late changes include decomposition through autolysis and bacterial action, resulting in discoloration, bloating, and maggot activity.
FRS 411-POST MORTEM CHANGES.ppt
This document discusses various post-mortem changes that occur after death. It describes immediate changes such as cessation of brain, circulatory and respiratory functions. Early changes include facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, body cooling, lividity and rigor mortis. Late changes involve decomposition, adipocere formation, mummification and factors that influence these processes. Estimating time since death is important for medico-legal investigations.
Pm changes
This document describes the postmortem changes that occur in the human body after death. It discusses immediate changes such as the cessation of brain and circulatory functions. Early changes include pallor of the skin, eye changes, muscle flaccidity, body cooling, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and mummification. Various stages of rigor mortis and the factors that influence its onset and duration are also outlined.
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This document describes the postmortem changes that occur in the human body after death. It discusses immediate changes such as the cessation of brain and circulatory functions. Early changes include pallor of the skin, eye changes, muscle flaccidity, body cooling, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and mummification. It also provides details on various stages of rigor mortis development, factors that influence cooling of the body after death, and how lividity can provide clues about the position and time of death.
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Rigor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, decomposition, and insect infestation can help estimate time of death through rate methods. Concurrence methods consider the last known meal or events near the time of death. Estimating time of death analyzes corporal evidence from the body, environmental evidence near the body, and the decedent's daily habits and activities.
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1) Determining time of death involves measuring the body's temperature, the presence of rigor mortis, livor mortis, and decomposition.
2) An autopsy is performed by a pathologist to determine cause and manner of death and may involve external and internal examination of the body and collection of tissue samples.
3) The stages of decomposition include initial decay, bloating, black putrefaction, butyric fermentation, and dry decay over many months.
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Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and brain function (the "tripod of life"). There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the cessation of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration stops. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and providing certification of death for legal purposes. Apparent death involves a state of suspended animation where functions are at a very low level and cannot be detected
Death or Thantology types,modes. a goodpptx
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the loss of brain and body functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration cease. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types - cortical, brain stem, or whole brain. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea during an apnea test. The causes, manner, timing and certification of death are important for legal and medical reasons including
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The document discusses signs of death and changes that occur after death that can help estimate time since death. It describes immediate signs like cessation of breathing and brain activity. Early changes include facial pallor, eye changes, algor mortis (cooling of the body), and livor mortis (pooling of blood). Rigor mortis causes stiffening of muscles 3-8 hours after death. Later changes include decomposition, adipocere formation (preservation of fatty tissues), and mummification. Forensic entomology examines insect activity on corpses to estimate time of death if the body has been dead for weeks.
Determination of time since death/ postmortem time interval
1. Several post-mortem changes can help estimate time since death, including algor mortis (body cooling), rigor mortis (muscle stiffening), livor mortis (post-mortem lividity), and decomposition.
2. Changes also occur in the skin, eyes, and internal organs after death. Pupil dilation occurs initially but contractions occur with rigor mortis. The vitreous potassium level rises and can indicate time since death.
3. Insect evidence, including the development of blowfly larvae, can help estimate minimum post-mortem interval based on temperature-dependent insect life cycles.
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Inheritance
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and occur in pairs inside the cell nucleus. They are inherited such that offspring receive one set of 23 chromosomes from their mother's egg and one set of 23 chromosomes from their father's sperm. An individual's gender is determined by their sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. DNA carries the genetic instructions for cells and is organized into genes that code for proteins.
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This document discusses post-mortem changes that occur after death. It defines death and classifies it as somatic versus cellular/molecular. Signs of death include the cessation of brain, heart, and lung functions. The document outlines the various bodily changes that occur over different time periods after death, such as the development of rigor mortis within 12 hours, lividity within 3 hours, and putrefaction setting in within 1 week as soft tissues decay. Later signs include adipocere formation, mummification, and eventual skeletonization after 1-3 months.
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CADhocoufoufoyfojgxiyxiydoyfofyfoyfoyfoyd-2.pptx
Rigor mortis is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death due to chemical changes in the myofibrils. It typically begins 1-2 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours, and dissipates over the next 12 hours. Cadaveric spasm is a sustained muscular contraction occurring at death without primary relaxation. Heat, cold, and gas stiffening can mimic rigor mortis but have distinct features and mechanisms. Understanding post-mortem muscle changes aids determining time and cause of death.
FM-PM_changes-16-12-14.ppt
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes include decomposition, adipocere formation, and mummification. Determining postmortem changes aids in estimating time since death and investigating causes of death.
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Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is caused by a chemical change in muscles and typically lasts 1-3 days. Late changes include decomposition through autolysis and bacterial action, resulting in discoloration, bloating, and maggot activity.
FM-PM_changes-16-12-14 (1).ppt
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes include decomposition, adipocere formation, and mummification. Determining postmortem changes aids in estimating time since death and investigating causes of death.
FM-PM_changes-16-12-14.ppt
Postmortem changes occur immediately, early, and late after death. Immediate changes include cessation of brain, circulatory, and respiratory functions. Early changes are facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, cooling of the body, lividity, and rigor mortis. Rigor mortis is caused by a chemical change in muscles and typically lasts 1-3 days. Late changes include decomposition through autolysis and bacterial action, resulting in discoloration, bloating, and maggot activity.
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This document discusses various post-mortem changes that occur after death. It describes immediate changes such as cessation of brain, circulatory and respiratory functions. Early changes include facial pallor, skin changes, eye changes, body cooling, lividity and rigor mortis. Late changes involve decomposition, adipocere formation, mummification and factors that influence these processes. Estimating time since death is important for medico-legal investigations.
Pm changes
This document describes the postmortem changes that occur in the human body after death. It discusses immediate changes such as the cessation of brain and circulatory functions. Early changes include pallor of the skin, eye changes, muscle flaccidity, body cooling, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and mummification. Various stages of rigor mortis and the factors that influence its onset and duration are also outlined.
Pm changes
This document describes the postmortem changes that occur in the human body after death. It discusses immediate changes such as the cessation of brain and circulatory functions. Early changes include pallor of the skin, eye changes, muscle flaccidity, body cooling, lividity, and rigor mortis. Late changes involve putrefaction and mummification. It also provides details on various stages of rigor mortis development, factors that influence cooling of the body after death, and how lividity can provide clues about the position and time of death.
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This document summarizes a seminar on post-mortem changes given by Dr. Nikhil Bansal. It discusses the definition of death and the different types of death, including somatic and cellular/molecular death. It outlines the signs of death that present immediately or at the molecular level. It provides a table describing the relationship between time since death and the condition of the body. It also summarizes the early signs of death, including rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm. Finally, it outlines the late signs of putrefaction, adipocere formation, and mummification.
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Rigor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, decomposition, and insect infestation can help estimate time of death through rate methods. Concurrence methods consider the last known meal or events near the time of death. Estimating time of death analyzes corporal evidence from the body, environmental evidence near the body, and the decedent's daily habits and activities.
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This document discusses various topics related to thanatology (the scientific study of death), including definitions of death, modes of death, brain death, suspended animation, and early post-mortem changes. It defines death as the permanent and irreversible termination of biological functions or complete and irreversible loss of brain functions. Death occurs in two stages - somatic/clinical death followed by cellular/molecular death. Early changes after death include body cooling, hypostasis (livor mortis), and rigor mortis. Brain death is characterized by the irreversible loss of all brain functions except those of the brainstem. Suspended animation is a temporary suspension of vital processes that in some cases is reversible.
Chapter 13 - Process of Death
1) Determining time of death involves measuring the body's temperature, the presence of rigor mortis, livor mortis, and decomposition.
2) An autopsy is performed by a pathologist to determine cause and manner of death and may involve external and internal examination of the body and collection of tissue samples.
3) The stages of decomposition include initial decay, bloating, black putrefaction, butyric fermentation, and dry decay over many months.
Death or Thantology types,modes ppt.pptx
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and brain function (the "tripod of life"). There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the cessation of bodily functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration stops. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and providing certification of death for legal purposes. Apparent death involves a state of suspended animation where functions are at a very low level and cannot be detected
Death or Thantology types,modes. a goodpptx
Thanatology is the scientific study of death, including the causes and processes of death. Death is defined as the irreversible cessation of life through the permanent stoppage of circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. There are two main types of death - somatic/clinical death which is the loss of brain and body functions, and molecular/cellular death which is the death of individual cells after circulation and respiration cease. Brain death is considered legal death and can be of three types - cortical, brain stem, or whole brain. Determining death involves examining for the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea during an apnea test. The causes, manner, timing and certification of death are important for legal and medical reasons including
Estimation of Time since death
The document discusses signs of death and changes that occur after death that can help estimate time since death. It describes immediate signs like cessation of breathing and brain activity. Early changes include facial pallor, eye changes, algor mortis (cooling of the body), and livor mortis (pooling of blood). Rigor mortis causes stiffening of muscles 3-8 hours after death. Later changes include decomposition, adipocere formation (preservation of fatty tissues), and mummification. Forensic entomology examines insect activity on corpses to estimate time of death if the body has been dead for weeks.
Determination of time since death/ postmortem time interval
1. Several post-mortem changes can help estimate time since death, including algor mortis (body cooling), rigor mortis (muscle stiffening), livor mortis (post-mortem lividity), and decomposition.
2. Changes also occur in the skin, eyes, and internal organs after death. Pupil dilation occurs initially but contractions occur with rigor mortis. The vitreous potassium level rises and can indicate time since death.
3. Insect evidence, including the development of blowfly larvae, can help estimate minimum post-mortem interval based on temperature-dependent insect life cycles.
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Determination of time since death/ postmortem time interval
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The Food Pyramid outlines 6 food groups and recommends eating more servings from the groups at the bottom and fewer from those at the top. Grains form the base and should provide 50% of daily calories. Fruits and vegetables are next and provide vitamins and fiber, with 5-9 servings recommended daily. Dairy, meat and alternatives make up the third level and supply nutrients like calcium and protein, with 2-3 servings each day. Fats, oils and sweets at the top should be eaten sparingly and in moderation.
Yogurt
Yogurt is produced by adding a starter culture containing Lactobacillus bulgaricus bacteria to milk. During fermentation, the bacteria convert lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and causing the milk proteins to thicken. This partial pre-digestion and acidic environment makes yogurt easily digestible and able to replenish healthy bacteria in the intestines after antibiotic use. Yogurt can be made by boiling, cooling, and incubating milk with a starter culture for 10 hours to allow the bacteria to ferment the lactose into lactic acid.
Nutrition new
The document discusses the main components of nutrition - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. It describes the different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Proteins are formed from amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include fats, oils, and phospholipids. The document also provides examples of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and discusses hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
Diet
A balanced diet requires getting adequate macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and mineral salts. Carbohydrates provide energy and are obtained from foods like grains, fruits and vegetables. Proteins from meat, fish, beans and dairy are needed for growth, repair and bodily functions. Fats supply energy and are found in plant oils and animal products. A balanced diet also includes fiber from plants and water, which transports nutrients and regulates bodily processes. Vitamins and minerals regulate functions and protect the body, with vitamins classified as water or fat soluble.
Root hair cells and water transport
Transport in plants occurs through xylem vessels. If a plant stem is placed in dye, the dye will be transported through the xylem into the leaves. Lignified xylem vessels provide structural support, especially in larger plants. Young plants wilt without water because their central cells lack support. Cambium is a layer of cells that divides to produce both xylem and phloem. Root hair cells have thin extensions that increase their surface area for water absorption from soil. Transpiration occurs on the underside of leaves and drives the movement of water through the plant.
Animal cell
The document describes the main organelles found in cells and their functions. The mitochondrion produces energy for the cell, the nucleus controls cell activities, and the Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport, the cell membrane controls movement into and out of the cell, and free ribosomes also aid in protein synthesis.
Cells
Cells of various types were described, including pollen grains that are typically 100 micrometers in size, red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and help transport gases through their biconcave shape, and root hair cells that have thin extensions to increase the surface area for water absorption.
Plant cell
The document describes the functions of three organelles in a plant cell. The chloroplast harvests energy from sunlight to produce sugar. The vacuole stores water and other materials. The cell wall supports the plant cell.
Transport in plants
Plants have developed vascular systems to transport nutrients and water throughout their large bodies. The xylem transports water and minerals up from the roots through dead conductive cells, while the phloem transports organic nutrients down from the leaves through living cells. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from leaves, and creates a transpirational pull that drives water absorption by roots and transport through xylem vessels up the stem using capillarity and osmosis.
Topic 6 infection, immunity and forensics revision
1. The document discusses microorganisms that cause disease, called pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and worms.
2. It provides details on the structure and life cycle of viruses and bacteria, and explains how diseases like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are caused and transmitted.
3. Prevention methods for diseases are discussed, such as vaccinations, antibiotics, and improving living standards.
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Topic 6 infection, immunity and forensics revision
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Forensics
- 1. Unit 4 Revision Forensic Science
- 2. What clues does a dead body leave behind?
- 3. 1. Extent of decomposition
- 4. 2. Extent of rigor mortis
- 6. 4. Entomology Which insects (usually fly larvae) are living in the dead tissue What stage of development have they reached
- 8. What clues does a dead body leave behind?
- 9. Why brain cells stop functioning immediately after death?
- 10. How does rigor mortis takes place? Muscle cells have large stores of ATP and glycogen and can continue to respire anaerobically for some time after death. ATP is needed to maintain the muscles in a relaxed state. As the muscle cells run out of ATP, the muscle fibres become permanently contracted and lock solid. This produces a stiffening effect which is known as rigor mortis. On average, rigor mortis starts about 2-4 hours after death It needs between 6 and 8 hours to take full effect. It begins in the muscles in the face and neck, progresses down the body, and spreads steadily to the larger muscles of the body.
- 11. How quickly rigor mortis can sets in? Rigor mortis depends on the level of ATP in muscles at the time of death. The level of ATP varies from person to person depending on · genetics · level of fitness. ·level of activity before death. For example, rigor mortis usually sets in very quickly in drowning victims. because they have used up all their muscle ATP struggling to stay afloat.
- 12. Rigor mortis is also affected by the temperature of the surroundings. Rigor mortis is not permanent — it usually passes between 36 and 48 hours after death. The muscles soften as enzymes released from the lysosomes begin to break down the tissue.
- 13. To secure a prosecution for murder, a number of facts need to be verified. • Who died, and who killed them. • What was used to commit the crime. • When the victim died. • Where the murder took place. • Why the murder took place — the motive for the crime.
- 14. Temperature Normal human body temperature is 37o C. The metabolic reactions stops after death. Heat is transferred from body into the surroundings by radiation, conduction and evaporation of water. The decrease in temperature gives an idea about the time of death.
- 15. Factors affecting body temperature Outside of the body cools much more rapidly than the inside. The amount of body fat in the dead person affects the rate of cooling because it acts as insulation. Clothing in the dead body will have an effect in losing temperature. The immediate surrounding of the body can also affect temperature loss.
- 16. Cooling curve for bodies under known conditions are available. From analyzing these curves and comparing it with the dead persons data, it is possible to estimate the time of death.