A cell cycle is a series of events that a cell passes through from the time until it reproduces its replica.
Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described it.
It is the growth and division of single cell into daughter cells and duplication (replication).
In prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission.
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods-
a) interphase
b) mitosis
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
This slide describes the various stages of the Eukaryotic cell cycle. The diagrams included here explains the various changes that take place during the mitotic division of a eukaryotic cell.
Cell cycle and cell division are fundamental processes governing the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms. Understanding these processes is crucial in the field of biology as they play a pivotal role in shaping life at both the cellular and organismal levels.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
This slide describes the various stages of the Eukaryotic cell cycle. The diagrams included here explains the various changes that take place during the mitotic division of a eukaryotic cell.
Cell cycle and cell division are fundamental processes governing the growth, development, and reproduction of all living organisms. Understanding these processes is crucial in the field of biology as they play a pivotal role in shaping life at both the cellular and organismal levels.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
WHAT IS CELL?
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION OR CELL CYCLE?
WHY DO CELL DIVIDE?
HISTORY
CELL CYCLE
INTERPHASE
M-PHASE
MOLECULAR EVENT DURING CELL CYCLE AND CELL REGULATION
TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANCE OF CELL DIVISION
ABNORMALTIES OF CELL CYCLE
REFRENCES
Dr Zahid Azeem, working as Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at Azad Jammu and Kashmir Medical College, Muzaffarabad since 2012.
email; paym_zahid@live.com
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
here u will find every detail of cell cycle.
for more details ,visit @biOlOgy BINGE-insight learning
This presentation include the process of cell division. It hope it will helpful for all the medical students. Cell division is the series of events of equally dividing of one single mother cell into two identical daughter cell. Cell cycle and cell division terms are alternately used. Cell division is an important part of the all living processes.
At the time of cell division, RNA replication is a natural process.
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division.
There are two types of cell division
A) Mitosis and Binary fission – (Asexual reproduction) and B) Meiosis – (Sexual reproduction)
In prokaryotic cell, the cell division occurs via a process termed as Binary fission.
• In eukaryotic cell, the cell cycle can be divided in two periods i.e Interphase and Mitosis.
• During Interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
During Mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated, and cell divides.
The duration of cycle varies from hours to years. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 24 hours.
Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely.
Some cells don’t grow and divide once they mature for ex. Neuron
Eukaryotic cell have a more complex cell cycle than prokaryotic cell.
This presentation is regarding the normal cell cycle through which a cell passes throughout its life. It highlights each step in the formation of daughter cells from a mother cell. It puts light on the events in both the interphase and division (mitotic) phase and the resting (G0 phase).
You will also get knowledge about the cell cycle checkpoints and the cellular brakes, the proteins that keeps the cell to divide normally, and how the abnormalities in these proteins results in defects of cell cycle and subsequently leads to uncontrolled cell division and cancer formation.
75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care.
Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets.
Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies.
DNA replication is fundamental process occurring in all living organism to copy their DNA. The process is called replication in sense that each strand of dsDNA serve as template for reproduction of complementary strand.
This is a process by which the genetic code contained within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Gene regulation can be defined as any kind of alteration in the gene to give rise to a different expression which might result in a change in the synthesized amino acid sequence.”
Gene expression is basically the synthesis of the polypeptide chain encoded by a particular gene.
Therefore the expression of the gene can be quantified in terms of the amount of protein synthesised by the genes.
Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that is different than the chromosomal DNA, which is all the genetic material found in an organism’s chromosomes.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Objectives and student outcome:
To learn about the cell growth and the phases of cell cycle and its regulations and
check points.
Purpose and benefits to the students:
The Purpose and the process to control the cell growth.
Prior Assignment:
Index of Cell Cycle And Its Control Points
Prerequisite And Prior Knowledge:
Cell Cycle Kinetics
Cyclin Control cell division
3. CELL
Cell is the basic structural, functional and biological
unit of all known living organisms
Often called as building blocks of life.
4. CELL CYCLE
A cell cycle is a series of events that a cell passes through
from the time until it reproduces its replica.
Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described it.
It is the growth and division of single cell into daughter
cells and duplication (replication).
In prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle occurs via a process
termed binary fission.
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be divided in two
periods-
a) interphase
b) mitosis
5. PHASES OF CELL CYCLE
It consists of 2 major activities.
INTER PHASE (90% of cell cycle)
G1 (pre-synthetic phase)
S (DNA synthesis)
G2 (pre-mitotic phase)
CELL DIVISION (MITOTIC PHASE)
(10% of cell cycle)
6.
7. Interphase
It is the period between the end of one cell division to
the beginning of next cell division.
It is also called resting phase or not dividing phase.
In this phase the cell becomes enlarged in size due to
high growth rate.
It is the longest phase. In a typical human cell, out of
the 90h, interphase lasts for 89h
8. Stages of Interphase
G1 phase/ Post mitotic/ Pre-DNA synthetic phase /First Gap
S-phase/ Synthetic phase
G2-phase/ Pre mitotic/ Post synthetic phase / Second Gap
9.
10. G1 phase
The G1 phase follows mitosis and is the period in which
the cell is synthesizing its structural proteins and
enzymes to perform its functions.
In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation
for cell division.
11. S phase
In S phase, the DNA within the nucleus replicates.
During this process, each chromosome is faithfully
copied, so by the end of the S phase, two DNA
molecules exist for each one formerly present in the
G1 phase.
Human cells contain 92 chromosomes per cell in the S
phase.
A regular cell cycle exists only for growing cells, the
differentiated cells do not enter into S phase, stopped
dividing and arrested in non-cycling state called
G0 state (Quiscent phase). Eg: Neurons – animal nerve
cells – do not divide.
12. G2 phase
In the G2 phase or Pre-mitotic phase - the cell prepares for
mitosis.
The G2 phase is the gap period between S-phase and
mitotic (M) phase of a cell cycle.
It is a period of rapid cell growth and protein synthesis
which the cell ready itself for mitosis.
The nucleus increases in volume.
Metabolic activities essential for cell division, occur during
this phase.
13. M-phase/Dividing phase/Mitotic phase
Mitosis is the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes
into two separate and equal nuclei.
This is the division phase.
During this phase the cell divides. Nuclear division i.e.
karyokinesis occurs in 4 phases – prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase.
This phase has a short duration.
A typical human cell cycle has duration of 90h. Of these
the M phase has duration of 45 to 60min.
14. Duration of cell cycle
It depends on the type of cell and external factors such
as temperature, food and oxygen.
Time period for G1, S, G2 and M-phase is species specific
under specific environmental conditions.
Example:
20 minutes for bacterial cell,
8-10 hours for intestinal epithelial cell, and
20 hours for onion root tip cells.
15. The Cell Cycle Control System
The cell cycle control system is regulated by both
internal and external controls
This cell cycle has specific checkpoints where the cell
cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
16. Regulation of cell cycle
Organisms need to be able to stop cell division when the
cell in question is damaged, or when there isn’t enough
food to support new growth; they must also be able to start
up cell division when growth or wound healing are needed.
The cells use a variety of chemical “signal cascades” that a
single protein may change the function of many other
protein.
Example:
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases – to act as “stop
points.”
17. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
A checkpoint in the cell cycle is a critical control point
where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cycle.
Many signals registered at checkpoints come from
cellular processes and sometimes the checkpoints
register signals from outside the cell.
Three main types of checkpointsare:
DNA damage checkpoint,
DNA replication checkpoint,
Spindle checkpoint.
18. Function of Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is important in cell growth and cell division.
If cells did not grow in between divisions, each
generation of “daughter” cells would be only half the
size of the parent generation.
In order to accomplish this growth and prepare for cell
division, cells divide their metabolic activities into
distinct phases of Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2 between cell
divisions
19. Keywords:
Cell, Phases Of cell cycle, regulations, check points.
Areas of application:
Cell division
Cell study in the treatment of cancer
Therapeutic applications
Assessment and questions:
1.Define interphase
2.Explain cell cycle
3.Detail about the regulations and check points of cellcycle.
20. Post session assignment/ Closure:
Cell cycle
Cell cycle regulations
Cell cycle check points
Functions of cell cycle.
References:
David R Hyde (2010). Genetics and Molecular biology. Special Indian edition, Tata
Mc Graw Hill P.Ltd., New Delhi.
Ramawat and Shaily goyal (2010). Molecular biology and Biotechnology. First
edition S.Chand & Co.Ltd., New Delhi.
Peter Paolella (2010). Introduction to Molecular Biology. First edition, Tata Mc
Graw-Hill P. Ltd., New Delhi.
Mahabal Ram (2010). Fundamentals of Cytogentics and Genetics. First edition,
PHI Learning P.Ltd., New Delhi.
Ajoy Paul (2007). Text Book of Cell and Molecular Biology. First edition, Books
Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata.
Peter Snustad D and Michael J Simmons (2003). Principles of Genetics. Third
edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. publication, New Delhi.
