Cell biology quiz
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This document contains 10 multiple choice questions related to cell biology. The questions cover topics like the function of cristae in mitochondria, who first observed cells microscopically, the key principles of cell theory, characteristics of prokaryotic cell nuclei, the physical basis of life, another name for the enzyme ligase, the largest cell organelle, where granal thylakoids are found, who won the Nobel prize for discovering RNA synthesis, and the process of liquid food intake by formation of food vacuoles.
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1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
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This document discusses the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. It describes how Chargaff discovered that nucleotides have equal ratios in DNA, and how Pauling proposed an incorrect triple helix model. Franklin obtained an X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA using King's College in London. Watson and Crick were able to use this evidence along with Chargaff and Pauling's work to deduce the correct double helix model of DNA in 1953, with two anti-parallel strands winding around each other and connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The document then outlines the key aspects of the double helix structure.
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This lesson plan outlines a three-day biology class for 12th grade students on the structure and function of DNA. Students will learn about DNA's double-helix structure and its components like nucleotides through building a DNA model and computer activities. They will create a PowerPoint presentation on the key aspects of DNA and its significance. Assessment will include students demonstrating at least 80% understanding of DNA structure through questions. The lesson incorporates hands-on learning and technology to help students gain knowledge about this important topic.
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1. Directional selection occurs when a trait at one extreme of a range is favored, gradually shifting the population away from intermediate forms.
2. Stabilizing selection maintains genetic equilibrium in a population by favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extreme variants.
3. Geographic isolation prevents gene flow when physical barriers separate populations into isolated regions.
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The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It notes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base molecules. The bases on each strand are complementary, with A pairing with T and G pairing with C. DNA replication involves the unwinding of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template for a new complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one newly synthesized strand, in a semi-conservative process that precisely copies the DNA.
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DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - form rungs between the strands. Watson and Crick discovered that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. Genes, sections of DNA, provide instructions for making proteins. RNA carries copies of these instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production. Mutations in genes can cause changes to proteins that may be harmful, harmless, or even beneficial to organisms.
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This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information in viruses, and Chargaff's rules which helped Watson and Crick determine DNA's double-helix structure. The chapter also addresses DNA replication, including the roles of enzymes and telomeres, and how replication occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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DNA has a double helical structure that is twisted into a spiral staircase shape. It consists of two strands that are anti-parallel to each other and wrapped around a central axis. Rosalind Franklin discovered the two forms of DNA structure through X-ray diffraction images in 1951. That same year, James Watson and Francis Crick used Franklin's data as well as the "model building" approach to determine that DNA has a double helix structure with the bases pairing in the interior and the phosphate backbones on the exterior. Their discovery, along with the contributions of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, won them the 1962 Nobel Prize. DNA provides instructions for building and maintaining all living organisms through its primary, secondary, and
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This chapter discusses the discovery of DNA and its role as the genetic material. It covers Griffith's experiments showing bacterial transformation, the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrating that viruses use DNA to infect bacteria, and the role of DNA in storing, copying and transmitting information. The chapter also explains the work of Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick to determine DNA's double-helix structure, including the antiparallel strands, hydrogen bonding and base pairing. Finally, it discusses DNA replication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
DNA structure
The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA structure and function. Some key points summarized:
1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
2) In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, with base pairing of A-T and G-C. This explained prior findings on base ratios by Chargaff.
3) DNA contains the genetic code as a sequence of nucleotide bases that provides instructions for protein synthesis and cell function. Its double helix structure allows for replication and transmission of genetic material from parent to daughter cells.
DNA for Grade 12
DNA is made of three molecules: sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. These molecules bond together to form nucleotides, which link up in two chains that spiral into the iconic DNA double helix structure. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It can make copies of itself through a process called DNA replication that uses the base-pairing rules to produce two identical DNA molecules from one original.
DNA Notes
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits like appearance and personality. It has a double helix structure with sugars and phosphates forming the sides and nitrogen bases forming the rungs. In the 1950s, Rosalind Franklin discovered the X-ray crystallography structure of DNA. Her work was shared with Watson and Crick, who then constructed a model of DNA's double helix structure, winning a Nobel Prize. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for cell division, involving enzymes breaking bonds and RNA assisting new strands to form based on base pairing.
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Cells are the smallest unit of life and all living things are made of cells. Cells contain macromolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information, proteins are used to make cell structures and regulate processes, lipids provide energy storage and act as a protective barrier, and carbohydrates supply energy and structural support. Water makes up 70% of a cell's volume and allows substances to dissolve.
Dna structure
The document discusses the history of discoveries that led to determining the structure of DNA. It describes Griffith's experiments in the 1920s showing bacteria could be transformed, suggesting DNA carries genetic information. Avery later showed DNA was the molecule responsible for transformation. Chargaff discovered rules for base pairing in DNA. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photos, especially Photo 51, provided data like DNA being a double helix that Watson and Crick used to model the DNA structure in 1953, with two strands coiled around each other and bases on each strand complementary and bonded to the other.
DNA Double Helix Structure
This presentation discusses the structure of DNA. It defines DNA as the molecule containing genetic instructions for development, life and reproduction. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base groups. The bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine form the genetic code by their order. Nucleotides bond to form two strands coiled in a double helix structure, with bases pairing between strands. DNA is tightly coiled to fit into chromosomes, which contain the DNA molecule within cell nuclei. The double helix structure was discovered in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin, revealing how DNA can carry biological information.
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1. The circulatory system of a whale is considered an organ system because nis composed of
different A. cells. B. tissues. C. organs. E. heart. 2. Which of the following lists the terms from
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system, organism, cells, tissues C. tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, cells D, cells,
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Answer:
(1) C
The circulatory system of a whale is considered an organ system because it is composed of
different organs.
(2) D
Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism (Simplest to more complex).
(3) C
The smallest unit of life is cell.
(4) D
The process of photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy.
(5) D
Gene is not an organelle but is a short portion of DNA which encodes a particular protein.
(6) A
Carbon is the most abundant element in living organisms.
(7) C
Glucose is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
(8) A
An element that has electrical charge is called ion.
(9) B
Ionic bonds are formed by transfer of electrons between atoms.
(10) B
Oxygen is an element.
(11) C
Deoxyribose is a component of DNA.
(12) A
Digestion of sucrose results in 2 monomers.
(13) B
A fat is formed when three fatty acids join a glycerol by a dehydration reaction.
(14) B
Parts W and Z are hydrophilic since they lie outside the plasma membrane.
(15) B
Cell wall helps in maintaining cell shape.
(16) D
It represents cell wall (As evident from the image and its not very clear)
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Prokaryotic cell does not have a membrane bound nucleus.
(18) B
Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration and produces ATP.
(19) A
Both chloroplast and mitochondria have their own DNA.
(20) C
Stack of thylakoids are called grana.
(21) A
Isotonic solutions have the same concentration.
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ATP releases energy when phosphate is removed.
(23) C
The cell wall protects the cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution.
(24) C
Solar energy is captured by chloroplasts for photosynthesis. So, solar energy, chloroplast,
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(25) B
The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is the active site..
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Which of these is the smallest structureA. Amino acidB. Prote.docx
Which of these is the smallest structure?
A. Amino acid
B. Protein
C. Polypeptide
D. Dipeptide
2. Any energy transformation involves the loss of some energy as
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B. heat.
C. electric charge.
D. light.
3. Which one of the following molecules is a by-product of cellular respiration?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Water
D. Pyruvate
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B. Isomers
C. Molecules
D. Polymers
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A. environmental
B. observational
C. experimental
D. control
6. Which of the following is a true difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells are more ancient.
B. Eukaryotic cells are less complex.
C. Eukaryotic cells are smaller.
D. Eukaryotic cells have true nuclei.
7. In a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis occurs in the
A. nuclear envelope.
B. ribosomes.
C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D. chromosomes.
8. Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called
A. base pairs.
B. amino acids.
C. nucleotides.
D. ribose.
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A. Carboxyl acid
B. Elaidic acid
C. Oleic acid
D. Stearic acid
10. The structure that surrounds the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell is the
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B. nucleoid.
C. ribsosome.
D. plasma membrane.
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A. CO
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C. CO
2 enters a leaf through osmosis. D. CO2 is carried by water in leaf veins.
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C. light becomes available.
D. carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP.
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A. They release hydroxide ions in solution.
B. They have a sharp or sour taste.
C. They help to build up cells.
D. They tend to decrease the pH of a solution.
14. The two major sets of reactions involved in photosynthesis are
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B. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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This document contains a 10 question quiz about cell structures and their functions. It tests knowledge about the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. The questions cover topics like which organelle controls cell processes and stores DNA; the functions of the cell membrane, cell wall, and chloroplast; which organelles provide energy or make food; and that cells are the basic structural and functional units of living beings.
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This document contains a 10 question quiz about cell structures and their functions. It tests knowledge about the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. The questions cover topics like which organelle controls cell processes and stores DNA; the functions of the cell membrane, cell wall, and chloroplast; which organelles provide energy or make food; and that cells are the basic structural and functional units of living beings.
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