This document provides an overview of cell biology, including cell structure, organelles, and molecular components. It discusses the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as animal cells. Key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes are described. The roles of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and water molecules in cells are also summarized. Mechanisms of cell transport including osmosis, diffusion, active transport and endocytosis/exocytosis are outlined. The roles of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton are discussed.
Chapter 15
The basic unit of life
Characteristics of Life
Macromolecules Needed for Life
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The Microscope
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
The Cell Membrane
Transport into and out of Cells
Cell Communication
How Cells Reproduce
How Cells Use Energy
ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 15
The basic unit of life
Characteristics of Life
Macromolecules Needed for Life
Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
The Microscope
Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell
The Cell Membrane
Transport into and out of Cells
Cell Communication
How Cells Reproduce
How Cells Use Energy
ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Describe the structure of RBCs
Describe in detail erythropoiesis mechanism
Describe the life-span of RBC (circulation and their breakdown)
Explain the factors affecting erythropoiesis
med_students0
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Describe the structure of RBCs
Describe in detail erythropoiesis mechanism
Describe the life-span of RBC (circulation and their breakdown)
Explain the factors affecting erythropoiesis
med_students0
Cell for teaching by pandian M tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, this ppt ...Pandian M
The cell
Common characteristics of cell –
Typical cell under light microscope
Cell organelles –
6 main types of organelles
Mitochondria
Endocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Functional systems of the cell—
Intercellular connections or junctions
Basic mechanism of transport
References
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
Biochemistry serves as a fundamental discipline in the life sciences, exploring the chemical processes and biomolecules that underlie biological systems. It bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, investigating the molecular basis of life. Biochemistry delves into the study of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as the intricate interactions and reactions that occur within cells. It encompasses vital topics such as metabolism, energy production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The field examines DNA, RNA, and gene expression to unravel the genetic information and molecular mechanisms that govern living organisms. Additionally, biochemistry explores the molecular structures, chemical bonds, and synthesis of biomolecules, as well as the diverse biochemical pathways and cellular functions they regulate. It also encompasses aspects of molecular genetics, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, biochemical regulation, and cell signaling. Biochemistry finds applications in various areas including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, genetic engineering, and the study of metabolic diseases. It plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of life at the molecular level and holds significant implications for numerous scientific and medical advancements.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
5. Cell Organelles
• Nucleus
– 1 Nuclear envelope
– Chromatin and DNA
– Nucleolus
• Mitochondria
– Double membrane
– Mitochondrial (maternal) DNA
– “Power House” of the cell
• Food converted into energy
– Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Consumes Oxygen, produces CO2
6. What is ATP?
• Nucleotides
– “Carry” chemical
energy from easily
hydrolyzed
phosphoanhydride
bonds
• Combine to form coenzymes (coenzyme A (CoA)
• Used as signaling molecules (cyclic AMP)
7. Cell Organelles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Site where cell membrane and
exported material is made
– Ribosomes (rough)
• Make protiens
• Smooth ER- lipids
• Golgi Apparatus
– Receives and modifies
– Directs new materials
• Lysosomes
– Intracellular digestion
– Releases nutrients
– Breakdown of waste
8. Cell Organelles
• Peroxisomes
– Hydrogen Peroxide generated and degraded
• Cytosol
– Water based gel
– Chemical reactions
• Cytoskeleton
– Filaments (actin, intermediate and microtubules)
– Movement of organelles and cell
– Structure/strengthen cell
• Vessicles
– Material transport
– Membrane, ER, Golgi derived vessicles
10. Proteins
• Most diverse and complex macromolecules
in the cell
• Used for structure, function and information
• Made of linearly arranged amino acid
residues
– “folded” up with “active” regions
11. Types of Proteins
1) Enzymes – catalyzes covalent bond breakage or
formation
2) Structural – collagen, elastin, keratin, etc.
3) Motility – actin, myosin, tubulin, etc.
4) Regulatory – bind to DNA to switch genes on or off
5) Storage – ovalbumin, casein, etc.
6) Hormonal – insulin, nerve growth factor (NGF), etc.
7) Receptors – hormone and neurotransmitter receptors
8) Transport – carries small molecules or irons
9) Special purpose proteins – green fluorescent protein, etc.
12.
13. Humans have
around 30,000
genes.
Each cell has
the full set of the
human genes
but only makes
specific protein.
Why?
Implication in
tissue
engineering
14. • Hydrophobic molecules
– Energy storage, membrane components,
signal molecules
– Triglycerides (fat), phospholipids, waxes,
sterols
Lipids
• Sugars, storage (glycogen, starch), Structural
polymers (cellulose and chitin)
• Major substrates of energy metabolism
Carbohydrates
16. Water Molecule
• Polarity of H2O allows H bonding
• Water disassociates into H+
and
OH-
• Imbalance of H+
and OH-
give rise
to “acids and bases”
- Measured by the pH
• pH influence charges of amino
acid groups on protein, causing a
specific activity
• Buffering systems maintain
intracellular and extracellular pH
17. • Hydrophobic “Water-fearing”
– Molecule is not polar, cannot form H bonds
and is “repelled” from water
– Insoluble
• Hydrophillic “Water-loving”
– Molecule is polar, forms H bonds with water
– Soluble
Water Molecule
19. Cell Membrane Composition
• Plasma membrane encloses cell and cell
organelles
• Made of hydrophobic and hydrophillic
components
– Semi-permeable and fluid-like
– “lipid bilayer”
20. • Integral proteins interact with “lipid bilayer”
– Passive transport pores and channels
– Active transport pumps and carriers
– Membrane-linked enzymes, receptors and
transducers
• Sterols stabilize the lipid bilayer
– Cholesterol
Cell Membrane Composition
25. • Osmosis (Greek, osmos “to push”)
– Movement of water down its concentration
gradient
• Hydrostatic pressure
– Movement of water causes fluid mechanical
pressure
– Pressure gradient across a semi-permeable
membrane
Osmotic Properties of Cells
29. Ionic Steady State
• Potaasium cations
most abundant
inside the cell
• Chloride anions
ions most abundant
outside the cell
• Sodium cations
most abundant
outside the cell
31. Erythrocyte Cell
Equilibrium
•No osmotic pressure
- cell is in an isotonic solution
- Water does not cross
membrane
•Increased [Osmotic] in cytoplasm
- cell is in an hypotonic solution
- Water enters cell, swelling
•Decreased [Osmotic] in cytoplasm
- cell is in an hypotonic solution
- Water leaves cell, shrinking
32. Cell Lysis
• Using hypotonic
solution
• Or interfering with
Na+
equilibrium
causes cells to burst
• This can be used to
researchers’
advantage when
isolating cells
33. Molecules Related to Cell
Permeability
• Depends on
– Molecules size (electrolytes more
permeable)
– Polarity (hydrophillic)
– Charge (anion vs. cation)
– Water vs. lipid solubility
34. Cell Permeability
• Passive transport is carrier mediated
– Facilitated diffusion
– Solute molecule combines with a “carrier” or
transporter
– Electrochemical gradients determines the
direction
– Integral membrane proteins form channels
35. Crossing the Membrane
• Simple or passive diffusion
• Passive transport
– Channels or pores
• Facilitated transport
– Assisted by membrane-floating proteins
• Active transport pumps and carriers
– ATP is required
– Enzymes and reactions may be required
38. Channel Mediated Transport
• Proteins form aqueous pores allowing specific
solutes to pass across the membrane
• Allow much faster transport than carrier proteins
39. Coupled Transport
• Some solutes “go along for the ride” with a
carrier protien or an ionophore
Can also be a Channel
coupled transport
40. • Three main mechanisms:
– coupled carriers: a solute is
driven uphill compensated
by a different solute being
transported downhill
(secondary)
– ATP-driven pump: uphill
transport is powered by ATP
hydrolysis (primary)
– Light-driven pump: uphill
transport is powered by
energy from photons
(bacteriorhodopsin)
Active Transport
43. • Na+
exchange
(symport) is
also used in
epithelial cells
in the gut to
drive the
absorption of
glucose from
the lumen, and
eventually into
the
bloodstream
(by passive
transport)
Na+
/K+
Pump
44.
45. • About 1/3 of ATP in an animal cell is used to
power sodium-potassium pumps
Na+
/K+
Pump
• In electrically active nerve
cells, which use Na+
and K+
gradients to propagate
electrical signals, up to 2/3 of
the ATP is used to power
these pumps
46. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Exocytosis
- membrane vesicle fuses with cell
membrane, releases enclosed material to
extracellular space.
• Endocytosis
- cell membrane invaginates, pinches in,
creates vesicle enclosing contents
48. The Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton, a component of structural
functions, is critical to cell motility.
• Cells have three types of filaments that are
distinguishable by the diameter.
• Actin filaments (microfilaments): 5-9 nm
diameter with twisted strands.
50. Cell Locomotion
Why do we care about cell
locomotion?
Host defense
Angiogenesis
Wound healing
Cancer metastasis
Tissue engineering
Steps:
Protrusion
Adhesion
Traction
51. • External signals must dictate the direction of cell
migration.
• Cell migration is initiated by the formation of large
membrane protrusion.
• Video microscopy showed that G-actin
polymerizes to F-actin. (Drugs can alter this
process).
• Actin exists as a globular monomer (G-actin) and;
A filamentous polymer (F-actin) protein.
• The addition of Mg2+
, K+
or Na+
to a solution of G-
actin induces the formation of F-actin and this
process is reversible.
• Elastic mechanical property of actin filament.