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© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1
Chapter 5:
Ethernet
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID 2© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 5: Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
 Describe the operation of the Ethernet sublayers.
 Identify the major fields of the Ethernet frame.
 Describe the purpose and characteristics of the Ethernet MAC address.
 Describe the purpose of ARP.
 Explain how ARP requests impact network and host performance.
 Explain basic switching concepts.
 Compare fixed configuration and modular switches.
 Configure a Layer 3 switch.
Presentation_ID 3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 5
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Ethernet Protocol
5.2 Address Resolution Protocol
5.3 LAN Switches
5.4 Summary
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 4
5.1 Ethernet Protocol
Presentation_ID 5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
LLC and MAC Sublayers
Ethernet
 One of the most widely used LAN technologies
 Operates in the data link layer and the physical layer
 Family of networking technologies that are defined in the IEEE
802.2 and 802.3 standards
 Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 40,000, and
100,000 Mbps (100 Gbps)
Ethernet Standards
 Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1 technologies
 Two separate sub layers of the data link layer to operate – Logical
link control (LLC) and the MAC sublayers
Presentation_ID 6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.)
Presentation_ID 7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.)
LLC
 Handles communication between upper and lower layers.
 Takes the network protocol data and adds control information to help
deliver the packet to the destination.
MAC
 Constitutes the lower sublayer of the data link layer.
 Implemented by hardware, typically in the computer NIC.
 Two primary responsibilities:
 Data encapsulation
 Media access control
Presentation_ID 8© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer
Presentation_ID 9© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer (cont.)
Data encapsulation
 Frame assembly before transmission and frame disassembly upon
reception of a frame.
 MAC layer adds a header and trailer to the network layer PDU.
Provides three primary functions:
 Frame delimiting – Identifies a group of bits that make up a frame,
synchronization between the transmitting and receiving nodes.
 Addressing – Each Ethernet header added in the frame contains the
physical address (MAC address) that enables a frame to be delivered
to a destination node.
 Error detection – Each Ethernet frame contains a trailer with a cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) of the frame contents.
Presentation_ID 10© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
MAC Sublayer (cont.)
MAC
 Responsible for the placement of frames on the media and the removal
of frames from the media
 Communicates directly with the physical layer
 If multiple devices on a single medium attempt to forward data
simultaneously, the data will collide resulting in corrupted, unusable data
 Ethernet provides a method for controlling how the nodes share access
through the use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) technology
Presentation_ID 11© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
Media Access Control
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) process
 Used to first detect if the media is carrying a signal
 If no carrier signal is detected, the device transmits its data
 If two devices transmit at the same time - data collision
Presentation_ID 12© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
Media Access Control (cont.)
Presentation_ID 13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
Media Access Control (cont.)
CSMA is usually implemented in conjunction with a method for resolving
media contention. The two commonly used methods are:
CSMA/Collision Detection and CSMA/Collision Avoidance
CSMA/Collision Detection
• The device monitors the media for the presence of a data signal
• If a data signal is absent, indicating that the media is free, the device
transmits the data
• If signals are then detected that show another device was transmitting
at the same time, all devices stop sending & try again later
• While Ethernet networks are designed with CSMA/CD technology,
with today’s intermediate devices, collisions do not occur and the
processes utilized by CSMA/CD are really unnecessary
• Wireless connections in a LAN environment still have to take
collisions into account
Presentation_ID 14© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
Media Access Control (cont.)
CSMA/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access method
• Device examines the media for the presence of data signal - if the
media is free, the device sends a notification across the media of its
intent to use it
• The device then sends the data.
• Used by 802.11 wireless networking technologies
Presentation_ID 15© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
MAC Address: Ethernet Identity
 Layer 2 Ethernet MAC
address is a 48-bit binary
value expressed as 12
hexadecimal digits.
 IEEE requires a vendor to
follow these rules:
 Must use that
vendor's assigned
OUI as the first 3
bytes.
 All MAC addresses
with the same OUI
must be assigned a
unique value in the
last 3 bytes.
Presentation_ID 16© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Operation
Frame Processing
 MAC addresses assigned to workstations, servers, printers, switches,
and routers.
 Example MACs:
 00-05-9A-3C-78-00
 00:05:9A:3C:78:00
 0005.9A3C.7800.
 When a device is forwarding a message to an Ethernet network,
attaches header information to the packet, contains the source and
destination MAC address.
 Each NIC views information to see if the destination MAC address in
the frame matches the device’s physical MAC address stored in RAM.
 No match, the device discards the frame.
 Matches the destination MAC of the frame, the NIC passes the frame
up the OSI layers, where the de-encapsulation process takes place.
Presentation_ID 17© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Frame Attributes
Ethernet Encapsulation
 Early versions of
Ethernet were slow at
10 Mb/s.
 Now operate at 10
Gb/s per second and
faster.
 Ethernet frame
structure adds headers
and trailers around the
Layer 3 PDU to
encapsulate the
message being sent.
 Ethernet II is the
Ethernet frame format
used in TCP/IP
networks.
Comparison of 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Structures and Field Size
Presentation_ID 18© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Frame Attributes
Ethernet Frame Size
 Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards define the minimum frame
size as 64 bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes
 Less than 64 bytes in length is considered a "collision fragment" or
"runt frame”
 If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater
than the maximum, the receiving device drops the frame
 At the physical layer, different versions of Ethernet vary in their
method for detecting and placing data on the media
Presentation_ID 19© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Frame Attributes
Ethernet Frame Size (cont.)
The figure displays the fields contained in the 802.1Q VLAN tag
Presentation_ID 20© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Frame Attributes
Introduction to the Ethernet Frame
Preamble and Start
Frame Delimiter
Fields –
Used for
synchronization
between the sending
and receiving
devices.
Length/Type Field –
Defines the exact
length of the frame's
data field; describes
which protocol is
implemented.
Data and Pad
Fields –
Contains the
encapsulated
data from a
higher layer, an
IPv4 packet.
Presentation_ID 21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet Frame Attributes
Introduction to the Ethernet Frame (cont.)
Frame Check Sequence Field
Used to detect errors in a frame with cyclic redundancy check (4
bytes); if calculations match at source and receiver, no error
occurred.
Presentation_ID 22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal
Presentation_ID 23© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
MAC Address Representations
Presentation_ID 24© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
Unicast MAC Address
Presentation_ID 25© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
Broadcast MAC Address
Presentation_ID 26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
Multicast MAC Address
Multicast MAC address is a
special value that begins with
01-00-5E in hexadecimal
Range of IPV4 multicast
addresses is 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Presentation_ID 27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
MAC and IP
MAC and IP
MAC Address
 This address does not change
 Similar to the name of a person
 Known as physical address because physically assigned to the host
NIC
IP Address
 Similar to the address of a person
 Based on where the host is actually located
 Known as a logical address because assigned logically
 Assigned to each host by a network administrator
Both the physical MAC and logical IP addresses are required for a
computer to communicate just like both the name and address of a
person are required to send a letter.
Presentation_ID 28© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP
IP Packet Encapsulated in an Ethernet Frame
Presentation_ID 29© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Ethernet MAC
End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP (cont.)
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 30
5.2 Address Resolution
Protocol
Presentation_ID 31© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
Introduction to ARP
ARP Purpose
 Sending node needs a way to find the MAC address of the destination
for a given Ethernet link
The ARP protocol provides two basic functions:
 Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
 Maintaining a table of mappings
Presentation_ID 32© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
Introduction to ARP (cont.)
Presentation_ID 33© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Functions/Operation
ARP Table
 Used to find the data link layer address that is mapped to the
destination IPv4 address.
 As a node receives frames from the media, it records the source IP
and MAC address as a mapping in the ARP table.
ARP Request
 Layer 2 broadcast to all devices on the Ethernet LAN.
 The node that matches the IP address in the broadcast will reply.
 If no device responds to the ARP request, the packet is dropped
because a frame cannot be created.
Note: Static map entries can be entered in an ARP table, but this is
rarely done.
Presentation_ID 34© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Operation
Presentation_ID 35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Operation (cont.)
Presentation_ID 36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Operation (cont.)
Presentation_ID 37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Operation (cont.)
Presentation_ID 38© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Functions/Operation (cont.)
Presentation_ID 39© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Role in Remote Communication
 If the destination IPv4 host is on the local network, the frame will use
the MAC address of this device as the destination MAC address.
 If the destination IPv4 host is not on the local network, the source
uses the ARP process to determine a MAC address for the router
interface serving as the gateway.
 In the event that the gateway entry is not in the table, an ARP
request is used to retrieve the MAC address associated with the IP
address of the router interface.
Presentation_ID 40© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
Removing Entries from an ARP Table
 The ARP cache
timer removes
ARP entries that
have not been
used for a
specified period
of time.
 Commands may
also be used to
manually remove
all or some of the
entries in the
ARP table.
Presentation_ID 41© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP
ARP Tables on Networking Devices
Presentation_ID 42© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP Issues
How ARP Can Create Problems
Presentation_ID 43© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
ARP Issues
Mitigating ARP Problems
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 44
5.3 LAN Switches
Presentation_ID 45© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Switch Port Fundamentals
Layer 2 LAN Switch
 Connects end devices to a central intermediate device on most
Ethernet networks
 Performs switching and filtering based only on the MAC address
 Builds a MAC address table that it uses to make forwarding
decisions
 Depends on routers to pass data between IP subnetworks
Presentation_ID 46© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Switch MAC Address Table
1. The switch receives a broadcast frame from PC 1 on Port 1.
2. The switch enters the source MAC address and the switch port that
received the frame into the address table.
3. Because the destination address is a broadcast, the switch floods the
frame to all ports, except the port on which it received the frame.
4. The destination device replies to the broadcast with a unicast frame
addressed to PC 1.
Presentation_ID 47© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Switch MAC Address Table (cont.)
5. The switch enters the source MAC address of PC 2 and the port
number of the switch port that received the frame into the address
table. The destination address of the frame and its associated port is
found in the MAC address table.
6. The switch can now forward frames between source and destination
devices without flooding, because it has entries in the address table
that identify the associated ports.
Presentation_ID 48© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Duplex Settings
Presentation_ID 49© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Auto-MDIX
Presentation_ID 50© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Frame Forwarding Methods on Cisco Switches
Presentation_ID 51© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Cut-through Switching
Fast-forward switching:
 Lowest level of latency
immediately forwards a
packet after reading the
destination address,
typical cut-through
method of switching
Fragment-free switching:
 Switch stores the first
64 bytes of the frame
before forwarding, most
network errors and
collisions occur during
the first 64 bytes
Presentation_ID 52© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Switching
Memory Buffering on Switches
Presentation_ID 53© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Fixed or Modular
Fixed versus Modular Configuration
Presentation_ID 54© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Fixed or Modular
Fixed versus Modular Configuration (cont.)
Presentation_ID 55© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Fixed or Modular
Module Options for Cisco Switch Slots
Presentation_ID 56© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Layer 3 Switching
Layer 2 versus Layer 3 Switching
Presentation_ID 57© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Layer 3 Switching
Cisco Express Forwarding
Cisco devices which support Layer 3 switching utilize Cisco Express
Forwarding (CEF). Two main components of CEF operation are the:
 Forwarding Information Base (FIB)
 Conceptually it is similar to a routing table.
 A networking device uses this lookup table to make destination-
based switching decisions during Cisco Express Forwarding
operation.
 Updated when changes occur in the network and contains all
routes known at the time.
 Adjacency Tables
 Maintain layer 2 next-hop addresses for all FIB entries.
Presentation_ID 58© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Layer 3 Switching
Types of Layer 3 Interfaces
The major types of Layer 3 interfaces are:
 Switch Virtual Interface (SVI) – Logical interface on a switch
associated with a virtual local-area network (VLAN).
 Routed Port – Physical port on a Layer 3 switch configured to act as
a router port. Configure routed ports by putting the interface into
Layer 3 mode with the no switchport interface configuration
command.
 Layer 3 EtherChannel – Logical interface on a Cisco device
associated with a bundle of routed ports.
Presentation_ID 59© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Layer 3 Switching
Configuring a Routed Port on a Layer 3 Switch
Presentation_ID 60© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 5
Summary
 Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology used today.
 Ethernet standards define both the Layer 2 protocols and the Layer 1
technologies.
 The Ethernet frame structure adds headers and trailers around the
Layer 3 PDU to encapsulate the message being sent.
 As an implementation of the IEEE 802.2/3 standards, the Ethernet
frame provides MAC addressing and error checking.
 Replacing hubs with switches in the local network has reduced the
probability of frame collisions in half-duplex links.
 The Layer 2 addressing provided by Ethernet supports unicast,
multicast, and broadcast communications.
 Ethernet uses the Address Resolution Protocol to determine the MAC
addresses of destinations and map them against known Network layer
addresses.
Presentation_ID 61© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Chapter 5
Summary (cont.)
 Each node on an IP network has both a MAC address and an IP
address.
 The ARP protocol resolves IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses and
maintains a table of mappings.
 A Layer 2 switch builds a MAC address table that it uses to make
forwarding decisions.
 Layer 3 switches are also capable of performing Layer 3 routing
functions, reducing the need for dedicated routers on a LAN.
 Layer 3 switches have specialized switching hardware so they can
typically route data as quickly as they can switch.
Presentation_ID 62© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

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CCNAv5 - S1: Chapter 5 - Ethernet

  • 1. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Chapter 5: Ethernet Introduction to Networks
  • 2. Presentation_ID 2© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 5: Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:  Describe the operation of the Ethernet sublayers.  Identify the major fields of the Ethernet frame.  Describe the purpose and characteristics of the Ethernet MAC address.  Describe the purpose of ARP.  Explain how ARP requests impact network and host performance.  Explain basic switching concepts.  Compare fixed configuration and modular switches.  Configure a Layer 3 switch.
  • 3. Presentation_ID 3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 5 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Ethernet Protocol 5.2 Address Resolution Protocol 5.3 LAN Switches 5.4 Summary
  • 4. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 4 5.1 Ethernet Protocol
  • 5. Presentation_ID 5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation LLC and MAC Sublayers Ethernet  One of the most widely used LAN technologies  Operates in the data link layer and the physical layer  Family of networking technologies that are defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards  Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 40,000, and 100,000 Mbps (100 Gbps) Ethernet Standards  Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1 technologies  Two separate sub layers of the data link layer to operate – Logical link control (LLC) and the MAC sublayers
  • 6. Presentation_ID 6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.)
  • 7. Presentation_ID 7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.) LLC  Handles communication between upper and lower layers.  Takes the network protocol data and adds control information to help deliver the packet to the destination. MAC  Constitutes the lower sublayer of the data link layer.  Implemented by hardware, typically in the computer NIC.  Two primary responsibilities:  Data encapsulation  Media access control
  • 8. Presentation_ID 8© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation MAC Sublayer
  • 9. Presentation_ID 9© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation MAC Sublayer (cont.) Data encapsulation  Frame assembly before transmission and frame disassembly upon reception of a frame.  MAC layer adds a header and trailer to the network layer PDU. Provides three primary functions:  Frame delimiting – Identifies a group of bits that make up a frame, synchronization between the transmitting and receiving nodes.  Addressing – Each Ethernet header added in the frame contains the physical address (MAC address) that enables a frame to be delivered to a destination node.  Error detection – Each Ethernet frame contains a trailer with a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the frame contents.
  • 10. Presentation_ID 10© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation MAC Sublayer (cont.) MAC  Responsible for the placement of frames on the media and the removal of frames from the media  Communicates directly with the physical layer  If multiple devices on a single medium attempt to forward data simultaneously, the data will collide resulting in corrupted, unusable data  Ethernet provides a method for controlling how the nodes share access through the use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) technology
  • 11. Presentation_ID 11© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation Media Access Control Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) process  Used to first detect if the media is carrying a signal  If no carrier signal is detected, the device transmits its data  If two devices transmit at the same time - data collision
  • 12. Presentation_ID 12© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation Media Access Control (cont.)
  • 13. Presentation_ID 13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation Media Access Control (cont.) CSMA is usually implemented in conjunction with a method for resolving media contention. The two commonly used methods are: CSMA/Collision Detection and CSMA/Collision Avoidance CSMA/Collision Detection • The device monitors the media for the presence of a data signal • If a data signal is absent, indicating that the media is free, the device transmits the data • If signals are then detected that show another device was transmitting at the same time, all devices stop sending & try again later • While Ethernet networks are designed with CSMA/CD technology, with today’s intermediate devices, collisions do not occur and the processes utilized by CSMA/CD are really unnecessary • Wireless connections in a LAN environment still have to take collisions into account
  • 14. Presentation_ID 14© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation Media Access Control (cont.) CSMA/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) media access method • Device examines the media for the presence of data signal - if the media is free, the device sends a notification across the media of its intent to use it • The device then sends the data. • Used by 802.11 wireless networking technologies
  • 15. Presentation_ID 15© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation MAC Address: Ethernet Identity  Layer 2 Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits.  IEEE requires a vendor to follow these rules:  Must use that vendor's assigned OUI as the first 3 bytes.  All MAC addresses with the same OUI must be assigned a unique value in the last 3 bytes.
  • 16. Presentation_ID 16© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Operation Frame Processing  MAC addresses assigned to workstations, servers, printers, switches, and routers.  Example MACs:  00-05-9A-3C-78-00  00:05:9A:3C:78:00  0005.9A3C.7800.  When a device is forwarding a message to an Ethernet network, attaches header information to the packet, contains the source and destination MAC address.  Each NIC views information to see if the destination MAC address in the frame matches the device’s physical MAC address stored in RAM.  No match, the device discards the frame.  Matches the destination MAC of the frame, the NIC passes the frame up the OSI layers, where the de-encapsulation process takes place.
  • 17. Presentation_ID 17© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Frame Attributes Ethernet Encapsulation  Early versions of Ethernet were slow at 10 Mb/s.  Now operate at 10 Gb/s per second and faster.  Ethernet frame structure adds headers and trailers around the Layer 3 PDU to encapsulate the message being sent.  Ethernet II is the Ethernet frame format used in TCP/IP networks. Comparison of 802.3 and Ethernet II Frame Structures and Field Size
  • 18. Presentation_ID 18© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Frame Attributes Ethernet Frame Size  Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards define the minimum frame size as 64 bytes and the maximum as 1518 bytes  Less than 64 bytes in length is considered a "collision fragment" or "runt frame”  If size of a transmitted frame is less than the minimum or greater than the maximum, the receiving device drops the frame  At the physical layer, different versions of Ethernet vary in their method for detecting and placing data on the media
  • 19. Presentation_ID 19© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Frame Attributes Ethernet Frame Size (cont.) The figure displays the fields contained in the 802.1Q VLAN tag
  • 20. Presentation_ID 20© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Frame Attributes Introduction to the Ethernet Frame Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Fields – Used for synchronization between the sending and receiving devices. Length/Type Field – Defines the exact length of the frame's data field; describes which protocol is implemented. Data and Pad Fields – Contains the encapsulated data from a higher layer, an IPv4 packet.
  • 21. Presentation_ID 21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet Frame Attributes Introduction to the Ethernet Frame (cont.) Frame Check Sequence Field Used to detect errors in a frame with cyclic redundancy check (4 bytes); if calculations match at source and receiver, no error occurred.
  • 22. Presentation_ID 22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC MAC Addresses and Hexadecimal
  • 23. Presentation_ID 23© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC MAC Address Representations
  • 24. Presentation_ID 24© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC Unicast MAC Address
  • 25. Presentation_ID 25© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC Broadcast MAC Address
  • 26. Presentation_ID 26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC Multicast MAC Address Multicast MAC address is a special value that begins with 01-00-5E in hexadecimal Range of IPV4 multicast addresses is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
  • 27. Presentation_ID 27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential MAC and IP MAC and IP MAC Address  This address does not change  Similar to the name of a person  Known as physical address because physically assigned to the host NIC IP Address  Similar to the address of a person  Based on where the host is actually located  Known as a logical address because assigned logically  Assigned to each host by a network administrator Both the physical MAC and logical IP addresses are required for a computer to communicate just like both the name and address of a person are required to send a letter.
  • 28. Presentation_ID 28© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP IP Packet Encapsulated in an Ethernet Frame
  • 29. Presentation_ID 29© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Ethernet MAC End-to-End Connectivity, MAC, and IP (cont.)
  • 30. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 30 5.2 Address Resolution Protocol
  • 31. Presentation_ID 31© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP Introduction to ARP ARP Purpose  Sending node needs a way to find the MAC address of the destination for a given Ethernet link The ARP protocol provides two basic functions:  Resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses  Maintaining a table of mappings
  • 32. Presentation_ID 32© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP Introduction to ARP (cont.)
  • 33. Presentation_ID 33© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Functions/Operation ARP Table  Used to find the data link layer address that is mapped to the destination IPv4 address.  As a node receives frames from the media, it records the source IP and MAC address as a mapping in the ARP table. ARP Request  Layer 2 broadcast to all devices on the Ethernet LAN.  The node that matches the IP address in the broadcast will reply.  If no device responds to the ARP request, the packet is dropped because a frame cannot be created. Note: Static map entries can be entered in an ARP table, but this is rarely done.
  • 34. Presentation_ID 34© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Operation
  • 35. Presentation_ID 35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Operation (cont.)
  • 36. Presentation_ID 36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Operation (cont.)
  • 37. Presentation_ID 37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Operation (cont.)
  • 38. Presentation_ID 38© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Functions/Operation (cont.)
  • 39. Presentation_ID 39© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Role in Remote Communication  If the destination IPv4 host is on the local network, the frame will use the MAC address of this device as the destination MAC address.  If the destination IPv4 host is not on the local network, the source uses the ARP process to determine a MAC address for the router interface serving as the gateway.  In the event that the gateway entry is not in the table, an ARP request is used to retrieve the MAC address associated with the IP address of the router interface.
  • 40. Presentation_ID 40© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP Removing Entries from an ARP Table  The ARP cache timer removes ARP entries that have not been used for a specified period of time.  Commands may also be used to manually remove all or some of the entries in the ARP table.
  • 41. Presentation_ID 41© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP ARP Tables on Networking Devices
  • 42. Presentation_ID 42© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP Issues How ARP Can Create Problems
  • 43. Presentation_ID 43© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential ARP Issues Mitigating ARP Problems
  • 44. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 44 5.3 LAN Switches
  • 45. Presentation_ID 45© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Switch Port Fundamentals Layer 2 LAN Switch  Connects end devices to a central intermediate device on most Ethernet networks  Performs switching and filtering based only on the MAC address  Builds a MAC address table that it uses to make forwarding decisions  Depends on routers to pass data between IP subnetworks
  • 46. Presentation_ID 46© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Switch MAC Address Table 1. The switch receives a broadcast frame from PC 1 on Port 1. 2. The switch enters the source MAC address and the switch port that received the frame into the address table. 3. Because the destination address is a broadcast, the switch floods the frame to all ports, except the port on which it received the frame. 4. The destination device replies to the broadcast with a unicast frame addressed to PC 1.
  • 47. Presentation_ID 47© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Switch MAC Address Table (cont.) 5. The switch enters the source MAC address of PC 2 and the port number of the switch port that received the frame into the address table. The destination address of the frame and its associated port is found in the MAC address table. 6. The switch can now forward frames between source and destination devices without flooding, because it has entries in the address table that identify the associated ports.
  • 48. Presentation_ID 48© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Duplex Settings
  • 49. Presentation_ID 49© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Auto-MDIX
  • 50. Presentation_ID 50© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Frame Forwarding Methods on Cisco Switches
  • 51. Presentation_ID 51© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Cut-through Switching Fast-forward switching:  Lowest level of latency immediately forwards a packet after reading the destination address, typical cut-through method of switching Fragment-free switching:  Switch stores the first 64 bytes of the frame before forwarding, most network errors and collisions occur during the first 64 bytes
  • 52. Presentation_ID 52© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Switching Memory Buffering on Switches
  • 53. Presentation_ID 53© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fixed or Modular Fixed versus Modular Configuration
  • 54. Presentation_ID 54© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fixed or Modular Fixed versus Modular Configuration (cont.)
  • 55. Presentation_ID 55© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Fixed or Modular Module Options for Cisco Switch Slots
  • 56. Presentation_ID 56© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 3 Switching Layer 2 versus Layer 3 Switching
  • 57. Presentation_ID 57© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 3 Switching Cisco Express Forwarding Cisco devices which support Layer 3 switching utilize Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF). Two main components of CEF operation are the:  Forwarding Information Base (FIB)  Conceptually it is similar to a routing table.  A networking device uses this lookup table to make destination- based switching decisions during Cisco Express Forwarding operation.  Updated when changes occur in the network and contains all routes known at the time.  Adjacency Tables  Maintain layer 2 next-hop addresses for all FIB entries.
  • 58. Presentation_ID 58© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 3 Switching Types of Layer 3 Interfaces The major types of Layer 3 interfaces are:  Switch Virtual Interface (SVI) – Logical interface on a switch associated with a virtual local-area network (VLAN).  Routed Port – Physical port on a Layer 3 switch configured to act as a router port. Configure routed ports by putting the interface into Layer 3 mode with the no switchport interface configuration command.  Layer 3 EtherChannel – Logical interface on a Cisco device associated with a bundle of routed ports.
  • 59. Presentation_ID 59© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Layer 3 Switching Configuring a Routed Port on a Layer 3 Switch
  • 60. Presentation_ID 60© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 5 Summary  Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology used today.  Ethernet standards define both the Layer 2 protocols and the Layer 1 technologies.  The Ethernet frame structure adds headers and trailers around the Layer 3 PDU to encapsulate the message being sent.  As an implementation of the IEEE 802.2/3 standards, the Ethernet frame provides MAC addressing and error checking.  Replacing hubs with switches in the local network has reduced the probability of frame collisions in half-duplex links.  The Layer 2 addressing provided by Ethernet supports unicast, multicast, and broadcast communications.  Ethernet uses the Address Resolution Protocol to determine the MAC addresses of destinations and map them against known Network layer addresses.
  • 61. Presentation_ID 61© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 5 Summary (cont.)  Each node on an IP network has both a MAC address and an IP address.  The ARP protocol resolves IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses and maintains a table of mappings.  A Layer 2 switch builds a MAC address table that it uses to make forwarding decisions.  Layer 3 switches are also capable of performing Layer 3 routing functions, reducing the need for dedicated routers on a LAN.  Layer 3 switches have specialized switching hardware so they can typically route data as quickly as they can switch.
  • 62. Presentation_ID 62© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential