The document discusses several medical procedures and tests related to the digestive system: Colonoscopy uses a flexible instrument to visually examine the colon for polyps or ulcers and can remove polyps; Bite-wing X-rays provide views of posterior teeth to identify cavities; Hematochezia indicates bleeding in the lower intestines, usually from diverticulosis or hemorrhoids but sometimes colorectal cancer; Serum bilirubin blood tests measure liver function by identifying levels of the waste product bilirubin, with high levels suggesting liver damage or bile duct blockage.

1. Bio 120 – Medical Terminology
Chapter 8 – The Digestive System
Kevin Plattner 03/04/14

2. Colonoscopy
• Colonoscope is a flexible instrument inserted
through the anus, rectum and colon
• Used to observe the upper region of the colon
for visual diagnosis of polyps (precancerous
fleshy growths inside colon) or ulceration
• Polyps can also be removed
• Regular colonoscopy is recommended for men
and women beginning at age 50

3. Bite-Wing X-Ray
• Tooth X-ray with film held parallel to the teeth
by biting down on a tab
• Used to observe crown and root of posterior
teeth
• Good view to identify relative position of the
teeth
• Regular bite-wing x-rays are recommended to
identify dental caries (cavities)

4. Hematochezia
• Red blood cells passed into stool
• Indicates bleeding in the lower region of
intestines
• Usually caused by diverticulosis or
hemorrhoids
• Could be an indicator of colorectal cancer,
which is more serious

5. Serum bilirubin
• Blood test used to identify the level of
bilirubin in the blood
• Bilirubin is a waste product processed in the
liver
• Elevated bilirubin levels indicates liver damage
or blockage of the bile ducts
• High bilirubin levels can also cause jaundice, a
yellowish tint of the eyes and skin