The document outlines a comprehensive curriculum for biology, covering topics such as reproduction, genetics, evolution, human welfare, biotechnology, ecology, and environmental issues. It includes practical experiments and observations related to plant and animal studies, as well as theoretical concepts like Mendelian inheritance, ecological interactions, and applications of biotechnology. The curriculum is structured for Class XII, with a focus on fundamental biological principles and their applications in health and conservation.

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pigeon and rabbit.
4. Study of tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant and animal cells (e.g. palisade
cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, squamous
epithelium,musclefibersandmammalianbloodsmear)throughtemporary/permanentslides.
5. Study of mitosis in onion root tips cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent
slides.
6. Studyofdifferentmodificationsinroot,stemandleaves.
7. Studyandidentificationofdifferenttypesofinflorescence.
8. Studyofimbibitioninseeds/raisins.
9. Observationandcommentsoftheexperimentalsetupforshowing:
a. Anaerobicrespiration
b. Phototropism
c. Apicalbudremoval
d. Suctionduetotranspiration
10. Studyofhumanskeletonanddifferenttypesofjoints.
11. Studyofexternalmorphologyofcockroachthroughmodels.
CLASS XII
(THEORY)
(180 Periods)
1. Reproduction
Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for
continuationofspecies;Modesofreproduction-Asexualandsexualreproduction;Modes-
Binaryfission,sporulation,budding,gemmule,fragmentation;vegetativepropagationin
plants.
Sexualreproductioninfloweringplant:Flowerstructure;Developmentofmaleandfemale
gametophytes;Pollination-types,agenciesandexamples;Outbreedingsdevices;Pollen-
Pistilinteraction;Doublefertilization;Postfertilizationevents-Developmentofendosperm
and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis,
parthenocarpy,polyembryony;Significanceofseedandfruitformation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of
testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle;
Fertilisationembryodevelopmentuptoblastocystformation,implantation;Pregnancyand
placentaformation(Elementaryidea);Parturition(Elementaryidea);Lactation(Elementary
idea).

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II. Genetics and Evolution (45 Periods)
Heredityandvariation:MendelianInheritance;DeviationsfromMendelism-Incomplete
dominance,Co-dominance,MultipleallelesandInheritanceofbloodgroups,Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Chromosomesandgenes;Sexdetermination-inhumans,birds,honeybee;Linkageand
crossingover;Sexlinkedinheritance-Haemophilia,Colourblindness;Mendeliandisorder
inhumans-Thalassemia;chromosomaldisordersinhumans;Down'ssyndrome,Turner's
andKlinefelter'ssyndromes.
MolecularBasisofInheritance:SearchforgeneticmaterialandDNAasgeneticmaterial;
Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma;
Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon;
Genomeandhumanganeomeproject;DNAfingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution
(Paleontological,comparativeanatomy,embryologyandmolecularevidence);Darwin's
contribution,ModernSynthetictheoryofEvolution;Mechanismofevolution-Variation
(Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural
selection;Geneflowandgeneticdrift;Hardy-Weinberg'sprinciple;AdaptiveRadiation;
Humanevolution.
III. Biology and Human Welfare (35 Periods)
Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis,
Ascariasis,Typhoid,Pneumonia,commoncold,amoebiasis,ringworm);Basicconcepts
ofimmunology-vaccines;Cancer,HIVandAIDs;Adolescene,drugandalchololabuse.
Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,
Biofortification,ApiculatureandAnimalhusbandry.
Microbesinhumanwelfare:Inhouseholdfoodprocessing,industrialproduction,sewage
treatment,energygenerationandasbiocontrolagentsandbiofertilizers.
IV. Biotechnology and ItsApplications (30 Periods)
Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA
technology).
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production,genetherapy;Geneticallymodifiedorganisms-Btcrops;TransgenicAnimals;
Biosafetyissues-Biopiracyandpatents.
V. EcologyandEnvironment
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations;
Populationinteractions-mutualism,competition,predation,parasitism;Populationattributes-
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Ecosystems:Patterns,components;productivityanddecomposition;Energyflow;Pyramids
of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological

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succession;EcologicalServices-Carbonfixation,pollination,oxygenrelease.
Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity;
Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots,
endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks
andsanctuaries.
Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control;
Agrochemicalsandtheireffects;Solidwastemanagement;Radioactivewastemanagement;
Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation;Any three case
studiesassuccessstoriesaddressingenvironmentalissues.
Practicals
60 Periods
A. List of Experiments
1. Studypollengerminationonaslide.
2. Collectandstudysoilfromatleasttwodifferentsitesandstudythemfortexture,moisture
content,pHandwaterholdingcapacityofsoil.Correlatewiththekindsofplantsfoundin
them.
3. CollectwaterfromtwodifferentwaterbodiesaroundyouandstudythemforpH,clarity
andpresenceofanylivingorganisms.
4. Studythepresenceofsuspendedparticulatematterinairatthetwowidelydifferentsites.
5. Study of plant population density by quadrate method.
6. Study of plant population frequency by quadrate method.
7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
8. To study the effect of the different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of
salivaryamylaseonstarch.
Study/observation of the following (Spotting)
1. Flowersadaptedtopollinationbydifferentagencies(wind,insect).
2. Pollengerminationonstigmathroughapermanentslide.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. testis and T.S. ovary through
permanentslides(fromanymammal).
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grass hopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S.ofblastulathroughpermanentslides.
6. Mendelianinheritanceusingseedsofdifferentcolour/sizesofanyplant.
7. Preparedpedigreechartsofgenetictraitssuchasrollingoftongue,bloodgroups,widow's
peak, colour blindness.

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8. Exerciseoncontrolledpollination-Emasculation,taggingandbagging.
9. IdentificationofcommondiseasecausingorganismslikeAscaris,Entamoeba,Plasmodium,
ringwormthroughpermanentslidesorspecimens.Commentonsymptomsofdiseasethat
theycause.
10. Two plants and two animals found in xerophytic conditions. Comment upon their
morphologicaladaptations.
11. Plants and animals found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological
adaptations.