Causes of hypertension
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There are two main types of hypertension: primary/essential hypertension which has no clear underlying cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition affecting the kidneys or endocrine system. Primary hypertension can develop due to several factors including genetics, high salt intake, low physical activity, obesity, insulin resistance, and problems with the renin-angiotensin system or sympathetic nervous system. Causes of secondary hypertension include endocrine conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, renal issues such as glomerulonephritis, and other rarer causes.
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1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
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Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. Essential or primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases and results from an interaction of environmental and genetic factors, though the specific causes are unknown. If left untreated, hypertension can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, potentially leading to heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure or other complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
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This document discusses hypertension, or high blood pressure. It notes that hypertension affects around 50 million people in the US. The main types are primary hypertension, which has no known cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by another disease like kidney disease. Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, family history, obesity, stress, alcohol, sodium, tobacco, and age. Untreated hypertension can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. African Americans have a higher risk than other populations. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication, with the goal of controlling blood pressure.
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Hypertension is defined as a sustained blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension involves genetic and environmental factors that alter cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Primary defects include renal sodium retention and vasoconstriction/hypertrophy. Secondary causes include endocrine, renal, and neurological conditions.
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which is high blood pressure due to non-specific lifestyle and genetic factors, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure is below 130/80 mmHg while high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce health risks from hypertension.
pharmacology project
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) and ischemia-reperfusion injury. It defines hypertension and describes its different types, including essential and secondary hypertension. It also outlines blood pressure classifications. The document then defines ischemia as restricted blood supply and ischemia-reperfusion injury as tissue damage caused when blood supply returns after ischemia. It lists conditions where ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs and cellular changes during ischemia. Therapeutic interventions targeting ischemia-reperfusion injury are also discussed, along with preconditioning to increase resistance to loss of blood supply.
Hypertension, e-Medicine Article
Hypertension is a common disease that increases risk of heart and kidney damage if untreated. It affects over 50 million Americans and is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg. While awareness and treatment have improved, many people still do not have their hypertension controlled. Left untreated, hypertension can damage the heart, blood vessels, brain, kidneys and other organs. Proper treatment and lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and not smoking can help control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
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Causes of hypertension
- 1. CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION Types of hypertension There are two broad types: 1. Primary or essential hypertension has no clear underlying cause but appears to be the result of an interplay of complex genetic and environmental factors. 2. Secondary hypertension is caused by a specific underlying mechanism usually involving kidneys or endocrine system
- 2. Mechanisms in primary hypertension Several patho-physiological mechanisms contribute to the development of primary hypertension. The factors include: oGenetics ; Genes in the RAAS oHigh salt intake ; Increase sodium and water retention oLow physical activity ; Accumulate excessive fat ,increase peripheral vascular resistance oObesity ; insulin resistance, increase in vascular resistance
- 3. oInsulin resistance ; Increased and peripheral resistance oRenin – angiotensin system; Fluid retention oSympathetic nervous system; Peripheral vasoconstriction and systemic vascular resistance. oIntrauterine nutrition and low birth weight; Increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids, structural changes in blood vessels and kidneys resulting in impaired endothelial development and impaired renal devt respectively
- 4. Causes of secondary hypertension These are unusual but are important because the cause may be curable: 1. Endocrine causes: oCushing‟s syndrome ;glucocorticoids activate RAAS, can cross react and activate mineralocortcoids, suppress vasodilatory systems. oConn‟s syndrome; hyperaldosteronism-increased sodium retention. oPhaeochromocytoma; increased catecholamine activity
- 5. oHyper / Hypothyroidism ; ↑ T3 activity oAcromegaly ; ↑GH,hyperthyroidism,insulin resistance. oHyperparathyroidism; hypercalcaemia oExogenous hormones, e.g. contraceptive pills, glucocorticoids; estrogen stimulates hepatic production of angioteninogen
- 6. 2. Renal causes: oGlomerulonephritis oDiabetic nephropathy oPolycystic kidney disease oRenal artery stenosis.
- 7. 3.Other causes: oCoarctation of the aorta oPregnancy associated hypertension e.g preeclampsia oAlcohol oAcute stress. oSmoking. oSeep apnoea oAge related DR AGABA WILRED MBBS THE END