The document discusses many reasons why women may choose to have abortions, including social, economic, health, and relationship factors. It notes that abortions can increase due to issues like rape, incest, unintended pregnancies, lack of education, poverty, drug/alcohol use during pregnancy, mental health problems, or lack of family/partner support. However, it also discusses potential negative health effects of abortion like death, depression, breast cancer risk, ect. Overall, the document provides a wide range of context around factors that influence a woman's decision to have an abortion as well as possible health risks.
The document describes the normal postpartum period following delivery, including the general physiological changes that occur as the maternal body returns to its pre-pregnant state over 6-8 weeks, the involution of the uterus, lochia discharge, changes in vital signs and body weight, as well as the psychological adaptations and nursing care needed in the postpartum period to support the physical and mental health of the new mother.
The document discusses postpartum care and complications. It covers the anatomical changes that occur after delivery, routine postpartum care including monitoring for bleeding and infection, complications like postpartum hemorrhage, and patient education on caring for themselves and their newborn. Discharge instructions advise women on resuming normal activities and making follow-up appointments.
This document discusses medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in India according to the MTP Act of 1971 and its 2002 amendment. It defines MTP as the deliberate termination of a pregnancy before fetal viability. The MTP Act legalized induced abortions in India and sets guidelines for gestational age limits, medical reasons, and certification of medical practitioners performing MTP. Common first and second trimester MTP methods include medical procedures using mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical dilation and curettage. Complications of MTP can include hemorrhage, perforation, incomplete evacuation, and sepsis.
3.physiolosical changes during pregnancyKHUSHBU PATEL
During pregnancy, the woman's body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The reproductive system changes include increased blood flow and size of the vagina, cervix, and uterus. The uterus grows enormously from about the size of a fist to over 1000 times larger by term. Other systems affected are cardiovascular (increased heart rate and blood volume), respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and musculoskeletal. Hormonal changes produced by the placenta, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen, cause these adaptations to pregnancy.
This document provides clinical guidelines for routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women from the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. It was commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The guidelines cover topics such as provision of information, screening tests, management of common symptoms, clinical examinations, fetal growth monitoring, and specific clinical conditions. Recommendations are evidence-based and aimed at optimizing outcomes for both mother and baby.
On December 25, 1642 a widow gave birth prematurely to a small baby boy who could fit in a quart mug. This baby survived and grew up to be Sir Isaac Newton, providing one of the earliest descriptions of preterm birth. Preterm birth, defined as birth between 28-36+6 weeks gestation, accounts for 5-10% of births and is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Multiple pathological processes can lead to preterm parturition, including ascending intrauterine infections. Tocolytic drugs are used to suppress uterine contractions and delay preterm delivery to allow for corticosteroid administration and transfer to facilities with neonatal intensive care. However, currently available tocolytics have poor
The document discusses the occipito-posterior position which occurs in about 10% of vertex presentations. It describes the diagnosis, causes, course of labor, and management for this position. Key points include: occipito-posterior position refers to the occiput being placed posteriorly over the sacrum; right or left occipito-posterior refers to placement over the sacroiliac joints; diagnosis is confirmed through abdominal and vaginal exams; labor is often prolonged with a higher risk of complications; management involves careful monitoring with the goal of spontaneous anterior rotation though operative delivery may be needed if arrest occurs.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
The document describes the normal postpartum period following delivery, including the general physiological changes that occur as the maternal body returns to its pre-pregnant state over 6-8 weeks, the involution of the uterus, lochia discharge, changes in vital signs and body weight, as well as the psychological adaptations and nursing care needed in the postpartum period to support the physical and mental health of the new mother.
The document discusses postpartum care and complications. It covers the anatomical changes that occur after delivery, routine postpartum care including monitoring for bleeding and infection, complications like postpartum hemorrhage, and patient education on caring for themselves and their newborn. Discharge instructions advise women on resuming normal activities and making follow-up appointments.
This document discusses medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in India according to the MTP Act of 1971 and its 2002 amendment. It defines MTP as the deliberate termination of a pregnancy before fetal viability. The MTP Act legalized induced abortions in India and sets guidelines for gestational age limits, medical reasons, and certification of medical practitioners performing MTP. Common first and second trimester MTP methods include medical procedures using mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical dilation and curettage. Complications of MTP can include hemorrhage, perforation, incomplete evacuation, and sepsis.
3.physiolosical changes during pregnancyKHUSHBU PATEL
During pregnancy, the woman's body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The reproductive system changes include increased blood flow and size of the vagina, cervix, and uterus. The uterus grows enormously from about the size of a fist to over 1000 times larger by term. Other systems affected are cardiovascular (increased heart rate and blood volume), respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and musculoskeletal. Hormonal changes produced by the placenta, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen, cause these adaptations to pregnancy.
This document provides clinical guidelines for routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women from the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. It was commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. The guidelines cover topics such as provision of information, screening tests, management of common symptoms, clinical examinations, fetal growth monitoring, and specific clinical conditions. Recommendations are evidence-based and aimed at optimizing outcomes for both mother and baby.
On December 25, 1642 a widow gave birth prematurely to a small baby boy who could fit in a quart mug. This baby survived and grew up to be Sir Isaac Newton, providing one of the earliest descriptions of preterm birth. Preterm birth, defined as birth between 28-36+6 weeks gestation, accounts for 5-10% of births and is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Multiple pathological processes can lead to preterm parturition, including ascending intrauterine infections. Tocolytic drugs are used to suppress uterine contractions and delay preterm delivery to allow for corticosteroid administration and transfer to facilities with neonatal intensive care. However, currently available tocolytics have poor
The document discusses the occipito-posterior position which occurs in about 10% of vertex presentations. It describes the diagnosis, causes, course of labor, and management for this position. Key points include: occipito-posterior position refers to the occiput being placed posteriorly over the sacrum; right or left occipito-posterior refers to placement over the sacroiliac joints; diagnosis is confirmed through abdominal and vaginal exams; labor is often prolonged with a higher risk of complications; management involves careful monitoring with the goal of spontaneous anterior rotation though operative delivery may be needed if arrest occurs.
A comprehensive overview of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with its complications and management. Mainly focused on gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia.
Family planning methods and modern contraceptives by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of country.
For other topics: click on the link https://www.slideshare.net/SonamAggarwal7/cytokine-syndrome-in-covid-19
Normal labor involves several stages of fetal positioning and movement through the female pelvis. The fetal skull flexes to reduce its diameter for descent through the birth canal. As labor progresses, the baby engages and the posterior parietal bone glides past the sacral promontory. During crowning, the biparietal diameter stretches the vulval outlet without recession. The shoulders then rotate and the occiput faces the pubic symphysis. Birth of the shoulders and trunk follows, with the posterior shoulder sweeping the perineum and the trunk expelled in lateral flexion. External rotation and restitution position the head for extension and release of the chin through the perineum.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It defines anemia as hemoglobin below 11gm/dl in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and below 10.5gm/dl in the 2nd trimester. It classifies anemia into physiological anemia due to hemodilution and pathological anemia. The most common type of pathological anemia is iron deficiency anemia due to increased demands, decreased intake, and deficient absorption. Other types include megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid or B12 deficiency, hemolytic anemias like sickle cell anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment involves iron, folic acid or B12 supplementation depending on the type of anemia.
This document provides an overview of the umbilical cord, including its structure, development, functions, measurements, and abnormalities. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, containing two arteries and a vein enclosed in Wharton's jelly. It normally measures 50cm in length and 1-2cm in diameter. Various abnormalities are discussed such as battledore cord insertion, velamentous insertion, short and long cord, single umbilical artery, true and false knots, and nuchal cord.
This document provides an overview of abortion including terminology, statistics, development of human life from conception through the stages of pregnancy, methods of abortion, Christian views, and references to human life in the Bible. It discusses key topics in the abortion debate such as when human life begins, the morality of ending unborn life, exceptions for health risks or disabilities, and views from different religions. The document aims to present factual information on abortion without taking a stance on the issues.
This document provides information about occipito-posterior (OP) position during labor and delivery. It defines OP as the vertex position where the occiput is placed posteriorly. It discusses causes of OP position, abdominal and vaginal examination findings, the mechanism of labor including internal rotation and arrest issues. It also outlines diagnosis, management including care of the mother, complications, and references several textbooks on obstetrics.
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after cesarean delivery within 24 hours. It occurs in 4% of deliveries and is primarily caused by uterine atony, genital tract trauma, retained placental tissue, and coagulation disorders. Management involves identifying the cause, such as through manual exploration of the uterus, repairing lacerations, administering uterotonic drugs to contract the uterus, and treating underlying coagulation disorders. Surgical interventions like hysterectomy may be needed for severe cases unresponsive to initial treatment measures.
PPD is similar to clinical depression.it is not only prevalent among women but also in men. sufferers are not alone and they can prevent this by talk, talk and talk.
Postpartum care involves monitoring for common medical complications like headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and vulvar edema. It also addresses mental health issues such as postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. Counseling is provided on breastfeeding, sexuality, and contraception. The routine postpartum visit at 4-6 weeks involves patient education, maternal monitoring, laboratory tests, breastfeeding support, perineal care, and prevention of complications like venous thrombosis.
This document discusses prolonged or postterm pregnancy, defined as lasting longer than 42 weeks. Key points include:
- The incidence of postterm pregnancy varies depending on whether it is determined by last menstrual period (LMP), ultrasound, or both, ranging from 7.5% to 1.1%.
- Most postterm pregnancies (87%) deliver spontaneously in the 42nd week. Risk of adverse events doubles compared to a term delivery.
- Accurate dating is important to determine postterm status, and an ultrasound dating more than 7 days different than LMP-based dating requires further evaluation.
- Causes of postterm pregnancy include errors in dating, primiparity, previous prolonged pregnancies
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS during pregnancy. It discusses how HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 cells. Around 25-30% of people with HIV worldwide are women aged 20-49. The document outlines how HIV is transmitted from mother to child, mainly during labor and delivery. It recommends offering HIV testing to all pregnant women and treating HIV-positive mothers with antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of transmission to less than 2%. Safety measures during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum are also discussed.
This document discusses unstable lie and version in pregnancy. It defines unstable lie as a condition where the fetal presentation constantly changes beyond 36 weeks of pregnancy when it should have stabilized. Causes include factors that prevent the presenting part from remaining fixed in the lower uterus. Complications include cord entanglement and increased risk of perinatal death. External cephalic version can be attempted to correct the malpresentation if there are no contraindications. Hospitalization is recommended at 37 weeks to monitor for premature rupture of membranes or cord prolapse. Elective c-section is often required, especially if complicating factors are present.
Postpartum management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancychaimingcheng
This document discusses postpartum hypertension, which remains a challenge even after childbirth. It notes that hypertension was the fourth leading cause of maternal death in Malaysia from 2006-2008, accounting for 15.4% of deaths. It emphasizes the need for close monitoring and treatment of postpartum hypertension to prevent complications like cerebral hemorrhage. Effective treatment and management both in the hospital and after discharge are important to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality from postpartum hypertensive disorders.
This topic contains anticonvulsants used in obstetrics such as magnasium sulphate, diazepam, phenytoin and anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin.
ATOSIBAN a New Hope in Preterm Labour Dr. Sharda jain DGFPublicAwareness
Atosiban is a novel tocolytic agent that acts as an oxytocin receptor antagonist, specifically targeting the myometrium to delay preterm birth. It has the best safety profile of available tocolytics as it does not affect other tissues. Atosiban is the only licensed tocolytic and is recommended as the first-line treatment for preterm labor. It provides uterine relaxation within 10 minutes of administration with minimal maternal and neonatal side effects. Atosiban has been shown to not alter uterine or fetal blood flow and its use is not associated with any serious adverse drug reactions.
3 malpresentations.warda (3)- FACE PRESENTATIONOsama Warda
Face presentations occur when the fetal chin is the presenting part instead of the vertex. They are classified into four positions based on the position of the chin. Mentoanterior positions are more common and favorable than mentoposterior positions. Labor is usually prolonged in face presentations due to delayed engagement and lack of molding of the facial bones. Management depends on the position, with mentoanterior positions usually allowing vaginal delivery while mentoposterior positions often requiring assistance. Brow presentations are the rarest type and usually do not have a defined mechanism of labor.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor and delivery. It begins by defining non-vertex presentations including breech, face, brow, transverse, and compound. It then discusses the causes of non-vertex presentations and describes the different positions including occiput posterior. The document provides details on assessing various positions through abdominal and vaginal exams. It concludes by outlining the management of different non-vertex positions, including allowing natural rotation, augmentation of labor, operative vaginal delivery, or caesarean section if needed.
Dr. Suguna R. Kumar discusses postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which is the leading cause of maternal mortality in India. PPH is defined as blood loss over 500mL after a vaginal delivery or 1000mL after a cesarean section within 24 hours. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) including oxytocin administration after delivery, delayed cord clamping, and uterine massage has been shown to reduce PPH occurrences by 60% and need for further treatment by 80%. Management of PPH involves IV access, fluid resuscitation, uterotonic drugs like oxytocin and misoprostol, bimanual uterine compression, and potential surgical interventions if bleeding does not
Teenage pregnancy is a significant problem globally, especially in developing countries. While abortion is morally controversial, it can be justified in cases of teen pregnancy to prevent negative consequences to the teenage mother's physical, mental, and educational development. Allowing medically-safe abortion performed by trained medical professionals is an important way to avoid putting the lives of teenage girls at risk due to unsafe abortions or complications from early pregnancy and childbirth. However, anti-abortion advocates believe that abortion should not be permitted under any circumstances due to moral and medical concerns.
This document discusses unintended pregnancy and family planning. It provides background on family planning and defines unintended pregnancies. Unintended pregnancies are associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. The document then discusses objectives of assessing attitudes toward unintended pregnancy and family planning in two regions of Ethiopia from 2004-2007. It aims to evaluate family planning programs and services, knowledge of methods, partner communication, and approval of family planning. The study seeks to increase skills and knowledge to reduce unintended pregnancies and problems related to lack of family planning. It is limited by time, lack of references, and internet access.
Family planning methods and modern contraceptives by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of country.
For other topics: click on the link https://www.slideshare.net/SonamAggarwal7/cytokine-syndrome-in-covid-19
Normal labor involves several stages of fetal positioning and movement through the female pelvis. The fetal skull flexes to reduce its diameter for descent through the birth canal. As labor progresses, the baby engages and the posterior parietal bone glides past the sacral promontory. During crowning, the biparietal diameter stretches the vulval outlet without recession. The shoulders then rotate and the occiput faces the pubic symphysis. Birth of the shoulders and trunk follows, with the posterior shoulder sweeping the perineum and the trunk expelled in lateral flexion. External rotation and restitution position the head for extension and release of the chin through the perineum.
This document discusses anemia during pregnancy. It defines anemia as hemoglobin below 11gm/dl in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and below 10.5gm/dl in the 2nd trimester. It classifies anemia into physiological anemia due to hemodilution and pathological anemia. The most common type of pathological anemia is iron deficiency anemia due to increased demands, decreased intake, and deficient absorption. Other types include megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid or B12 deficiency, hemolytic anemias like sickle cell anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment involves iron, folic acid or B12 supplementation depending on the type of anemia.
This document provides an overview of the umbilical cord, including its structure, development, functions, measurements, and abnormalities. The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, containing two arteries and a vein enclosed in Wharton's jelly. It normally measures 50cm in length and 1-2cm in diameter. Various abnormalities are discussed such as battledore cord insertion, velamentous insertion, short and long cord, single umbilical artery, true and false knots, and nuchal cord.
This document provides an overview of abortion including terminology, statistics, development of human life from conception through the stages of pregnancy, methods of abortion, Christian views, and references to human life in the Bible. It discusses key topics in the abortion debate such as when human life begins, the morality of ending unborn life, exceptions for health risks or disabilities, and views from different religions. The document aims to present factual information on abortion without taking a stance on the issues.
This document provides information about occipito-posterior (OP) position during labor and delivery. It defines OP as the vertex position where the occiput is placed posteriorly. It discusses causes of OP position, abdominal and vaginal examination findings, the mechanism of labor including internal rotation and arrest issues. It also outlines diagnosis, management including care of the mother, complications, and references several textbooks on obstetrics.
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal delivery or 1000 mL after cesarean delivery within 24 hours. It occurs in 4% of deliveries and is primarily caused by uterine atony, genital tract trauma, retained placental tissue, and coagulation disorders. Management involves identifying the cause, such as through manual exploration of the uterus, repairing lacerations, administering uterotonic drugs to contract the uterus, and treating underlying coagulation disorders. Surgical interventions like hysterectomy may be needed for severe cases unresponsive to initial treatment measures.
PPD is similar to clinical depression.it is not only prevalent among women but also in men. sufferers are not alone and they can prevent this by talk, talk and talk.
Postpartum care involves monitoring for common medical complications like headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and vulvar edema. It also addresses mental health issues such as postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. Counseling is provided on breastfeeding, sexuality, and contraception. The routine postpartum visit at 4-6 weeks involves patient education, maternal monitoring, laboratory tests, breastfeeding support, perineal care, and prevention of complications like venous thrombosis.
This document discusses prolonged or postterm pregnancy, defined as lasting longer than 42 weeks. Key points include:
- The incidence of postterm pregnancy varies depending on whether it is determined by last menstrual period (LMP), ultrasound, or both, ranging from 7.5% to 1.1%.
- Most postterm pregnancies (87%) deliver spontaneously in the 42nd week. Risk of adverse events doubles compared to a term delivery.
- Accurate dating is important to determine postterm status, and an ultrasound dating more than 7 days different than LMP-based dating requires further evaluation.
- Causes of postterm pregnancy include errors in dating, primiparity, previous prolonged pregnancies
This document summarizes HIV/AIDS during pregnancy. It discusses how HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 cells. Around 25-30% of people with HIV worldwide are women aged 20-49. The document outlines how HIV is transmitted from mother to child, mainly during labor and delivery. It recommends offering HIV testing to all pregnant women and treating HIV-positive mothers with antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of transmission to less than 2%. Safety measures during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum are also discussed.
This document discusses unstable lie and version in pregnancy. It defines unstable lie as a condition where the fetal presentation constantly changes beyond 36 weeks of pregnancy when it should have stabilized. Causes include factors that prevent the presenting part from remaining fixed in the lower uterus. Complications include cord entanglement and increased risk of perinatal death. External cephalic version can be attempted to correct the malpresentation if there are no contraindications. Hospitalization is recommended at 37 weeks to monitor for premature rupture of membranes or cord prolapse. Elective c-section is often required, especially if complicating factors are present.
Postpartum management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancychaimingcheng
This document discusses postpartum hypertension, which remains a challenge even after childbirth. It notes that hypertension was the fourth leading cause of maternal death in Malaysia from 2006-2008, accounting for 15.4% of deaths. It emphasizes the need for close monitoring and treatment of postpartum hypertension to prevent complications like cerebral hemorrhage. Effective treatment and management both in the hospital and after discharge are important to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality from postpartum hypertensive disorders.
This topic contains anticonvulsants used in obstetrics such as magnasium sulphate, diazepam, phenytoin and anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin.
ATOSIBAN a New Hope in Preterm Labour Dr. Sharda jain DGFPublicAwareness
Atosiban is a novel tocolytic agent that acts as an oxytocin receptor antagonist, specifically targeting the myometrium to delay preterm birth. It has the best safety profile of available tocolytics as it does not affect other tissues. Atosiban is the only licensed tocolytic and is recommended as the first-line treatment for preterm labor. It provides uterine relaxation within 10 minutes of administration with minimal maternal and neonatal side effects. Atosiban has been shown to not alter uterine or fetal blood flow and its use is not associated with any serious adverse drug reactions.
3 malpresentations.warda (3)- FACE PRESENTATIONOsama Warda
Face presentations occur when the fetal chin is the presenting part instead of the vertex. They are classified into four positions based on the position of the chin. Mentoanterior positions are more common and favorable than mentoposterior positions. Labor is usually prolonged in face presentations due to delayed engagement and lack of molding of the facial bones. Management depends on the position, with mentoanterior positions usually allowing vaginal delivery while mentoposterior positions often requiring assistance. Brow presentations are the rarest type and usually do not have a defined mechanism of labor.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor and delivery. It begins by defining non-vertex presentations including breech, face, brow, transverse, and compound. It then discusses the causes of non-vertex presentations and describes the different positions including occiput posterior. The document provides details on assessing various positions through abdominal and vaginal exams. It concludes by outlining the management of different non-vertex positions, including allowing natural rotation, augmentation of labor, operative vaginal delivery, or caesarean section if needed.
Dr. Suguna R. Kumar discusses postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which is the leading cause of maternal mortality in India. PPH is defined as blood loss over 500mL after a vaginal delivery or 1000mL after a cesarean section within 24 hours. Active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) including oxytocin administration after delivery, delayed cord clamping, and uterine massage has been shown to reduce PPH occurrences by 60% and need for further treatment by 80%. Management of PPH involves IV access, fluid resuscitation, uterotonic drugs like oxytocin and misoprostol, bimanual uterine compression, and potential surgical interventions if bleeding does not
Teenage pregnancy is a significant problem globally, especially in developing countries. While abortion is morally controversial, it can be justified in cases of teen pregnancy to prevent negative consequences to the teenage mother's physical, mental, and educational development. Allowing medically-safe abortion performed by trained medical professionals is an important way to avoid putting the lives of teenage girls at risk due to unsafe abortions or complications from early pregnancy and childbirth. However, anti-abortion advocates believe that abortion should not be permitted under any circumstances due to moral and medical concerns.
This document discusses unintended pregnancy and family planning. It provides background on family planning and defines unintended pregnancies. Unintended pregnancies are associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. The document then discusses objectives of assessing attitudes toward unintended pregnancy and family planning in two regions of Ethiopia from 2004-2007. It aims to evaluate family planning programs and services, knowledge of methods, partner communication, and approval of family planning. The study seeks to increase skills and knowledge to reduce unintended pregnancies and problems related to lack of family planning. It is limited by time, lack of references, and internet access.
This report analyzes the high rate of teen pregnancy through data and recommendations for reduction. It finds that while the teen pregnancy rate dropped in the 1990s, it has since increased by 5-14%. The report examines statistics on sexually active teens by age, gender, and race from 1990-1997 and estimates that 2-4 out of 10 teens may become pregnant by 2005 based on rate increases. Recommendations to reduce the rate include increasing access to condoms, birth control pills, and teaching abstinence.
Miriam OrtegaMaternal care is essential for women and infants. MIlonaThornburg83
Miriam Ortega
Maternal care is essential for women and infants. Maternal care extends from the pregnancy period to the period after giving birth. The use of contraceptives lies in this sector of healthcare. Florida's policies on the use of contraceptives allow everyone from any age to purchase contraceptives. Therefore, even at an age below 18 years, it is possible and legal to acquire contraceptives. Abortion is a criminal offense in several nations all over the world. In Florida, abortion is legal. Fifty-six percent of Florida's adults revealed that abortion ought to be legal in most or even all cases. However, Florida requires that, for all persons under the age of eighteen years, a legal guardian or parent be notified of the abortion before the plan is put into motion and permit the victim to have an abortion. Insurance cover does not cover voluntary abortion. However, suppose the abortion is meant to protect the mother's life, and it is certified by a medical professional. In that case, a case can be made for the insurance to cover the abortion (Ely et al., 2020). Therefore, abortion for women with insurance cover may differ a little bit from those without insurance cover (Ely et al., 2020).
Florida's infant mortality rate was 6.01 deaths per thousand live births in 2019 (Atwell, 2019). Infant and maternal mortality rates are related in that they occur during birth or abortion. Infant mortality is the death of an infant during childbirth, while maternal mortality is the death of the mother during the process of giving birth. Infant and maternal mortality rates may occur mostly during abortions if the process is not performed well; or due to other complications during the process of giving birth (Atwell, 2019).
References
Atwell, A. L. M. (2019). Infant Mortality and Structural Determinants of Health in Northwest Florida (Doctoral dissertation, University of West Florida).
Ely, G. E., Hales, T. W., & Agbemenu, K. (2020). An exploration of the experiences of Florida abortion fund service recipients. Health & Social Work, 45(3), 186-194.
Luanda Gan Bedoya
Access to Maternal Health Resources and Polices in Florida State
Florida is a developed state where maternal health is taken seriously. The family planning health services there are rendered by independent agencies and health departments of local hospitals. For example, women of different ages and with various levels of income have access to FDA-approved birth control methods, screening for cancer and STDs, pregnancy tests and counseling (Blakeney et al., 2020). Moreover, the healthcare system of the state is able to provide follow-up and referral services. Those residents of Florida who live below the poverty line are provided with the abovementioned services for free. When it comes to abortion, it can be administered to all pregnant women up to 18 weeks. When it comes to teenagers, Florida law requires them to notify their parents about the intention to have an ab ...
The Hope Clinic for Women provides reproductive health services including birth control, pregnancy testing, emergency contraception, medical and surgical abortions, and counseling. It aims to serve and protect women's physical and emotional health. Unintended pregnancy is a significant issue, affecting nearly half of all pregnancies in the US. Factors that increase risk include being unmarried, low-income, or a person of color. Access to contraception and comprehensive sex education can help reduce unintended pregnancy rates.
This document provides an outline for a persuasive essay, including sections for the introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction would contain a hook, thesis statement, and brief mention of the three arguments. Each of the three body paragraphs would focus on one of the arguments, providing examples to support it. The conclusion restates the thesis and arguments in different words and ties them all together.
This document discusses transformational and transactional leadership styles in managing violence and crises in UK regional maximum security forensic mental health hospitals. It examines how leadership styles impact organization structure, change management, multidisciplinary collaboration, staff motivation and retention, and legal/ethical nursing practices. Studies show transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership for conflict management, improving performance, and organizational effectiveness in clinical settings. Personality traits like extraversion are also correlated with transformational leadership abilities.
Persuasive speech sample on cell phones importanceВлад Панасенко
This document discusses cell phone usage and addiction. It notes that while cell phones were originally intended as a convenience, people have become increasingly dependent on them. A new disorder called "nomophobia" has emerged, where people experience anxiety when not near their phones. Approximately two thirds of the world's population is estimated to be prone to this psychological addiction to cell phones. The document advocates reducing cell phone usage by at least half and being more mindful about whether new applications and phone upgrades are necessary or just marketing influences.
The document discusses the benefits of a vegetarian diet from multiple perspectives. It addresses common questions vegetarians face from others about their diet. The main points made are:
1) A vegetarian diet is healthier since it avoids meat and animal products like eggs and dairy which are high in cholesterol and saturated fat linked to heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
2) Vegetarians report higher energy levels and endurance compared to meat-eaters, according to various studies comparing athletes and non-athletes. A vegetarian diet is a good source of carbohydrates for energy.
3) Eating meat exposes people to risks of foodborne illness, parasites, and pesticide residues more so than a
This article provides nurses with a guide for taking a comprehensive patient health history. It discusses creating a private environment and using open-ended questions to make the patient comfortable. The guide outlines systematically assessing the patient's chief complaint, past medical history, medications, family history, social history, and reviewing other body systems. Following this structured process helps nurses obtain thorough information to inform care.
This document provides a summary of the autobiography "Wings of Fire" by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. It discusses Kalam's rise from humble beginnings to becoming a renowned scientist in India's space program, and his role in advancing India's aerospace and missile technologies. The autobiography details Kalam's experiences overcoming challenges through determination and hard work to fulfill his dream of making India self-reliant in defense technologies. It is seen as an inspiring story that motivated many with its message of achieving goals through perseverance.
Porter's five forces model is a framework for analyzing industry competition and profitability. It examines the competitive forces that determine industry attractiveness: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers/buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. While still valuable, critics argue it may overlook industry dynamics and convergence. Later research emphasizes incorporating technological changes, multi-level industry analysis, and potential for complementary products when applying the five forces model.
The document provides a critical review of an article that argues economic growth leads to increased prosperity but can negatively impact the environment. It summarizes that while growth initially harms the environment, over the long run developed countries have reduced this impact through regulations and consumer awareness. However, growth continues to damage the environment, so governments must pursue sustainable growth models and strengthen international environmental laws.
1) Shakespeare examines the concept of true love in Sonnet 116 through the voice of the poem. The voice argues that true love is unwavering and unchanged by outside influences or even the removal of the loved one.
2) The voice compares true love to a star that guides lost souls and something with heavenly qualities that cannot be measured.
3) True love is also presented as evading the constraints of time, being eternal unlike humanity which is subject to decay over time.
4) Shakespeare reinforces the validity of his perspective on true love in the final lines by stating that if any of his words are wrong, it means he has never written anything and no man has ever experienced love.
A firewall protects networked machines from malicious intrusion by inspecting packets and checking if they match criteria to pass through the protected network. An intrusion detection system (IDS) inspects all incoming and outgoing network packets to identify suspicious activity that may indicate a network or system attack. An IDS software detects more types of malicious activities already in the system and alerts users of any security compromise. An intrusion prevention system (IPS) provides system guidelines and policies for network traffic management along with intrusion detection and alerting for suspicious malware, and allows users to take action upon being alerted. An IPS is designed to detect and stop intrusions and block malicious traffic automatically before attacks occur.
The author's favorite car is the Cadillac Escalade SUV. They appreciate its stylish design elements both inside and out, from the angled mirrors and flowing windshield to the high-quality interior materials. The Escalade is also very powerful thanks to its standard 6.2-liter V8 engine and features like four-wheel drive and disc brakes. Additionally, it is versatile with seating for up to seven and removable third row seats for maximum cargo space. The Escalade earns high safety ratings and has many standard safety features that make it superior to other SUVs.
Causes effects and solutions to global warmingВлад Панасенко
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. It is caused by both natural factors like volcanic eruptions and human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which trap heat and cause temperatures to rise. Deforestation removes trees that absorb carbon dioxide, increasing levels of the gas in the air. Effects of global warming include melting polar ice caps which raise sea levels, loss of species habitats, and more frequent extreme weather like hurricanes. To mitigate global warming, humans must reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using less gasoline, recycling, conserving energy, and planting more trees to absorb carbon dioxide.
The document discusses the causes and effects of climate change. It identifies two main causes of climate change: natural causes such as volcanic eruptions and changes in ocean currents and solar activity, and human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These causes have led to rising greenhouse gases and global warming. Some effects of climate change discussed are impacts to human health, biodiversity loss, and psychological impacts to humans. The document concludes by calling for actions like reducing deforestation, promoting more sustainable practices, and educating the public to address and prevent further climate change.
Why alcoholic advertisements should be bannedВлад Панасенко
The document discusses the negative impacts of alcohol advertisements, especially on youth. It notes that alcohol ads use appealing characters, colors and sexual imagery to grab youth attention. Studies found youth best remember alcohol ads from major events like the Super Bowl. The ads influence youth by portraying drinking as enhancing fun and confidence. However, underage drinking poses serious health risks and can disrupt development. The large sums spent on alcohol ads, about $2 billion annually, show the industry prioritizes promoting their products over youth well-being. Overall, the document argues alcohol advertisements should have stricter regulations due to their demonstrated impacts on youth drinking behaviors and health.
The YMCA has been operating successfully since 1844, focusing on ensuring all people can learn and thrive. It centers around three areas - youth development through programs like childcare and camps; healthy living through fitness facilities and educational activities; and social responsibility through community engagement and issues advocacy. Through donor support, the global YMCA delivers on its mission of serving groups through these programs in over 10,000 neighborhoods spanning North America and 120 other countries.
The document outlines the structure for an informative speech, including an introduction with an attention getter and reason to listen, a thesis statement and preview of main points, three body paragraphs with supporting evidence for each main point, and a conclusion restating the main points and thesis with a closing statement.
The document discusses the writer's favorite film, "The Shawshank Redemption". It summarizes the plot of the film, which tells the story of Andy Dufresne who is wrongly imprisoned for murder. Despite facing terrible conditions and injustice, Andy pursues his dream of freedom. After 20 years in prison, he finally escapes through a tunnel he dug with a small rock hammer. The writer praises the realistic and compelling performances of the actors, especially Morgan Freeman and Tim Robbins. They also highlight how the film proves that hope and willpower can allow one to overcome any obstacles and achieve what seems impossible.
This reflective journal describes the student's experience working on a business plan project with a team. The student reflects on their role in the team, challenges they faced, and what they learned. Some of the key challenges included disagreements over work approach, a lack of critical analysis skills, and weak presentation skills. The student learned about effective teamwork, applying marketing concepts, and how to structure a business plan report. Going forward, the student would focus on time management, motivation, analytical skills, and improving critique of teamwork.
This document outlines a personal development plan to improve skills needed for a target job as a pricing analyst. The author analyzes their current skills and identifies deficiencies in patience, verbal communication, and organizational skills. Strategies are proposed to address each deficiency over time, including seeking feedback, improving delegation abilities, utilizing effective communication and motivation, and enhancing time management through journaling and calendar use. Progress will be measured through self-evaluation and feedback from others on a monthly or quarterly basis. The overall goal is to improve skills in these key areas within 1-3 years to qualify for the target job.
The document describes the process of planning and conducting a research project. It discusses selecting a topic in stock markets and business analysis, choosing a mentor, and having meetings to discuss research methods, progress, and presentations. It analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the chosen company J Sainsbury plc. It also reflects on interpersonal skills developed through questioning and active listening with the mentor, and how the research project helped skills for both studies and employment.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Abortion means termination of pregnancy – it can either be spontaneous or induced.
Spontaneous is known as miscarriage, while induced simply means termination of a
pregnancy which is planned. Recently, the statistics have shown an increase in abortion
rate year after year. Abortion can cause by social, economic or pregnant women health
condition as well. However, it will lead to a number of negative effect toward pregnant
women’ health, and social as too.
Abortion is an activity banned in certain country, such as North Carolina and Hawaii
(Nationwide abortion procedure ban update 1998). This activity can define as a
termination of pregnancy; it can be either spontaneous or induced. Spontaneous is
known as miscarriage, while induced simply means that termination of a pregnancy
which is planned (Abortion 2001). The latest statistics have shown an increase in
abortion rate year by year, it is unfavorable fact. It can cause by social, economic or
pregnant women health condition as well. However, it will lead to a number of negative
effects toward pregnant woman’s health and social too.
Social issue can be one of the big factors which cause abortion rate increase day after
day, such as crime act. We are unable to deny that the frequency of crime cases in our
nation is slightly high. There is a real case which takes place in the previous month,
April, which a student from Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman (Ktar) was rape by the college’s
security guard, the victim is only eighteen years old, because of this bad experience, the
victim it will be confront with long term influence, which mean that she will not only affect
in the aspect of physically but also physiology, and it probably need to take some time to
cure towards the bad incident and unfortunate. For those pregnancies result from rape
or insect, these women who are victims of the assaults often seen abortions (Abortion-
Reasons for abortions 2007). Incest can be defined as sexual relations between persons
who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal or forbidden by custom (Incest
2001). The probability of the fetus get from incest will be deformity is slightly high
because the parties may have blood-relation between themselves. Most of the women,
however, decide to have an abortion because the pregnancy will represents a problem in
their future and current lives as well. Besides that, there is also an evidence abounds
that a high proportion of women become pregnant unintentionally, in both developed and
developing countries. In the United States and in some Eastern European countries for
which data are available, about on-half to three-fifths of all pregnancies are unintended,
and a large proportion of these are resolved through abortion. And in many developing
countries, the proportion of recent births that are unintended exceeds 40%. The level of
unintended pregnancy for developing countries would be even higher if more accurate
abortion information were available, since most abortions represent, by definition,
unintended pregnancies (Reasons why women have induced abortions: evidence 1998).
Education level in a certain country may affect the idea of the abortion practice in the
public mind. However, lower level of education possibly will encourage the people enter
into a casual sexual relationship which will leads to pregnancy with no prospect of
marriage. Even if the sexual relationship is more than casual, abortion is may be needed
because a woman decides that the social status of the male is improper (Abortion-
2. Reasons for abortions 2007). Sexually active teenagers are at an immediate risk of
becoming pregnant or acquiring a sexually transmitted infection. Young sexually active
teens are much less likely than older teens to use contraception consistently, however,
the vast majority of teenage pregnancies are unintended, and close to half of those
accidental pregnancies which is 45% end in an abortion. Teens may choose to have an
abortion because they have concerns about how the baby would change their lives, for
example completing their education, and they will worry about the financial problems, or
they feel that they are not mature enough to become a parent, abortion levels can
decline if the high rate of unintended pregnancies is reduced or if more pregnant teens
are carrying their pregnancy to term (Teen abortions 2003). In addition, young pregnant
women will be short of experience in taking care the baby, and so they also unable to
foreseen the baby’s later life, because of that, they may decide to terminate the
pregnancy rather than carry on the fetus. In certain country, such as China, they have
carried out a policy which the government tend to control the population in their country,
which is one child per family policy, this policy was applying in year 1980 (Abortion in
China 2001). Introduction of this policy has contributed to the increased rapidly in the
number of abortion and there are reports show that forced abortions are uncommon
nowadays. In several unique circumstances, the pregnancy women can be legalizing by
obtaining the approval from the population authorities. Therefore, those women who are
from urban area in China show higher possibility to attain the permission to carry more
than a child (Illegal births and legal abortion – the case of China 2005). Besides,
abortion is a legal practice in Brazil if it is the only means to save the woman’s life or if
the pregnancy is the result of rape. Although this has been the law for over 60 years, it
has almost never been applied until recent years. In the past five years, the number of
hospitals providing care to women victims of sexual violence has increased from 4 to 63,
of which 40 people are currently providing legal abortion (Making legal abortion
accessible in Brazil 2002).
Furthermore, condition of an economic in certain country will give an impact to the
statistic of abortion in a nation, such as during unemployment, inflation and deflation. A
simply define that inflation is where a situation that ‘too much money chasing too few
goods’, and this will influenced directly toward the distribution approach in the market
(Inflation 2000). On the other hand, unemployment is where a situation the worker wants
to work, but is unable to work and it may have advantages as well as disadvantages for
the overall economy, notably, it may help turn away from inflation, which will negatively
affects almost everyone in the economy (Unemployment 2007). During a high
unemployment rate, there will be recession in market, which the employee will face
financial difficulty to afford an additional child and as well as the parents and the existing
children. If this happen, the pregnant women will think about whether they should carry
on or terminate the pregnancy. In contrast, while there is boom in the economic, and so
there will be a different choice on the pregnant women. While sometimes the parents will
make a decision to take on an abortion, where there is a prospect in their career and
they are unwilling to sacrifice the precious opportunity. Some will think the parents are
cruel and selfish, but we are not them and we will not know the situation and feeling on
them. Yet, economic boom will promote international business in the country, and the
people will gain benefit through it, such as advanced in technology. International
3. businesses encourage exchange of knowledge and experience between the countries,
and it will built good relation between nations. As we know, Japan always adopting and
possessing the advance technology and technique among the countries; many people in
our country are fancy to get trained from them. Unable to deny that, failure rate in our
country have been minimized by the advancing of medical technique in our country’s
which compare to previous stage and currently the people are become more assurance
with our country’s medical system, and technique and they are willing to carry out some
high risk operation, such as heart operation. Recently, our country ex-prime minister has
successfully done the heart operation in Malaysia. Subsequent to this incident, some of
the pregnant women will possibly more confidence, and fewer anxious toward the
possibility of failure in an abortion, and so they are able to make a quicker decision when
they in the choice of either terminate or carry on the pregnancy.
A worst health condition of the pregnant women may not encourage to carrying on the
pregnancy, because there will be a risk to the fetus and the pregnant women too.
Women who use drugs often will suffer from serious health problems, sexually
transmitted diseases, and mental health problems. Studies have found that at least 70
percent of women who are drug users have been sexually abused by the age of sixteen.
Drugs use is a serious health problem for many reasons. Women who use drugs may at
the risk of becoming infected with HIV, which it is a virus that causes AIDS. These
viruses can be spread through needless used to inject drugs. As a result, women who
inject drugs and share needles are especially at the risk. A mother who uses drugs may
possibly threat her life and her baby’s. When a pregnant woman uses drugs, she and
her unborn child may face serious health problems. For instance, during pregnancy, the
drugs used by the mother can enter the baby’s bloodstream. The effect on the baby can
be HIV infection, AIDS, prematurely, low birth weight, small head size, poor motor skills
and behavior problems. The mother who is continuing drug use will puts her children at
risk for neglect, physical abuse and malnutrition (Pregnancy and drug use 2001). In
addition, drug abuse may also cause underweight babies, birth defects or withdrawal
symptoms after birth. For those pregnant women who are infected with serious harms of
health, and they will be advice by doctor which come to an end of the pregnancy rather
than bring on, because the virus possibly will transmit to the baby during pregnancy,
labor and delivery, and through breastfeeding. If the pregnant women no take any
preventive drugs and breastfeeds then the chance of her baby becoming infected by the
virus is around 20-45% (HIV AIDS & Pregnancy 2007). Although pregnancy is often
portrayed as a time of great joy, that is not reality for all women. At least one in ten
pregnant women will be suffers with depression. For years, experts mistakenly believed
that pregnancy hormones protected against depression, leaving women more in danger
to the illness only after the baby was born and their hormone levels plunged. They now
believe that the brain chemistry will be interrupt in the rapid increase in hormone levels
at the start of pregnancy and lead to depression. Hormonal changes will make the
pregnant women feel more anxious than usual. Anxiety is another condition where that
can and should be treated during pregnancy (Depression during pregnancy 2005). In
these days, there are many young women in high school or college find out themselves
pregnant and they are confront with emotional difficulties, which is due to that they are
unprepared to enter parenthood and raise a child, or they are too young to do so and not
4. have a reliable partner with who to raise a child. Besides that, they are required to
choose either continuing education which can survive economically in their later life or
dropping out to have the baby. Young couples who are just starting their lives together
and want children might prefer become financially secure first to provide better care for
their future children. In addition, the health of the baby will be affected if the pregnant
women are dealing with mentally difficulties, such as anxiety and stress. In contrast,
condition of a fetus during the pregnancy period will not only due to mental illness of the
pregnant women, the lifestyle of the pregnant women will give a big impact toward the
baby’s strength. For those pregnant women who take in alcohol regularly, smoking and
any others bad habit will all provide a serious impact to the baby, which the possibility of
carry an abnormal baby is extremely high. While the pregnant women smoking during
pregnancy period will passes nicotine and cancer-causing drugs to the baby and smoke
will also keeps the baby from getting nourishment and raises the risk of stillbirth or
premature birth. On the other hand secondhand smoke exposure will cause disease and
premature death in children and adult who do not smoke. For those children who are
exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased in the risk for sudden infant death
syndrome, ear problems, and more severe asthma (Health harms from secondhand
smoke 2007). Alcohol can cause life long physical and behavioral problems in the
children, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which mean it will cause the baby
mental retardation, abnormal facial features, growth problems, vision or hearing
problems, all this causes will be lasts for a life time, and there is no cure for this. So, if
the pregnant women are doing so, the health care provider can recommend programs,
such as abortion, to help you quit and so the pregnant women and the baby will be
better off (Pregnancy and substance abuse 2007). In contrast, relationship with husband
or partner and family members will affect the pregnant women judgment. Nearly all of
the teenage pregnancy, will not support by their family members, because they believe
that though of the teenage pregnancy are still immature and they are unable to educate
their child in the right way, due to this the family members will suggested them to
terminate the pregnancy. Because of opposition of the young pregnancy will feel
homeless and though of terminate the baby’s life even suicide. In addition, if the
relationship with partner or husband had broken up before or since pregnancy
discovered it will as a result of why women have abortions (Reasons why women have
abortions 2002). If there is a problem in the relationship between pregnant women and
the husband or partner and will lead to the pregnant women decides to abort the child
because she does not want to be a single parent (Abortion: Pros and cons 1999). On the
other hand, if in a family which the husband is contributing the main financial support,
and once they have broke up or divorce, the pregnant women may think to abortion
instead of carrying on which due to the pregnancy women will not be able to work for a
certain period and so she will have no sufficient financial support during and after
pregnancy time. Moreover, abortion may also cause by the husband or partner or the
pregnant women are in jail or prison because violation of discipline, which this incident is
force to terminate the baby and not abort with willingness. In the opinion of Pro-life
people, they believed ‘psychological harm’ is one of the effects of abortion. They argue
that women will get horrible nightmares of their children after they have abortion, and
they will regret and feel guilty about their decision. They physical effects from the
abortion usually appear in the future, such as tubal pregnancy and sterility. People from
5. the pro-life group have evidence that abortion can breast cancer and the worst physical
effect is death, it’s recoded that 200 women have died from legal abortion since 1973
(Abortion: Pros and cons 1999).
For those women who decide to take on an abortion, they must be willing to bear the
effects after the abortion neither it is physiology nor psychological. The worst physical
effect is death, in record, there are 200 women have died from legal abortion since 1973
(Abortion: Pros and cons 1999). In addition, approximately 60 percent of women who
experience of abortion follow-up a report with suicidal ideation, with 28 percent actually
attempting suicide, of which half attempted suicide two or more times. Researchers in
Finland have identifies a strong statistical association between abortion and suicide in a
records based study. They identified 73 suicides associated within one year to a
pregnancy ending either naturally or by induced abortion. The mean annual suicide rate
for all women was 11.3 per 100,000. The suicide rate associated with birth was
significantly lower at 5.9 per 100,000 (Abortion hurts women psychologically and
emotionally 1999). There is another case where too much blood run off during abortion
may lead to both mother and the baby or either one death. There is a risk in performing
abortion, and if the pregnant women decide to take the risk, and so she must keen to
tolerate the implication which due to abortion. According to Cr. M. C. Pike, at University
of Southern California in 1981, he has demonstrated a direct association of induced
abortion with breast cancer. He studies 163 women who developed breast cancer before
age 33, and compared them with 272 controls. He showed that if a woman had aborted
her first pregnancy, her change of developing breast cancer was increased by a factor of
2.4 times (Breast cancer 2006). While there is another view with risk of abortion, which
in February 2003, the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) held a workshop of more than
100 of the world’s leading experts who study pregnancy and breast cancer risk. The
experts’ assessment existing human and animal studies on the relationship between
pregnancy and breast cancer risk, including studies of induced and spontaneous
abortions. Among their conclusion, breast cancer risk will increased after a term
pregnancy, which is a pregnancy that results in the birth of living child or abort it (Can
having an abortion cause or contribute to breast cancer 2007). In another word, breast
cancer may due to hormonal changes during pregnancy; furthermore, change in
hormone will cause the handicapped of the newborn in later pregnancies. Post abortion
syndrome (PAS) is a term that has been used to describe the emotional and
psychological cost of abortion, in order to cope with the emotional pain that accompanies
abortion; woman may develop a set of resistance mechanisms to defend their decision.
They may include rationalization, repression, and compensation. Moreover, there may
have several symptoms of PAS, where some will occur immediately after an abortion
and other may take months or even years to surface. One of it is strong feeling of guilty,
which is a normal reaction that usually surface after the woman recognize that abortion
is wrong and that she is responsible for committing her own abortion (Physical and
psychological complications of abortion 2002). For those who are feeling extremely
guilty, they will repeat and persistently dreams or even nightmare which is about the
child. In addition, where a new research from New Zealand has confirmed that abortion
substantially increases the risk for mental health problems, such as anxiety and
depression in young women. According to David Fergussen, psychology professor, had
6. found a relative rate of mental health-related concerns, such as a tendency to suicide,
and drug and alcohol abuse were all significantly increased in women with a past history
of abortion (New research supports abortion-mental health risk claims 2007).
A social will straightforwardly influence ones behavior, and there are some people who
are arguing that abortion is morally wrong on the basis that a fetus is an innocent human
being, however, there are still a group of people who are not agree with that (Abortion
debate 2007). If a society allows the people to carry out abortion legally, the peace in a
nation will be affected, because the people will now become more cruel and unethical,
which they will never feel any guilty after the doing any crime act, such as abortion, and
so the society will be terror. On the other hand, the performing of crime will increase
unconsciously due to the immorality of the human. Besides that, in the developing
country, there may possibly arise an incident where the citizens are lack of information
about the sexually intercourse, thus the people there are unaware regarding the cause
and effect of abortion and casual sexual practice. Because of the ignorant, will
confidence the public to carry out casual sexual relationship among the teenagers.
Moreover, this will boost up in the of infection venereal disease due to violence in sexual
activity, such as AIDS, which are common in these days (Nine reasons why abortions
should be illegal 2001).
In summary, issues arise in social, economic and health condition of pregnant women
will cause an abortion activity taking place. Besides, the will be some specific impact
which due to the abortion. Crime rate in a nation is slightly related to the abortion,
because pregnancy result from rape will be an unwanted child, and the pregnant women
will decide to abort it. Additionally, knowledgeable in a certain nation will affect the idea
of abortion in the public, and rule and regulations of a country will give an impact to the
people as well. However, tendency of economic will illustrate in the rate of the abortion
rate, for example, during high unemployment rate, the abortion rate will go high as well,
and it may due to the financial problem which will confront by the family later. Next,
technology advancing in a country, will encourage the people to take on an abortion,
because the risk of failure can be minimize, and so their concern. In fact, lifestyle and
health condition of pregnant women are linked, for instance, those women who are drug
abuse will present an impact toward the fetus, which is a life long impact. Abortion may
take place where there is a matter arise either with husband or family member and it will
influence the sensation of the pregnant women. Nonetheless, abortion could come along
with the implication either mentally or physiology or both affection, such as feeling guilty
and depression. Besides that, they will also be infected with breast cancer, or even
death during or after the abortion. Subsequently, social will also be affected if the
abortion carries out legally in a certain homeland. As a conclusion, abortion will surely
lead to a bad tendency in society, so government should play their role, which control
the abortion activities, ensure that, there is a good reason for abortion, and not the
reason of feeling curious toward sexual intercourse. Also, pregnant women should
aware about the cause and effect of abortion and ensure that you and your partner are
free from venereal disease, which mean that carry out the sex in a safe condition.