1) The document discusses enabling resilient indoor environments in light of the COVID-19 pandemic by learning from past outbreaks and focusing on improving indoor air quality and ventilation.
2) It recommends immediate actions like improved guidance for building owners on balancing infection control with other priorities like energy efficiency. It also recommends long-term strategies around standards, regulations, and research to embed infection resilience in building design, operation, and retrofits.
3) Real-world evidence shows ventilation is a key factor in reducing disease transmission indoors, but the relationship is complex depending on activities, space usage, and other environmental factors. More health-focused metrics and monitoring are needed.
Health facility design for infection controlSA FHE
The South African Federation of Hospital Engineers was invited to make a presentation at the Green Building Design for Health Facilities Conference held in Cape Town on 23 August 2013.
Air quality and the public's health - Professor Paul CosfordIES / IAQM
A presentation from RTCA17, held on 24th-25th October 2017.
Professor Cosford's presentation explores the role of the Public Health England in improving air quality within the UK. Raising public and professional awareness through sustained public health engagement with local authorities and other stakeholders.
How to tackle chemicals of high concern in products – The construction Sector as a case study. Stylianos Kephalopoulos, Leader of Competence Group Exposure, European Commission – Joint Research Centre
Health facility design for infection controlSA FHE
The South African Federation of Hospital Engineers was invited to make a presentation at the Green Building Design for Health Facilities Conference held in Cape Town on 23 August 2013.
Air quality and the public's health - Professor Paul CosfordIES / IAQM
A presentation from RTCA17, held on 24th-25th October 2017.
Professor Cosford's presentation explores the role of the Public Health England in improving air quality within the UK. Raising public and professional awareness through sustained public health engagement with local authorities and other stakeholders.
How to tackle chemicals of high concern in products – The construction Sector as a case study. Stylianos Kephalopoulos, Leader of Competence Group Exposure, European Commission – Joint Research Centre
Green Building Alliance - Building Systems and IEQ Informed by CovidPete Jefferson
A session delivered by Pete Jefferson, PE, WELL Faculty, HBDP of BranchPattern. In it, he explores the good, the bad, and the ugly relative to building HVAC systems and IEQ in the age of COVID-19. The session highlights the use of a new tool called the Facility Infection Risk Estimator (found on BranchPattern's website) which allows for a user to calculate the probability of infection due to indoor environmental conditions. The presenter also draws on work done performing building assessments, retro-commissioning, and energy modeling to help inform choices that yield healthy and efficient buildings. This presentation was delivered on October 16, 2020 to the Green Building Alliance (Pittsburgh, PA).
At the Asia Clean Energy Forum 2016 Ricardo Energy & Environment’s waste management and resource efficiency experts discussed a range of critical issues, including financial, institutional, policy, regulatory, engineering, environmental and social issues around the planning for and delivery of appropriate and effective waste to energy infrastructure in developing economies.
In this presentation Dr Mark Broomfield discusses the health and social impacts of waste to energy processes.
Unlocking the Climate Crisis: Explore urgent insights on climate change. Navigate through the latest data, impactful visuals, and innovative strategies to drive awareness and inspire positive change.
Green and Healthy Buildings for the Healthcare Industry
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): Research NewsletterErin K. Peavey
In the US “One in 25 patients have a hospital-acquired
infection...Each day, over 205 deaths occur from HAIs...”
— Centers for Disease Control, 2011
An overview of this month’s article follows with bullet-points of the advantages and disadvantages of various environmental interventions in the prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), often referred to as hospital-acquired infections. Paragraph summaries of Cleaning Strategies, Materials, Room Design and Hand-Hygiene are listed below. These provide broad themes and findings from the article. Reading the full article is always of benefit for a fuller understanding and is recommended. Click here to access the full article on the HERD Journal website.
Comments on the Intersection of Architecture and MicrobiologyWilliam Bahnfleth
Presentation on the value of collaboration between biologists and building scientists to study and improve indoor environments. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Inaugural Conference on the Microbiology of the Built Environment, Boulder CO, May 31 - June 1, 2012.
Paula Vandergert - Raising awareness in sustainable renovation - UK experiencesecobuild.brussels
This PowerPoint presentation was used by paula Vandergert, fellow researcher at the East London University, during a conference given in Brussels. The conference's theme was Public awareness in sustainable renovation, and was organized by the Ecobuild Cluster and the Greenov European project during the European Sustainable Energy Week on the25th of June, 2013..
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the Physical Indoor En...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems. The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Green Building Alliance - Building Systems and IEQ Informed by CovidPete Jefferson
A session delivered by Pete Jefferson, PE, WELL Faculty, HBDP of BranchPattern. In it, he explores the good, the bad, and the ugly relative to building HVAC systems and IEQ in the age of COVID-19. The session highlights the use of a new tool called the Facility Infection Risk Estimator (found on BranchPattern's website) which allows for a user to calculate the probability of infection due to indoor environmental conditions. The presenter also draws on work done performing building assessments, retro-commissioning, and energy modeling to help inform choices that yield healthy and efficient buildings. This presentation was delivered on October 16, 2020 to the Green Building Alliance (Pittsburgh, PA).
At the Asia Clean Energy Forum 2016 Ricardo Energy & Environment’s waste management and resource efficiency experts discussed a range of critical issues, including financial, institutional, policy, regulatory, engineering, environmental and social issues around the planning for and delivery of appropriate and effective waste to energy infrastructure in developing economies.
In this presentation Dr Mark Broomfield discusses the health and social impacts of waste to energy processes.
Unlocking the Climate Crisis: Explore urgent insights on climate change. Navigate through the latest data, impactful visuals, and innovative strategies to drive awareness and inspire positive change.
Green and Healthy Buildings for the Healthcare Industry
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs): Research NewsletterErin K. Peavey
In the US “One in 25 patients have a hospital-acquired
infection...Each day, over 205 deaths occur from HAIs...”
— Centers for Disease Control, 2011
An overview of this month’s article follows with bullet-points of the advantages and disadvantages of various environmental interventions in the prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), often referred to as hospital-acquired infections. Paragraph summaries of Cleaning Strategies, Materials, Room Design and Hand-Hygiene are listed below. These provide broad themes and findings from the article. Reading the full article is always of benefit for a fuller understanding and is recommended. Click here to access the full article on the HERD Journal website.
Comments on the Intersection of Architecture and MicrobiologyWilliam Bahnfleth
Presentation on the value of collaboration between biologists and building scientists to study and improve indoor environments. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Inaugural Conference on the Microbiology of the Built Environment, Boulder CO, May 31 - June 1, 2012.
Paula Vandergert - Raising awareness in sustainable renovation - UK experiencesecobuild.brussels
This PowerPoint presentation was used by paula Vandergert, fellow researcher at the East London University, during a conference given in Brussels. The conference's theme was Public awareness in sustainable renovation, and was organized by the Ecobuild Cluster and the Greenov European project during the European Sustainable Energy Week on the25th of June, 2013..
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the Physical Indoor En...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems. The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Sharing is Caring – Can cross industry collaboration be achieved on key envir...IES / IAQM
Sharing is Caring – Can cross industry collaboration be achieved on key environmental topics?
Rebecca Hearn, Director, Midland Lands Events: MidLE
mental topics?
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. The environment has always mattered
“…..the very first requirement in a hospital is
that it should do the sick no harm”
Florence Nightingale, 1859, Notes on Hospitals
John Shaw Billings, John Hopkins
Medical Advisor, 1895
6. Factors
Constraints
Theme 1: Coupled indoor-
outdoor flows
How do we connect flow &
transport models across scales?
Theme 2: Health-centred
ventilation design
How do we innovate technology
for design and retrofit?
Theme 3: Breathing City into
practice
How do regulation, practice and
guidance need to change?
Breathing City: Integrated
health evidenced framework
Research
Programme
Sustainable
Network
Building envelope, ventilation, urban layout, weather & climate, feasibility, usability,
control, cost, building regulation & planning, behaviour, demographics
Pollutants, health conditions, thermal comfort, noise, energy, climate impact
Region ↔ City ↔ Neighbourhood ↔ Building ↔ Indoor ↔ Human
Scales
Demonstration projects Impact & dissemination
FUVN Scope
7. Disruptive effects of a pandemic
• Human biological source
• Risks across different settings
• Importance of ventilation, air
cleaning and building design
• Behavioural interfaces
• Application of sensors
• Real world complexity
• Exposed strategic weaknesses
8. Respiratory transmission
Source Transport and deposition Exposure
Microbe characteristics
Human characteristics
CDC, USA
• Respiratory source
• Activity
• Size distribution
• Location & duration
• Inhaled Aerosol
• Short & long range
• Larger droplet
• direct deposition
• Via surfaces/fomites
Tang J et al. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64: 100-11
Fluid Dynamics
9. Risk factors
Buildings set baseline conditions and enable interactions
Buildings can’t manage all the behavioural factors
Environmental Factors
High occupant density
Poor ventilation
Highly shared spaces
Temperature and humidity
Human factors
Activity and breathing rate
Duration of exposure
Contact network/frequency
Hygiene behaviours
Socio-economic factors
10. • Commission from Sir Patrick Vallance
– how can buildings be more resilient
to infection?
• Phase 1 - Immediate action – what
should be done before winter
2021/22?
• Phase 2 – longer term strategic
challenges
How can buildings be infection resilient?
14. Phase 1 Recommendations
Immediate Actions
• Communications to building
owners and occupiers on WHY
infection control matters
• Guidance on balancing
risks/priorities and technology
selection
• Incentives to improve the
poorest spaces
15. Phase 2 recommendations
Strategy and
design
1. Standards for design, operation and products
Construction and
handover
2. Health and wellbeing in building regulations including linking to
sustainability
3. Improve commissioning & testing + enforcement
In-use and retrofit 4. In-use regulations established with local authorities
5. BSI standards for technology certification
6. Infection resilience in major retrofit programmes
7. Communications for public and building owners/managers
Leadership 8. Strategic leadership from government
9. Interdisciplinary research and collaboration
16. Practicalities of Infection Resilience
• No one size fits all – who, what,
where?
• Align and balance to other priorities –
air quality, comfort, energy/carbon
• New build or retrofit?
• Passive or active strategies?
• Resources and timescales
Risk
Vulnerability
hospital
school
offices
construction
19. Real-world ventilation complexity
Very few spaces are fully mixed
Connected zones
Air distribution between zones
Ventilation rates are variable, especially
in naturally ventilated spaces
Driven by combined temperature & wind
Further influence from movement of people and heat sources
Measurement is challenging
CO2 as a proxy guide - but depends on number of
people, activity, variation between people, size of space
,flow rates
20. Passive vs Active approaches
Natural
ventilation
Thermal
conditions
Materials
Spatial
layout
Water
systems
Daylight
21. What are good environments?
What metrics do we need
for health based
performance?
How is performance linked
to behaviour and
understanding?
What are the current
conditions in our buildings?
How do we measure and
monitor?
22. Ventilation for health?
Treadgold 1836,
2 l/s/p
Metabolic needs
Billings 1895,
14 l/s/p
Disease
ASHVE 1925,
4.7 l/s/p
Odour, comfort
ASA standard
1946, 7.5 l/s/p
Comfort
1970s 5 l/s/p
Energy crisis
ASHRAE 1980s,
7.5 l/s/p
Smoking
ASHRAE/CIBSE, 1989-
8-10 l/s/p
Comfort &
contaminants
?
Sundell et al
2011, 25 l/s/p
Health
23. How much does ventilation impact?
Epidemiology evidence
• Low ventilation rates cited
in nearly all big outbreaks
• Georgia schools: 35%
reduction with ventilation,
48% reduction with
ventilation + air cleaning
• Addenbrookes air cleaning:
removed virus RNA from air
• Other diseases suggest 30-
50% reductions
Modelling evidence
• Most important in places
where people spend a long
time
• Double ventilation rate,
halve the aerosol risk
• Higher risks for
louder/more active
activities
• Potential to stop outbreaks?
25. Real world impact in schools
Class-ACT study
• 30 primary schools in Bradford – 540
classrooms
• Control group, filter unit group, active air
UVC group
• Measuring IAQ parameters (T, RH, CO2,
PM) in every room
• Measuring infection rates and absence
including COVID
• Evaluating practicalities of implementing
and using air cleaners – behaviour matters
28. A paradigm shift
• Focus on human centred design
• Holistic approach to indoors & outdoors
• Recognise the complexity – this is not easy
• Recognise the behaviour-technology link
• Driving the economic and societal case for better
buildings
• Embed in policy, design, training and education to build
capability and capacity
29. Acknowledgements
• Leeds academic colleagues, postdocs, PhD students,
technicians
• SAGE and SAGE EMG
• Research project teams: TRACK, PROTECT, HECOIRA, Far
UV, Class ACT, FUVN
• Royal Academy of Engineering, CIBSE, IMechE
• Group of 36, ISIAQ
• Funders: EPSRC, DHSC, HM government, NHS Scotland
30. There are no magic bullets…..
Thank you
C.J.Noakes@leeds.ac.uk
@CathNoakes