Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems. The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indoor air quality index and chronic health diseaseeSAT Journals
Abstract Approximately about 2 million premature deaths per year in developing countries by indoor pollution this is estimated by WHO (2006). Indoor activities (cooking, smoking, incense, mosquitoes coil and others), building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have affected indoor air quality environment. Especially young and unemployed people spend about 90% of their times in indoor environment so, air quality index (AQI) is now becomes the essential task for determine the quality of indoor homes. Indoor air quality index concern to pollutant concentration. AQI = 1/3 [SPM/SSPM + SO2/SSO2 + NOx/SNOx ] x 100. More will be the value of AQI more hazardous will be the quality. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5) and due to long exposure to particulate matters may lead to mortality. Women and children are mainly affected by indoor pollution because they spend more time in homes as compare to others. So, increased the respiratory symptoms, decreased the lung function, increased lung cancer incidence, cardiovascular mortality and accelerated artherosclerosis and vascular inflammation all these ill effects mainly observed in women’s and infants.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenyaijtsrd
Industrialization, economic growth, urbanization and population growth have been responsible for air pollution in developing countries. The discharge of harmful chemicals and increased combustion of fossil fuels, affect both the physical environment and the public health. Air pollution effects are both acute and chronic on human health, ranging from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults. A study was conducted to assess the effect of sulfur dioxide on air quality at three sites in Athi River town, Kenya which included one non-industrial site. The air samples were collected by scrubbing them through appropriate trapping solutions and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory using colorimetric method. The meteorological parameters namely; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction were also measured during the sampling exercise. The mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide at the various sampling sites during rainy season were: Shalom Hospital (602 -µg/m3); Vannilaz Restaurant (793 -µg/m3); Redeemed Gospel Church (861 -µg/m3) and Sabaki residential Estate (370 -µg/m3). The levels exceeded the guidelines recommended by WHO which has set a maximum of 500 -µg/m3, for 10 minutes exposure, however the levels at Sabaki residential Estate were low. Mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide during the dry season for Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant, Redeemed Gospel church and Sabaki residential Estate were 863, 875,862 and 664 -µg/m3 respectively. The elevated levels of SO2 was associated with heavy vehicular traffic and the various industrial activities mainly cement manufacturing plants. Sulphur dioxide may also be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles and coal burning in the industries. The study revealed that Shalom Hospital, Vanillaz Restaurant and Redeemed Gospel Church were polluted with sulphur dioxide during the rainy season except Sabaki residential Estate but during the dry season all the sites were polluted with sulphur dioxide. Birgen J. | Wafula G. | Yusuf A. | Onyatta J."Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide Levels in Selected Sites in Athi River, Kenya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2320.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/2320/assessment-of-sulphur-dioxide-levels-in--selected-sites-in-athi-river-kenya/birgen-j
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Indoor air quality index and chronic health diseaseeSAT Journals
Abstract Approximately about 2 million premature deaths per year in developing countries by indoor pollution this is estimated by WHO (2006). Indoor activities (cooking, smoking, incense, mosquitoes coil and others), building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have affected indoor air quality environment. Especially young and unemployed people spend about 90% of their times in indoor environment so, air quality index (AQI) is now becomes the essential task for determine the quality of indoor homes. Indoor air quality index concern to pollutant concentration. AQI = 1/3 [SPM/SSPM + SO2/SSO2 + NOx/SNOx ] x 100. More will be the value of AQI more hazardous will be the quality. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5) and due to long exposure to particulate matters may lead to mortality. Women and children are mainly affected by indoor pollution because they spend more time in homes as compare to others. So, increased the respiratory symptoms, decreased the lung function, increased lung cancer incidence, cardiovascular mortality and accelerated artherosclerosis and vascular inflammation all these ill effects mainly observed in women’s and infants.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
Construction sites are important source of air pollution emitting pollutants like PM10, etc. which adversely affect human health especially the respiratory system. The present study aims at monitoring of PM10, health condition of workers, evaluation of API (Air Pollution Index) and development of correlation between API and human health in the vicinity of construction sites. In the present study relevant literature review has also been carried out to study and analyze the impact of air pollution on human health. Reconnaissance survey of 19 selected construction sites in Delhi-NCR has been conducted for the period January 2013 to December 2013 and health related data of people in the vicinity of construction sites has been collected individually through a questionnaire. The air quality data (for pollutant PM10) for the area in which the selected construction sites lie has been obtained from the continuous monitoring stations of Central Pollution Control Board. The monthly average PM10 concentration in the ambient air for the study period has been obtained for all the sites. The annual average PM10 level of all the sites has been estimated and compared with the prescribed value. Also the air pollution index (API) (for pollutant PM10) has been calculated for each site and compared with the percentage of people suffering with respiratory problems at the respective sites. The results show that the construction sites where the value of API for PM10 is higher there the percentage of people suffering with respiratory diseases has also been higher.
In our company we use virtual training every 6 weeks to maintain o.docxjaggernaoma
In our company we use virtual training every 6 weeks to maintain our credit towards our certification as EMT and Paramedics. Our lead facilitator coordinates a classroom and all the necessary laptops and classroom space. The training is closely monitored by the supervisors so that it is following all the current standards that are required by the national registry.
The equipment and resources used are set up over a period of time and each instructor is required to participate every 6 weeks or at least 3 times a year. The training follows closely to what we do daily when teaching our students.
Journal of
Actuator Networks
Sensor and
Article
Analyzing the Relationship between Human
Behavior and Indoor Air Quality
Beiyu Lin 1,*, Yibo Huangfu 2, Nathan Lima 3, Bertram Jobson 2, Max Kirk 3, Patrick O’Keeffe 2,
Shelley N. Pressley 2, Von Walden 2, Brian Lamb 2 and Diane J. Cook 1
1 School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Washington State University, Spokane Street,
Pullman, WA 99163, USA; [email protected]
2 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 2001 Grimes Way,
Pullman, WA 99163, USA; [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (P.O.);
[email protected] (S.N.P.); [email protected] (V.W.); [email protected] (B.L.)
3 School of Design & Construction, Washington State University, Spokane Street, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
[email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (M.K.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-631-371-2930
Received: 7 July 2017; Accepted: 31 July 2017; Published: 2 August 2017
Abstract: In the coming decades, as we experience global population growth and global aging issues,
there will be corresponding concerns about the quality of the air we experience inside and outside
buildings. Because we can anticipate that there will be behavioral changes that accompany population
growth and aging, we examine the relationship between home occupant behavior and indoor air
quality. To do this, we collect both sensor-based behavior data and chemical indoor air quality
measurements in smart home environments. We introduce a novel machine learning-based approach
to quantify the correlation between smart home features and chemical measurements of air quality,
and evaluate the approach using two smart homes. The findings may help us understand the types
of behavior that measurably impact indoor air quality. This information could help us plan for the
future by developing an automated building system that would be used as part of a smart city.
Keywords: indoor air quality; smart home environment; machine learning; data mining
1. Introduction
With global population growth and global aging issues, there will be a corresponding concern
about living environment changes that impact human health both inside and outside buildings.
In this paper, we focus on indoor air quality (IAQ) and its relationship to human behavior. The
National Human Activity Pattern Surv.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In our company we use virtual training every 6 weeks to maintain o.docxjaggernaoma
In our company we use virtual training every 6 weeks to maintain our credit towards our certification as EMT and Paramedics. Our lead facilitator coordinates a classroom and all the necessary laptops and classroom space. The training is closely monitored by the supervisors so that it is following all the current standards that are required by the national registry.
The equipment and resources used are set up over a period of time and each instructor is required to participate every 6 weeks or at least 3 times a year. The training follows closely to what we do daily when teaching our students.
Journal of
Actuator Networks
Sensor and
Article
Analyzing the Relationship between Human
Behavior and Indoor Air Quality
Beiyu Lin 1,*, Yibo Huangfu 2, Nathan Lima 3, Bertram Jobson 2, Max Kirk 3, Patrick O’Keeffe 2,
Shelley N. Pressley 2, Von Walden 2, Brian Lamb 2 and Diane J. Cook 1
1 School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Washington State University, Spokane Street,
Pullman, WA 99163, USA; [email protected]
2 Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 2001 Grimes Way,
Pullman, WA 99163, USA; [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (P.O.);
[email protected] (S.N.P.); [email protected] (V.W.); [email protected] (B.L.)
3 School of Design & Construction, Washington State University, Spokane Street, Pullman, WA 99163, USA;
[email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (M.K.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-631-371-2930
Received: 7 July 2017; Accepted: 31 July 2017; Published: 2 August 2017
Abstract: In the coming decades, as we experience global population growth and global aging issues,
there will be corresponding concerns about the quality of the air we experience inside and outside
buildings. Because we can anticipate that there will be behavioral changes that accompany population
growth and aging, we examine the relationship between home occupant behavior and indoor air
quality. To do this, we collect both sensor-based behavior data and chemical indoor air quality
measurements in smart home environments. We introduce a novel machine learning-based approach
to quantify the correlation between smart home features and chemical measurements of air quality,
and evaluate the approach using two smart homes. The findings may help us understand the types
of behavior that measurably impact indoor air quality. This information could help us plan for the
future by developing an automated building system that would be used as part of a smart city.
Keywords: indoor air quality; smart home environment; machine learning; data mining
1. Introduction
With global population growth and global aging issues, there will be a corresponding concern
about living environment changes that impact human health both inside and outside buildings.
In this paper, we focus on indoor air quality (IAQ) and its relationship to human behavior. The
National Human Activity Pattern Surv.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Green and Healthy Buildings for the Healthcare Industry
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
12-1 Group Work Preliminary and Program Development ResearchPurp.pdfarkurkuri
12-1: Group Work: Preliminary and Program Development Research
Purpose
To assess your ability to:
Determine the role of research in health education and health promotion.
Distinguish the four phases, based on research, in the design of health promotions programs.
Discuss some typologies of research, relating to the type of data, research styles, and research
approach.
Action Items
In this assignment, you will conduct preliminary research to identify behavioral and
environmental factors contributing to a health problem of your choice, as well as relevant
stakeholders.
This is what you will do:
Select a health problem of your choice
Select at least three of the following techniques:
Epidemiological data
Formal and informal interviews with key informants
Group sessions
Focus group interviews
Questionnaires
Rapid participatory appraisal technique
Use the techniques you have selected to collect data on behavioral and environmental factors
contributing to the health problem you chose, as well as relevant stakeholders.
Write a report that includes the health problem, techniques, and findings.
Submit your report and be prepared to share it with your classmates.
Submission Instructions
Complete and submit this assignment per your professor\'s instructions.
phc-112 health education and promotion / please i need the answer very quickl
Introduction
The focus this week is the role of research in health promotion. We will consider the four phases
of research in the design of health promotions programs. These are: preliminary research,
program development research, monitoring, and evaluation. Preliminary research focuses on
diagnosis of the existing situation, the environmental and behavioral causes of health problems
and the determinants of these causes. Program development research facilitates the development
of programs and action plans. Monitoring aims to examine the ways in which programs are
implemented, including the processes of participation and collaboration, in order to keep track of
and/or improve the program. Evaluation involves a review of the results achieved in the program
in terms of its effectiveness, efficiency and validity.
We will also consider the types and styles of research. Types of research include qualitative and
quantitative. Some common research styles discussed in your textbook include experimental,
survey, documentary-historical, and field study. During a group project this week, you will have
an opportunity to conduct preliminary research to identify behavioral and environmental factors
contributing to a health problem.
Solution
- since you did not clarified for which specific question you need answer so am starting off
according to my understanding ;
° Preliminary research to identify behavioural and environmental problems affecting our health :-
~ preliminary research demonstrates the health benefits of sustainable communities. However,
the impact of mediating and moderating factors within the built environment on health mu.
Evaluation of the indoor air quality of beato angelico building of the univer...University of Santo Tomas
This research work on the Evaluation of the Indoor Air Quality of Beato Angelico Building of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila was made possible through a grant provided by the university.
Quantification of rate of air pollution by means ofIJARBEST JOURNAL
To develop efficient strategies for pollution control, it is essential to assess
both the costs of control and the benefits that may result. These benefits will often include
improvements in public health, including reductions in both morbidity and premature
mortality. Until recently, there has been little guidance about how to calculate the benefits
of air pollution controls and how to use those estimates to assign priorities to different air
pollution control strategies. In this work, a method is described for quantifying the benefits
of reduced ambient concentrations of pollutants (such as ozone and particulate matter)
typically found in urban areas worldwide. The method applies the data on Jakara, Indonesia,
an area characterized by little wind, high population density (8 million people), congested
roads, and ambient air pollution. The magnitude of the benefits of pollution control depends
on the level of air pollution, the expected effects on health of the pollutants (dose-response),
the size of the population affected, and the economic value of these effects. In the case of
Jakarta, the methodology suggests that reducing exposure to lead and nitrogen dioxide
should also be a high priority. An important consequence of ambient lead pollution is a
reduction in learning abilities for children, measured as I.Q. loss. Apart from that, reducing
the proportion of respirable particles can reduce the amount of illness and premature
mortality.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
growbilliontrees.com-Trees for Granddaughter (1).pdf
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the Physical Indoor Environment
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 141
The Link between the User´s Health and Deficiencies in the
Physical Indoor Environment
Thomas Alsmo
PhD, Library Research, Olten, Switzerland
Email: administrator@libraryresearch.eu
Abstract— In this project we study a school building where users for many years have complained about health problems.
The symptoms reported are often nonspecific and are also common among the population in general, such as headache,
fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical deficiencies in the indoor
environment can be identified by measurements that can be linked to the health problems that users complain about. The
starting point is to use a working model that not only seek damages in the building itself as the cause of the problems, but
considering all polluting factors affecting the air environment. The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the
physical measurements, show that there are problems with the air environment in the school building. The study shows that a
link has been identified, that is the physical measurements show deficiencies in the air environment that is directly linked to
the health problems that users complain about. Through a program of action a significant improvement of the indoor
environment has been achieved, since the unhealthy emissions have been eliminated. Dry air prevails most of the year in the
school building, below 40% and periodically below 20%. The cause of the dry air, are the air flows that the ventilation
system creates. In Sweden the authorities pose far-reaching demands on the ventilation flow, causing technological systems
installed to create these air flows. This would however go beyond the framework of this project.
Keywords— Hygiene and Health, Indoor Air quality, Indoor Humidity, Indoor Temperature.
I. INTRODUCTION
Complaints on the indoor environment of the residents have in recent decades become a common problem in the Swedish
property portfolio. The buildings themselves are considered to be the cause of problems and a diffuse image is created by
both the exposure and the effect of the problems. The symptoms that residents and users report are often unspecific and
moreover common in the population in general, such as headache, fatigue, mucosal and skin problems. In a study of public
health authorities reported that the equivalent of 18% of the adult population in Sweden has these symptoms, and the
explanation is considered to be deficiencies in the building itself [1, 2]. There are parties, both in the public sector and in the
private ranks, carrying out various measurements and refers to the deficiencies found in the building's design that causes that
the occupants of these buildings become ill. The methods used are not validated and no comparisons can be made between
the different parties since there is no calibration between different measurement procedures. It should be emphasized that the
measured levels are extremely low in relation to exposure limits of The Swedish Work Environment Authority [3]. It is also
said by many researchers that there are no established dose-response relationship in the matter and this is supported by
intensive research that has taken place in recent decades [4-11]. However, the action continues by the authorities and private
parties, as if the dose-response relationships are confirmed. This situation has created the conditions to allow the use of a
working model that lacks a scientific working hypothesis [12]. The Swedish authorities have embraced this and an
inadequate working model is now allowed to control the actions of the authorities [13, 14, 15].
Already in the early 1990s, the incidence of problems increased in Sweden. In a survey of this period, involving more than
200 people on municipal technical offices, the results showed that the problem was widespread. In addition, they
demonstrated great difficulty in dealing with the situation when the problem occurred. It is noteworthy that the authorities'
actions already perceived as unclear and they were out of touch with everyday situation in the Swedish property portfolio
[16]. Working models must not be too tight so that the critical parameters affecting indoor environment and human health are
omitted [17]. Instead, all the factors that affect the environment in a particular building must be included. Different
environments may not be interchanged, i.e., so that the external environments that users are exposed to not unduly are
transferred to and condemn a certain designated building. The model used must be clear.
1. Dose-response relationships; the level of a particular substance is established that provides health problems,
alternatively, combinations of several substances.
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2. The analysis must take into account both the total human environment they are exposed to and the activities in the
current building, which today does not occur [13, 14, 15].
Is not a viable working model in use it is very likely that there are shortcomings in the indoor environment that is not taken
into account and therefore cannot be rectified. The result is that problems with the indoor environment persists despite
extensive measures are implemented [18]. This project is based on the study of a school building, which for many years has
been exposed to problems and despite extensive efforts, the problems have not been solved and the activities suffer major
disruptions. The purpose of this project is to investigate whether it is possible to identify the link between the health
problems that users complain of and deficiencies in the building's air environment. This means that the potential to eliminate
the source of the problems that cause the users of the building increases, than the use of incomplete work models. A
parameter that must be considered in terms of the air environment in buildings is the relative humidity. Studies show that dry
air, with respect to human health, often prevails in buildings and that the situation becomes even more pronounced during the
winter months. It is well documented that the incidence of respiratory infections increases in winter when people during long
periods are exposed to low relative humidity levels indoors [19 – 28]. Regarding the relative humidity there is an optimum
zone between 40-60%, and this level should be sought, see ”Fig. 1”.
FIGURE 1: The effect of relative humidity, on biological and chemical factors, is graphically summarized above. The
optimum zone is in the range between 40% - 60% relative humidity to minimize the negative health effects of
common air pollutants [19].
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
This project includes the study of a school building where the users for many years have complained that they suffer from
health problems. Health complaints are substantiated by a medical report and the evidence supporting the statement are
investigations with a one-sided focus on the health symptoms to be linked to deficiencies in building structure [12, 29].
Despite comprehensive measures by rebuilding the problems have not been resolved, but the health symptoms recur. The
purpose of this project is to investigate whether physical hygiene deficiencies in the indoor environment can be identified
through measurements in the school building related to the health problems that users complain about. The starting point is to
use a working model that not only focuses on the building, but also takes into account that for the physical indoor
environment all influencing factors. The project begins with a questionnaire to the school staff to document how the school
environment is perceived. The questionnaire is divided into three sections; 1. Concern- Health, 2. Air Quality and 3. Comfort
parameters (including the measurement parameters relative humidity and air temperature). The survey is designed so that if
the result shows that there are deficiencies in the indoor environment, the source of these could be derived using physical
measurements in air. The physical measurements of the air environment include emissions, the relative humidity and air
temperature. The air people normally breathe contains regularly pollution of various kinds and the composition is important
for human health. Its ingredients are both gaseous pollutants and particulate pollutants where the gaseous pollutants have
undergone extensive research studies in recent decades. It should be emphasized that the gaseous pollutants are commonly
found in outdoor air and thereby also in indoor air. The concentrations are low, 100 or 1000 times lower than the current
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limits in the work environment and research studies have indicated that no dose-response relationship has been demonstrated
[3-11]. The indoor particulate emissions have not received the same attention as the gaseous, but studies indicate that high
levels prevailing in Swedish schools [16, 17, 18]. In this project particulate emission measurements are implemented with
validated instruments that are taken from cleanroom industry. The emission measurements are carried out as a point effort in
a day and a measurement series consists of five individual measurements, which means that the total treated air is about
fifteen liters. The meter calculates and presents results in cubic meters of air. All the results from the measurements in the
school environment are based on an activity that is comparable to the activity normally pursued, but with one important
difference which is the number of persons present. When the time of measurement is conducted only a few people are
involved compared, to normal operation when far more people are staying on the premises. This ratio is important because
each person affects the environment and provides a direct issuance addition to the air but will not be included in the results of
this study. All cells of a human being, except for neurons, are continually renewed. Old skin is continuously replaced by
newly formed skin and man usually changes its entire outer layer of skin after four days [30]. Examples of various activities
emission contributions are reported in Table 1.
TABLE 1
The number of particles larger than 0.5 microns as a human gives off at different body movements [30].
THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES AS A HUMAN EMITTING
Sedentary:
Sitting, rotating arm movements:
Standing up, sitting down:
Climbing stairs, running:
100 000 particles per minute
500 000 particles per minute
2 500 000 particles per minute
10 000 000 particles per minute
Regarding the measurement of relative humidity and temperature indoors the measurement ran from December 4, 2014 and
ended April 19, 2016, which means that the results include the seasonal variations that the Swedish climate exposes buildings
to. The instrument used is equipped with a data logger with the logging interval set to every two hours. The results presented
from the physical measurements are taken from a classroom that is representative of the building. The basis for the
environment in the building is the conditions found outdoors around the building and therefore implemented the same
physical measurements outdoors and indoors. The project includes a visual inspection of the building to assess the building's
standard, both from a technical point of view and how the building is used. The project is complemented by studying how the
concerned authority relates to the problem at the school. The goal is to obtain an insight into the intentions of the Swedish
Parliament and Government through the legal system, reaches out to the Swedish property portfolio.
III. RESULT
The measurement results, both the survey and the study of the physical measurements, show that there are problems with the
air environment in the school building. This project presents measurable hygiene deficiencies in the indoor environment that
causes the health problems that users complain about.
3.1 The questionnaire study covering 53 of the 56 total respondents, i.e. a response rate of 96%, shows the following
results:
1. Concerns - Health: 23% said they suffer from health problems when they are staying in the school building and it is
noteworthy that the entire 53% complain of anxiety just by staying in the building.
2. Air quality: The air is generally perceived as bad by 62%, unpleasant odors experienced by 53% and 32% that the air
environment is dusty.
3. Comfort: Within this area the major problems are pointed out and this during the winter months when 66%
experiences the dry air and 74% have a complaint about the temperature.
3.2 Emission measurements, report that the amount of pollutants in indoor air is affected by indoor air around the
building. From “Fig. 2”, it appears that there are significant variations in the outdoor environment of the minimum
interval between measurements, to the greater advantage of coherent modest levels.
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FIGURE 2: Emissions outdoors, particles in the range of 0.3 - 10.0 microns. As can be seen, there is substantial
variation in the outdoor environment of the minimum intervals for the larger, at both measurement occasions, be
consistent and at very modest levels.
One reason for the sharp fluctuations in the smallest interval is that these pollutants mainly occur from emissions in other
countries. These particles can remain in the atmosphere for several days and the number from which the inward transport to
Sweden takes place is controlled by the winds [5]. To read the issue results in the larger particle ranges and where to make
comparisons between the different measurement occasions are used in the diagrams in “Fig. 3-5”, the same scale and the
maximum limit, the maximum value set at 9,000,000 particles per cubic meter of air.
FIGURE 3: Emissions indoors and outdoors for the particles in the range of 0.3 - 10.0 microns. As shown, there are
important differences between outdoor and indoor environments. In the smaller ranges there is substantially larger
numbers of particles outside to the larger intervals to be much more modest, unlike the indoor environment where the
particle numbers turns and increases in larger intervals.
FIGURE 4: Emissions indoors and outdoors for particles in the range of 0.3 - 10.0 microns. As shown, there are
important differences between the outdoor and indoor environment in the smaller ranges, with many more particles
outdoors than indoors. In the larger interval the graphs are more attuned.
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FIGURE 5: Emissions of particles in the range of 0.5 - 10.0 microns on two occasions. As shown, there are important
differences between the different measurement times and it is considerably better air quality during September 2015.
The reason for this improvement is the cleaning up of the school premises between the two measurement occasions.
This means that the smallest particle range during the measurement in December 2014, will not be visible in its entirety, but
it is of less importance in this context. Preferably emissions greater than 5.0 microns are interesting from a health perspective
since they are carriers of negative health agents such as allergens and microorganisms [6, 30, 31]. The visual inspection
showed that the schools are overloaded, which means that the emission sources are created [32], and this relationship is
evidenced by the physical measurements that show that the air environment is loaded. The graphs in “Fig. 3” is clear,
divergence is greater in the emission intervals to the detriment of the environment. Regarding the minimum interval, less
than 0.5 microns, the emission levels higher outdoors and contaminate the indoor environment in the particle range.
However, this spread is relatively modest and cannot technically be addressed when the spread from the outdoor environment
is transmitted through the communication that regularly is going on through doors and windows. Considering the amount of
emission in indoor air regarding particles larger than 3.0 microns, it can be concluded that the source is not from the outdoor
environment, because the level outside is significantly lower. These emissions are formed indoors and “Fig. 4” shows the
graphs in the chart a better coherence between the outdoor and indoor environment, that is, after the measures have been
implemented. ”Fig. 5” shows a direct comparison of the two measurement occasions from the opening intervals greater than
0.5 microns and the graphs in the chart shows that the measures taken have achieved major improvements in hygienic indoor
environment. To clarify the situation for the larger particles 5.0 microns is reported in ”Fig 6”, a direct comparison between
the two measurement occasions for this fraction.
FIGURE 6: Emissions of particles larger than 5.0 microns. As shown, there are important differences between the
different measurement times and it is considerably better air quality during September 2015. The reason for this
improvement is the cleaning up school passed between the two measurement occasions.
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The hygienic improvement of the indoor environment is palpable, the emission amount of the unhealthy size ranges have
been greatly reduced, from over four million particles per cubic meter to a level below 200 000 particles per cubic meter.
After the measures being implemented by remediating the material that was not needed and to adapt the interior to be more
appropriate for the business, the emission sources had been eliminated and the exposure load in the air environment was
reduced by over 90%. It should be emphasized that the maintenance work in the building has not changed, but the results
have been achieved due to the maintenance of all the surfaces become possible, which was not feasible before the clean-up.
The problems and the health problems that users complain of
Health Problems (area 1 of the questionnaire)
Air quality (part 2 of the survey)
are correlated with measurements of the indoor environment.
The emission level indoors in ”Fig 3” is high, and this provides a significant higher contamination of allergens and bacteria
unlike the emission level indoors in ”Fig 4”. The source of the problem is identified by the emission measurements and thus
the emission sources may be eliminated.
3.3 The temperature shows that a fairly steady level prevailing with a mean of 20.5 ᵒC and the lowest measured 18.6ᵒC
and a maximum value of 24.6 ᵒC. The results are shown in full in ”Fig 7”.
FIGURE 7: The air temperature in the school building from December 4, 2014- April 19, 2016.
According to the Swedish authorities, the temperature should be a minimum of 18 ° C and below 26 ᵒC with operational
measurement for not being considered a nuisance to human health [33]. The problems and health problems that users
complain of in the questionnaire survey concerning area 3, Comfort - temperature, is a subjective experience where both the
experience and the different perceptions of great scattering frequency between different people. What a person experiences as
cold can of another person perceived as too hot. Temperature is a difficult issue to handle and arbitrary as it is important for
the authorities to provide clear information on the issue at hand.
3.4 The relative humidity, this measurement shows an unhealthy level that is below 40% most of the measurement
period. ”Fig. 8” and Table 2 reveals that the rate is even below 20% for long periods and the lowest recorded levels
are below 10%.
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FIGURE 8: The relative humidity in a school building from December 4, 2014 –April 19, 2016.
TABLE 2
The relative humidity and the air temperature in a school building.
Period: December 4, 2014 – April 19, 2016.
RH (%) °C
Average 32,6 20,5
Highest 64,9 24,6
Lowest 8,3 18,6
The average for the entire performance period is 32.6%. The problems and health problems that users complain of in the
questionnaire study regarding,
Health problems (part 1 of the questionnaire) and
Comfort (area 3 of the questionnaire)
the source of the problem has been identified by measurement of the relative humidity [19-28]. The problem of the dry air
environment is more difficult to deal with in the framework of this project, as this is preferably controlled by the air flows
prevailing in the building. The reason for these air flows is the mechanical ventilation system installed. The installation is
based on the requirements authorities make regarding air flows and it is these air flows that are the cause of the dry air
prevailing in school [28].
Regarding the guidelines that the Swedish authorities have to abide by, there is preferably two laws in question:
1) Miljöbalken (The Environmental Code) and with reference to Chapter 9, § 9, prompting the following: Residential
and commercial buildings for public purposes shall be operated in such a way that risks to human health arises and
kept free of vermin and other pests. The owner or utilization holders of the affected property shall, with regard to
human health, take the steps reasonably required to prevent the creation or elimination of the inconvenience that
exist [34].
2) Arbetsmiljölagen (The Work Act) announces that the Act's purpose is to prevent illness and accidents at work and
generally to achieve a good work [35].
These laws are fairly clear and the conditions prevailing at the relevant school and presented in ”Fig. 3 and 8”, and before the
action in ”Fig. 5 and 6”, should not be the subject of school because the above laws should be followed. How do the
responsible regulatory authorities act in this matter? Checks are carried out regularly in schools and the local authority is
involved and follows the instructions of the central authority. The central authorities decide on national enforcement projects,
programs aimed at developing indoor environment in schools and local regulators to check that operations in the
geographical area they are assigned follow these directives [36]. The background to the central government projects are the
health problems that exist and which they believe are linked to children's working environment in the school. The overall
objective of the central authority is that the indoor environment for children and young people in Sweden's schools will be
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improved and that the Environmental and safety legislation requirements on the indoor environment can be met. With these
achievements, the central authority to get an overall picture of the situation of the relationship in the Swedish school
environment and provide a picture of how the local supervisory units require schools with deficiencies [37, 38]. The local
regulators announced property owner after the inspection of the schools involved in this project that "they believe that the
school worked well and it has generally a well-functioning self-control" [39]. Supervisory inspection was carried out 2
months prior to the measurements reported in ”Fig .3”, that is, when the high emission levels and dry air prevailing in school.
It can be concluded that the supervisory authority of the inspection and its management could not detect the serious
deficiencies in the school regarding air environment. This indicates that there are deficiencies in the Swedish official system
and chances are that the image the central government holds does not match the reality of the Swedish school population. Is
the relationship in this way the central authority receives a distorted picture of the situation in the Swedish school population,
meaning limited opportunities to, considering the problem area, give any directives needed. This study clearly shows that the
current law system does not reach out to the school that this project studied, and an unhealthy environment exists without the
regulator intervenes.
IV. CONCLUSION
As seen from the results in ”Fig 3 and 8”, the air environment of the school is not good. The situation with regard to the high
emission quantities and the low relative humidity must be highlighted and addressed in an entirely different way than is the
case today. Repeated complaints about health problems, due to staying in a particular indoor environment is an issue that is
constantly discussed and the problem situation only increases. What is lacking in a society that is generally considered to be
both high-tech and with well-educated people? As shown the supervisory authority in the school takes no account to the
deficiencies identified in this project;
the high particulate emissions quantities and
low relative humidity.
Instead the central authority focus on other parameters they consider to be the cause of problems and that is the actual
building construction [13, 14, 15]. The following can be stated:
A. Problems with the air environment prevailing in the school, but the supervisory authority doesn´t intervene despite
inspections [39].
B. The legal system does not reach out to the school that this project concerns and the local supervisory authority cannot
handle the problem [39, 40].
C. This project has identified deficiencies in the environment, but despite this information the local supervisory authority
refuses to acknowledge this information. Instead, the local authorities refer to the central authorities´ directives [40] and it
can be stated that something in the Swedish authority's system fails.
It is important for those who are staying in school buildings that the authorities' actions are not deficient. If so, it is necessary
to identify and also correct these deficiencies. Regarding emission load in the air this project shows that it is possible to
correct, see ”Fig. 6”.
However, it is more difficult to rectify the dry air indoors, which studies show is caused by the mechanical systems installed
in buildings [28, 41]. One problem is that the authorities require high air flows, but there are questions regarding these flow
requirements and it is also necessary to evaluate this [13, 14, 15]. In the future, we need a careful analysis of what it is
lacking in the Swedish system. A functional working model must be developed and the measuring methods used must be
based on scientific working hypotheses, and clarity of dose-response relationships is required for factual development.
Otherwise, the risk is great for emission loaded indoor environments with poor hygiene that spread illness, diseases and
epidemics continue to develop. The problem is further enhanced by the dry air environment that the Swedish regulations are
creating, i.e. dry air combined with high amounts of emissions is a very unfortunate combination.
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