Casp report of shiva

CASP 2015-16
Department of Civil Engg.PVP Page 1
Contents
Task Name of the Task Page no
Task-01 Communication Skills
(Telephonic Conversation).
(14-23)
Task-02
Task -03
Communication exercise between one too many
simulation
Listening Skills
(24-31)
(32-37)
Task-04 Reading Skills. (38-40)
Task-05 Writing Skills
(Covering letter, Resume, Essay & Synopsis).
(41-55)
Task-06
Task-07
Knowledge of using Internet
Oral Communication
(Debate & Group discussion).
(56-63)
(64-72)
Task-08
Task -09
Task-10
Collecting Market Data and Analyzing
Presentation skills
Pick & speak
(73-76)
(77-96)
(97-99)
References (100)

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LOG SHEET
Sl
No
Date Task Progress of task
Initials of
staff in-
charge &
student
Evaluation
(as
suggested in
each task)

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LOG SHEET
Sl
No
Initials of
staff in-
charge &
student
Evaluation
(as
suggested in
each task)

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Task-01
COMMUNICATION SKILL
Fig. 1.1: Communication Skill.
Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication
requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present
or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication
can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating
parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete
once the receiver has understood the message of the sender.
Communication words
A few people are surprised at that statement. Communication is definitely not just the
words you use. You may have the entire oxford dictionary at the tip of your tongue or may have
the president's pin for the biggest vocabulary and still be a bad communicator because you had this
wondrous idea that communication means words and more words.
In reality, good communication skills are opposite; it is using lesser words and obtained a
greater impact. Communicating well involves using multiple channels that we human have
developed over the centuries. Some of them are primal in nature like the body language and some
of it acquired over years, like the tone of your voice and then we have the words.

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Words actually contribute to about 7% according one famous research. Let us not contest
is that, communication is made up of more than just words and until you realize that, your chance
of becoming good at influencing others is quite slim.
Why goodcommunication skills needed?
Most of today's influential people reached the level of success by their sheer skills of
influence/ persuasion. However, before you can become good at persuasion and influence, you
will first need to step through the basics.
When you suggested starting up with communication test so you can understand your
current style and level of skills. Once you get a gist of your present situation, you can then start
learning some of the basic rules of good communication.
When you are ready, you can step on to developing your leadershipskills and presentation
ideas. If you need some help in developing other core skills, we also have a section on distance
education, which can help you further your academic skills and improve your job opportunities.
Based on your unique stage of learning, make your choice. If you are not sure what you are
looking for, try our customized search... we have customized it to give you the best resources to
develop your communication skills.
How to improve communication skill?
Nobody is born knowing how to communicate exceptionally well. The truth is that good
communicators learned that skill through years of practice. With a little effort you too can hone
your communication skills and improve your competence in the workplace. Follow these simple
tips on becoming a better communicator.
Try to see what the other person means
You want other people to agree with you, but that is not always possible. Conflicts in the
workplace and relationships can be avoided to a great extent by trying to see things from the other
person’s point of view.
Start with you
You cannot change the way other people communicate, but you can change the way you
communicate. You may have colleagues with a short fuse. Instead of expecting them to change

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that behavior altogether what you need to do is to learn to exercise restraint. By retaining your
composure at all times you will be able to stay in charge of the situation.
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
Pay close attention to the non-verbal cues you give. It is said that words account for only
7-11% of a communication. Your body language conveys much more information.
Be clear
Be clear about what you mean and what your intentions are. This way you can avoid getting
misinterpreted. Your language is a reflection of the way you think and feel about yourself and
others. So be aware of the apologies, excuses and justifications you make.
Don’t act on assumptions
Don’t make assumptions before you fully understand a message. If you must, tell the other
person ‘I have assumed that’ ‘Is that true?’ Remember that unconfirmed assumptions very often
spoil good communication in the workplace.
You can’t be right all the time
Stop getting obsessed with the idea of being right all the time. The purpose of
communication is to present a piece of information or a point of view. You don’t necessarily have
to beat other people with your arguments. Let people decide whether they want to agree with you
or not.

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1. TELEPHONIC CONVERSATION
Fig. 1.2: Communication between Costumer and Dealer.
It took a mobile phone 100 years to become the largest and most complex network ever
created by men. There are more than 700 million telephones today. The abi
lity to communicate by telephone can help reduce stress in the workplace, improve your
work efficiency and give you an advantage in a very competitive business environment. In fact,
everything is very simply, says David Lewis the American psychologist.
The secret of an effective communication by telephone consists in control of the following
things:
1) Your emotions.
2) Nature of the call.
Many people pertain fear of telephone communication. While the physical stress is growing
you start to lose concentration and your ability to communicate effectively is reduced. Excessive
face, neck and shoulders muscle strain alter your voice. A stressed male person appears to be older,
peevish, and a stressed woman appears to be emotional and unpredictable. Before you dial a
number you should get rid of stress, relax mentally and physically.

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Here are a few exercises that will help you do this so quickly and quietly without leaving your
desk.
1) Tense up your muscle, Clutch the fists, purse toes, gather in stomach and make a deep
breath. Hold the breath and slowly count till five.
2) Breathe out slowly. Relax the whole body. Lower shoulders, and unclench toes and relax
in the chair.
3) Take another deep breath. Hold the breath for five seconds. During the breath take care not
to clench your teeth.
4) The next five seconds breathe calmly. Feel how peace and relaxation permeate your body.
Finally, ease the nerves, imagining that you are lying on the golden sand of the clean, blue
ocean shore. Hold that image in your mind for a few seconds.

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ONE TO ONE PERSONCOMMUNICATION
1. Telephonic conversation of a customer and a supplier
[PURCHASINGA LAPTOP]
Customer: Hi, Good Morning. This is Shivaraj. Is this HP?
Supplier: Good Morning. Yeah this is HP and you are speaking with executive sales manager
Hemanth Kumar. How may I help you?
Customer: I am planning to buy a new laptop.
Supplier: Sure thing. Do you want to replace your laptop?
Customer: Yes I want too.
Supplier: What model is it?
Customer: HP Pentium 6.
Supplier: Yeah it’s probably time for an upgrade. What kind of features do you need?
Customer: Something like cheap and best and easy to carry around.
Supplier: Sure sir we can provide more than your asking.
Customer: Sir I am professional Software technician and you know what kind of features a
technician requires?
Supplier: I got you sir. Once you tell what kind of model are you looking for?
Customer: It should be more powerful ultraportable with plenty of Ram and huge hard disk space
and good processor.
Supplier: Sure sir all these requirements are available in HP Pentium10 which has 4GB Ram and
4TB hard disk.

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Customer: How much does it cost for these features?
Supplier: It s about 50K to 55K.
Customer: that’s more than I accepted look something around 45K.
Supplier: Sir you can be worth for the money since it has got equivalent specifications for the cost.
Customer But recently my friend purchased a new Lenovo laptop with same feature but the prize
is 40K.
Supplier: But HP is one of the best in laptop and most of it professionals are using and we supply
many IT companies we don’t have a single complaint on our product.
Customer: Ok sir your right. Is there any discount on it?
Supplier: Of course sir. We provide 4TBexternal hard disc with a HP laser mouse on discount
which may reduce your price to 45K.
Customer: Sir it is a bumper offer me and there will be any replacements or free service?
Supplier: will provide replacement if any problems arises in the internal and not for the rough
handling damages
Customer: Ok sir when shall I meet you up?
Supplier: Next week you can come to our center and take the laptop which is made for you.
Customer: Sure sir and thank you for the details provided.
Supplier: It is my pleasure.
Finally we can conclude this sessionwith three opinions of my knowledge
 The average person buying a laptop is on budget. Everyone would rather pay less but with
good quality.
 People are confused by dizzying array of models and the terrible product name in the market.
This make the buyers to be paralyzed putting of that laptop purchase to some indeterminate
time in future.

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 Laptop manufactures make too many comprises in quality and performance to get to artificially
low price points that many buyers don’t need to meet, no matter what they insist they make
people unhappy with the cheap laptop they bought last year.
Fig. 1.3: Communication between Costumer and Dealer.

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2. CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO FRIENDS MEETING AFTER LONG BACK
HEMANTH : - Hi Shivu…!
SHIVARAJ : - Hi hemanth…! How Are You..?
HEMANTH : - I Am Fine..! What about Yours..?
SHIVARAJ : - Its going good, then
HEMANTH : - What Are You doing now..?
SHIVARAJ : - I got a job in L&T ltd. as executive engineer, What About You..?
HEMANTH : - Now I am studying M Tech in R V College near kengeri.
Oh! You are working in M.N.C company ah and my cousin has
finished, His diploma in civil so he wants a job in that company can
you ask for him?
SHIVARAJ : - Oh! Okay, till now there is no vacancy in our company, if any
vacancy is there means I will suggest you.
HEMANTH : - Oh! Okay, thanks shivu, then any plan to do future graduations...?
SHIVARAJ : - Yes, hemanth, after 2 years I am planning to do B.E in evening
college, company shall be sponsoring for me for higher education.
HEMANTH : - Oh! Great man, super.
SHIVARAJ : - Thanks Hemanth.
HEMANTH : - Yeah, then How is your Parents..?
SHIVARAJ : - They are fine. What about your parents
HEMANTH : - Yes, they are fine.
SHIVARAJ : - Then, what about our college close friends? How are they?
HEMANTH : - Oh! Durgesh and bharath are fine, they gone to delhi for higher
education. I am touch with them in whatsapp.

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SHIVARAJ : - Oh! Great I didn’t know, they didn’t said to me only because I am not
in contact with them.
HEMANTH : - Hmmm, they change their decisions suddenly, so. & your using
whatsapp right
SHIVARAJ : - no, I am not yet have android mobile, I am planning to buy in this
month, please suggest me the best latest mobile.
HEMANTH : - is it, take Samsung galaxy S6 edge, it is the latest mobile in the
market.
SHIVARAJ : - Thanks hemanth and okay it’s getting late for me, I should leave now,
please
HEMANTH : - Okay bye, be in touch.
SHIVARAJ : - Okay bye, Take Care.
Fig. 1.4: Face to Face Conversation.

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Task-02
COMMUNICATION EXERCISE BETWEEN ONE TO MANY IN
STIMULATION
1. A Creative Advertisement Sequence For A ProductBeing Green And Eco
Friendly Eco Friendly Products
Hi friends I’m Shivaraj from an Organisation called Green Belt.I will tell you Something about
Eco Freindly Products.
ECO Friendly products are products that do not harm the environment, whether in their production,
use or disposal. Some of these going green products when in use, help conserve energy, minimize
carbon footprint or the emission of greenhouse gases, and does not lead to substantial toxicity or
pollution to the environment. Green products are biodegradable, recyclable. Eco friendly products
still have an impact on the environment, but the impact is greatly reduced when compared to
conventionally produced products. In some cases, environmentally friendly products may even
have a positive benefit, depending on how the company does business.
Fig 2.1ECO friendly product cycle

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ECO FRIENDLYFURNITURE
Eco Friendly Furniture are good alternative to wooden furniture. Co-friendly furniture use less
wood and more use of waste products and other products, the use of which are not a threat to our
environmental
Fig 2.2 Eco Furniture
ECO FANS
Eco Fans don’t need electricity or any external batteries to work, as the thermoelectric module
works a small generator to power the fan. This environment friendly fan is capable of distributing
the warm in whole of our house
Fig 2.3 Eco fans

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ECO SHOES
Eco shoes are made of contents, such as recycled rubber, recycled plastics, textiles, and synthetic
and waste products, which are recyclable.
Fig 2.4 Eco shoes
ECO WHEELS
The use of ECO wheels, such as electric vehicles can help greatly in reducing air pollution. Also
it can be in great handy in decreasing the energy consumption by 20%.
Fig 2.5 Eco wheels

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ECO PAINTS
ECO friendly paints carry non-toxic elements, which have lesser chemical element. Made of
naturally derived raw materials, eco-friendly paints are in great need for healthier.
Fig 2.6 Eco paints

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2. A Short Talk On Solid Waste Management In Construction Industry
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
HEMANTH :-
What is waste management?
SHIVARAJ :-
Waste management is the process of treating solid wastes and offers variety of solutions for
recycling items that don’t belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable
resource. Waste management is something that each and every household and business owner in
the world needs.
Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have use in safe and efficient
manner.
Fig 2.7 Solid waste management plant
HEMANTH :-
What are the methods undertaken in the separation of the source and recycling them?
SHIVARAJ :-
First all the building waste like broken bricks, cement bricks which are demolished are brought in
to one place and these are separated into different categories.
These sources are crushed by crushers and in return they are recycled and provide different types
tiles, marbles, and granite.

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Fig2.8 Construction waste
HEMANTH:-
What is obvious decision to be made during separation?
SHIVARAJ:-
The area for the separation should be more and larger. The financial power should be more. The
following initiatives should be undertaken how to make use of sources not letting them for land
filling. There should be preferred mechanism to achieve waste minimization and to divert it from
land filling. Proper education should be provided to the people about waste management.
Minimum waste should be recycled to use to save the natural sources.

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3. A panel discussion among students on issues related to making
structures smart.
Buildings today are complex concatenations of structures, systems and technology. Over time,
each of the components inside a building has been developed and improved, allowing modern-day
building owners to select its features independently. Smart buildings go well beyond just using
smart materials and protocols
So, what exactly are these?
A smart building uses information technology to connect a variety of subsystems, which typically
operate independently, so these systems can share information to optimise total building
performance. Enabled by technology, this smart building connects the structure itself to the
functions it exists.
Fig 2.9 Smart building showing communication signals
Smart buildings provide various amenities like user friendly .for example when the owner enters
to the office the lights on itself there is no need of switches operation which is great energy saving
system, not only lights when owner is sweating the a/c increases the temperature itself by sensing
from the id card .the automatic system saves energy more than we estimate so smart buildings are
now a day’s very important factors.
Smart building components, such as functionality, safety, efficiency, construction and material,
maintenance, environmental quality, design and atmosphere, integrated service utilities, viability
and building control system. "The structural order is very important while designing a building.

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Fig 2.10 Smart building
Design that is intelligently conceived; green and sustainable; and smart is called as smart buildings.
Smart buildings should be socially responsible and economically viable. "Buildings will be smart
when they start talking. This will happen when the cost of smart buildings becomes on a par with
the cost of conventional buildings.
A smart building should look to continuously reduce energy consumption, should use less water,
should be climate-responsive, reduce waste, have established protocols to operate efficiently, and
be an intuitive and living structure, a timeless beauty.
Conclusion
 The buildings should be constructed smartly for saving energy
 The future should be taken into consideration and construct the building.

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Task-03
LISTENING SKILL
Fig. 3.1: Listening skill.
We were given two ears but one mouth because god knew listening is hard than talking.
People need to practice and acquire skills to be good listeners, because a speaker cannot throw you
information in the same manner that a dart player tosses a dart at a passive dartboard. Information
is an intangible substance that must be sent by the speaker and received by an active listener.
Tips for being a goodlistener
1) Give your full attention on the person who is speaking. Don't look out the window or at
what else is going on in the room.
2) Make sure your mind is focused, too. It can be easy to let your mind wander if you think
you know what the person is going to say next, but you might be wrong! If you feel your
mind wandering, change the position of your body and try to concentrate on the speaker's
words.

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3) Let the speaker finish before you begin to talk. Speakers appreciate having the chance to
say everything they would like to say without being interrupted. When you interrupt, it
looks like you aren't listening, even if you really are.
4) Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak! You can't really listen if you are
busy thinking about what you want say next.
5) Listen for main ideas. The main ideas are the most important points the speaker wants to
get across. They may be mentioned at the start or end of a talk, and repeated a number of
times. Pay special attention to statements that begin with phrases such as "My point is..."
or "The thing to remember is..."
Watch this video of 15min, note the key points and write an essay or a
summary of 200 words?
THE WORLD FAMOUS KAILASA TEMPLE AT ELLORA
Fig 3.1 Fig 3 .2

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Fig 3 .3 Fig 3 .4
Fig 3 .5 Fig 3 .6

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Fig 3 .7 Fig 3 .8
Fig 3 .9 Fig 3 .10

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Fig .11
THE WORLD FAMOUS KAILASA TEMPLE :-
 The world famous kailasa temple was built by very advanced civilization these temple is not
constructed by adding stone block but entire mountain was carved to create this mountain as
shown in fig 3.1.
 This is the only temple where mountain was cut out from the top to create a structure as shown
in fig 3.2.
 Thus the kailasa temple is the only one that use the opposite technique called cut- out modulus
and the huge pillar over 100 feet tall, normally to create such huge piller it would take years of
work carving accurately on huge rock but these piller is carved by scooping out all the pieces
of mountian around it as in the fig 3.3.
 Historians and archiologist are confused because of shear amount of rocks that was removed
in the temple archiologist confirmed 400 thousand tonnes of rock have to be scooped out which
have to be taken not years but century of human labours, for these people work like a robot for
create this structure as in fig 3.4.
 now just focus on removal of rocks 400 thousand tonnes of rocks are removed in 18 years
22200 rocks are removed every year and 60 tonnes of rocks are removed every day which gives
that five tonnes of rock removed every hour as in fig 3.5.

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 To destroy this temple the muslim leader aurangzeb he employed 1000 worker to completely
demolish the temple in 1682 he ordered the temple been destroyed so that there will be no trace
of it but the 1000 people work for 3 years but they only do a minimum damage and they realise
its not possible to completely destroy this temple and finally he gave up the task as in fig 3.6.
 Even in google earth the arial view of kailasa temple clearly all was design for people to see
from the air as in fig 3.7.
 and it is oriented with all four direction its entrance faces perfectly to the west as in fig 3.8
 and you can see a circular design of 4 lions that create a huge x mark , was that created for
signal for extra pedestrial who can spark the location while flying as in fig 3.9 & 3 .10.
 And These Temple Has:-
Rain water harvesting, Drainage system, under-ground passages, secret peak holes &bridges
as in fig 3.11.
Conclusion:-
The world famous kailasa temple at ellora People Get Experience And Gain Knowledge And
Make Better Structure In The Future , However The Kailasa Temple Is Oldest And Biggest
Temple Carved With Engineering Perfection.

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Task-04
READING SKILL
Fig. 4.1: Reading Skill.
Reading skills enable readers to turn writing into meaning and achieve the goals
of independence, comprehension and fluency.
Reading skills are specific abilities which enable a reader
1) To read the written form as meaningful language.
2) To read anything written with independence, comprehension and fluency.
3) To mentally interact with the message.
Kinds of reading skills
1) Word attack skills let the reader figure out new words.
2) Comprehension skills help the reader predict the next word, phrase, or sentence quickly
enough to speed recognition.
3) Fluency skills help the readers see larger segments, phrases, and groups of words as
wholes.
4) Critical reading skills help the reader see the relationship of ideas and use these in
reading with meaning and fluency.

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Fig. 4.2: Article on science.
SWIMMING POOLIN BETWEENTWO APARTMENTS
Fig4.2 swimming pool b/w two building

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It is claimed as a first in the world, a new building development in London will feature a
35-metre-high suspended swimming pool that bridge two luxury apartment blocks. The
so-called sky pool will be part of embassy garden, developed by Ireland based
Ballymore group, and will allow residents to try out their swimming skills while
visiting Neighbours in other apartment.
Embassy garden will be located near the new us embassy in the nine elms area of
London, for which a competition for a new bridge over the river Thames is also
underway. The pool has a completely transparent 20-centimetre thick glass casing.
Measuring 25meters long, five meter wide and three meters deep, the pool will span
the two building at the 10th Storey without any addition frame or support.
Designed by Arup associates, Eckersley O’Callaghan and aquarium designers
Reynolds, the pool will be accompanied by a sky deck at the top of the two building.
The deck at will feature a span and a bar, as well as offer views of the surrounding
areas that take in the houses of parliament and the giant London Eye wheel.
Embossed garden will offer 2,42,000 sq. meters of mixed-use space that will
incorporate nearly 2,000 new homes, a 100-bed hotel, offices, retail and leisure space,
grocery store and flexible work and community space.
The building that the pool will link is part of the second phase of the embassy garden
development and is expected to be made available to the market shortly.

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Task-05
WRITING SKILL
Fig. 5.1: Writing skill.
Good writing skills are essential for effective communication. Learning to write well takes
time and practice. Be sure to leave yourself enough time for all of these steps.

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Some tips of writing skills
Avoid wordiness. Say out loud what you are trying to write. Listen to how the words sound.
For example, the sentence, "I found out that I should take a look at our past sales figures in order
to come up with a plan to help us re-evaluate our sales technique" could be more simply stated as
"I must take a look at our past sales figures to re-evaluate our sales technique."
Write for your audience. Use simple language. You don't want the reader to need a
dictionary to decipher what you are trying to say. You should not try to impress your reader with
your huge vocabulary. Chances are you will frustrate your reader instead. Most people are juggling
several tasks at the same time, and are interested in receiving only necessary information. You are
responsible for making this happen. Instead of saying, "His gregarious nature credentials him as a
superlative candidate for the job;" say "His friendliness makes him a top candidate for the job."
Proofreading is one of the most important things you can do. Since you probably do most
of your writing on a computer, you have access to automated spelling and grammar checkers.
Beware though — some words, used in the wrong context may be missed by computerized spell
checkers. For example the sentence "To employees attended too meetings two learn about the new
software," would pass through the spell check without any misspellings being detected. Have
someone else proofread your document, if possible. If time allows, put your composition away,
and proofread it later, or even better, the next day.
CoverLetter or Job Hunting Letter

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Cover letter, Covering letter, Motivation letter, Motivational letter or a letter of
motivation is a letter of introduction attached to, or accompanying another document such as
a résumé or curriculum vitae.
Job seekers frequently send a cover letter along with their CV or employment application as a
way of introducing themselves to potential employers and explaining their suitability for the
desired position. Employers may look for individualized and thoughtfully written cover letters as
one method of screening out applicants who are not sufficiently interested in their position or who
lack necessary basic skills.
Cover letters are typically divided into three categories:
1) The application letter or invited cover letter which responds to a known job opening.
2) The prospecting letter or uninvited cover letter which inquires about possible positions.
3) The networking letter which requests information and assistance in the sender's job search.

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Cover Letter
FROM,
Shivaraju.k
#18th, 4th g cross 4th main road
Maruthinagar, kamakshipalya
Bangalore-560 079
TO,
The Manager H R D
Aswan Ventures
M G Road
Bangalore-560 001
Respected Sir/Madam,
Subject :- regarding application for Junior Engineer.
As a recent technical diploma holder in Civil Engineering from P.V.P Polytechnic. I have great
interest in joining your company, because as it has a good reputation of good outgoing project with
good results, employees care, etc. I found this job on the website of shine.com I request you to go
through my Curriculum Vitae and provide me a chance to work in your organization. I have gained
excellent drafting software courses and have completed my college certificate with outstanding
grades.
Thank you for taking the time and review my Curriculum Vitae and I would be please to
provide you with any additional information you need in my personal interview. I look forward to
your favorable reply.
Thanking you,
Place: Bangalore yours respectfully
Date: (SHIVARAJU.K)

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RESUME
Resume is a document used by individuals to present their background and skill sets.
Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons but most often to secure new employment. A typical
résumé contains a summary of relevant job experience and education. The résumé is usually one
of the first items, along with a cover letter and sometimes in the job application packet, that a
potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants,
which is often followed in an Interview, when seeking Employment. The résumé is comparable to
curriculum vitae (CV) in many countries, although in English Canada and the United States it is
substantially different.
A simple resume is a summary typically limited to one or two pages of size A4 or Letter-
size highlighting only those experiences and credentials that the author considers most relevant to
the desired position. US academic CVs are typically longer.
Resumes may be organized in different ways. The following are some of the more common
formats:
1) Reverse chronological résumé
2) Functional résumé
3) Hybrid résumé
Online Resume
The Internet has brought about a new age for the résumé. As the search for employment
has become more electronic, résumés have followed suit. It is common for employers to only
accept résumés electronically, either out of practicality or preference. This electronic boom has
changed much about the way résumés are written, read, and handled.

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BIODATA
NAME : SHIVARAJU.K
EMAIL ID : shivaraju2521998@gmail.com
shivaraju13051@gmail.com
PHONENUMBER : 7760272133, 9071963432
JOB OBJECTIVE:
I am good listener, I wouldlike to work in the dynamic environment
which offer challenge andself development, where I canshare, and impact skills
and knowledge I acquire as I move forward.
EDUCATION :
 SSLC Percentage : 82.24 % withfirst class
 Diploma In Civil Engineering :
 IN 1ST
SEM : 58.40%
 2ND
SEM : 74.80%

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 3RD
SEM : 69.71%
 4TH
SEM : 77.60%
 5TH
SEM :
 6th
SEM :
Aggregate percentage :
ITS EXPLOSURE :
 Basic computer skills.
 Auto cadd.
 General internet knowledge & all other basic software’s
EXPERIENCE :
 Fresher.
STRENGHTS :
 Good communication skills.
 Positive attitude, commitment to work.
 Desire for innovation & continuous learning.
 Ability to manage stress, time and people effectively.

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PERSONAL DETAILS
NAME : SHIVARAJU.K
FATHER’S NAME : KRISHNAMURTHY B.M
MOTHER’S NAME : PUTTATHAYAMMA
DATE OF BIRTH : 25-02-1998
AGE : YEARS
SEX : MALE
NATIONALITY : INDIAN
RELIGION : HINDU
CASTE : VOKKALIGA
MOTHER TONGUE : KANNADA
LANGUAGES KNOWN : KANNADA,ENGLISH AND HINDI
HOBBIES : READING BOOKS, PLAYING GAMES
WATCHING TV.
PERMANENTADDRESS : #18TH
, 4TH
G CROSS, 4TH
MARUTHI
- NAGAR, KAMAKSHIPALYA,
BANGALORE - 560079
DECLARATION :
I hereby declare that the above furnishedinformationis true to
the best of knowledge and i bear the responsibility for the Correctness of the
above – mentionedparticulars.
DATE :- SINCERELY YOURS

CASP 2015-16
( SHIVARAJU.K)

CASP 2015-16

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ESSAY
An Essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of
view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism,
political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of
the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short
story. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays
.While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of
Population are counter examples.
In some countries (e.g., in the United States), essays have become a major part of formal
education. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills,
and admission essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities
and social sciences, as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams. The
concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie
that often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the evolution
of a theme or an idea. A photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of
photographs; it may or may not have an accompanying text or captions.

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Water conservation
Texas water supplies are abundant in some areas but limited in others. In some parts of the
state, water conservation by homeowners is necessary to have enough water for basic needs.
Conserving water can help save water for future generations. Demographic statistics
predict Texas’ population may double from 20 million to 40 million people by 2050. More demand
will be placed on water supplies to provide water for human consumption, food and fiber
production, manufacturing and recreation. This demand may cause water shortages in some parts
of Texas. Learning to conserve water now can extend water resources for future use. Because
water conservation is a good defense against shortages, it should happen all the time, not just when
shortages occur.
To begin conserving water, remember:
 Water is a highly valuable, limited resource.
 Water costs a great deal in energy and money.
 Water consumption can be reduced significantly in the
average home.
Water is the basic necessity for growth of plants life. Every crop requires a definite quality
of water at regular intervals from time to time of sowing till it comes to maturity. The natural
source of water is rainfall. The rainfall if uniform and spread over evenly in a year. It is sufficient
for the growth of crops. But in tropical countries like India when rain fall is not uniform throughout
the year and variable from place to place and year to year, the rain water alone is in sufficient for
successful growth of crops.
So Conservation is everyone’s responsibility. Most of us can significantly reduce our household
water consumption if we change some of our habits and conserve water.

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SYNOPSIS
A synopsis is a brief summary of the major points of a written work, either as prose as a
table, an abridgment or condensation of a work.
In general, a synopsis must be only a few pages long, so the author of the synopsis must
know how to extract the most important parts and to combine them in order to have meaning and
to reflect the reality from the book. Another synopsis definition says that this key and the main
feature of a specialist. He must be able to polish the synopsis several times and to sweat over, as
he is writing his own book.

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Task-06
KNOWLEDGE OF USING INTERNET
Fig. 6.1: Google cover page.

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Introduction
This document is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to the behavior of
email headers. It is primarily intended to help victims of unsolicited email (“Email spam”)
attempting to determine the real source of the (generally forged) Email that plagues them; it should
also help in attempts to understand any other forged email. It may also be beneficial to readers
interested in a general – purpose introduction to mail transfer on the internet.
Although the document intentionally avoids “How – to – forge” discussions, some of the
information contained in it might be turned to that purpose by a sufficiently determined mind. The
author explicitly does not endorse malicious or deceptive falsification of e-mail, of course, and
any use for such purpose of the information contained in this document is contrary to its purpose.
Because of the nature of the examples in this document, there were several fictitious
domain names with associated IP (internet protocol) addresses. The chance that some of these
domain names may be used at future time is, inevitably, nonzero. Similarly, all IP addresses used
in the examples are un-identified at this writing, but they will undoubtedly assign someday.
Naturally, nothing in this document is intended to reflect in any way on future users of these
domain names or IP addresses.
Electronic Mail, abbreviated E-Mail, is a store and forward method of composing, sending,
storing, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems. The term E-Mail applies
both to the internet E-Mail system based on the simple mail transfer protocol (SMPT) and to
internet allowing users within one company to E-Mail each other. Often these work group
collaboration organizations may use the internet protocols for internet E-Mail service.
E-Mail predates the internet; existing E-Mail systems were a crucial tool in creating the
internet. The Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) was begun at in 1961. It allowed multiple
users to log in to the 7094 from remote dial – up terminals, and to store files online on disc. This
new ability encourages users to share information in new ways. E-Mail started in 1965 as a way
for multiple users of a time – sharing main frame computer to communicate although the exact
history is murky, among first systems to have such a facility were SDC’s Q32 and MIT’s CTSS.

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E-Mail quickly extended to become network E-Mail, allowing users to pass messages
between different computers. The messages could be transferred between users on different
computers by 1966, but it is possible SAGE systems had something had similar some time before.
The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of E-Mail.
Advantages of using Internet
1) Information on almost every subject imaginable.
2) Power full search engines.
3) Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries.
4) Information at various levels of study.
5) The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in country.
6) Plat form for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with
anyone in the world who also has access.
7) Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have readily available help
for homework.
8) News, of all kinds available almost instantaneously commentary, on that news, from every
conceivable viewpoint is also available.
9) Entertainment for everyone.
10) Abundant information resources.
Disadvantagesofusing Internet
1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet .Anyone can post anything, and much
of it is garbage.
2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in
dangerous situations.
3) Some people are getting addicting to the internet and thus causing problems with their
interactions of friends and loved ones.
4) Internet has lot of “cheater” sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far
more easily than they used to be able to do.
5) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.
6) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take
advantage of people.

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CREATING AN E-MAIL ID
Creating an e-mail accountwith Gmail
Open the internet explorer and type the URI of Google i.e.., www.gmail.com on the browser’s
addresses bar and then click Go button (or) enter key.
1) A welcome to yahoomail.com screen will be displayed on the screen.
2) A welcome to Gmail window is displayed on the screen. Now we can create an e-mail
account by sign up now hypertext under free Gmail.
3) Click sign up your yahoo.ID with mail window will be displayed on the screen. Fill up the
personal details password and customizing yahoo information.
4) Click Submit this form button.
5) After filling the form completely click on I accept button to complete the procedure. A
welcome message will be displayed on the screen to indicate that your E-mail account has
been successfully created.
6) Once the E-mail account is created you can sign-in at anytime, anywhere in the world from
a computer that has an internal connection and a web browser.
7) We can send (or) receive the E-mails.
To send an e-mail with an attachment file
1) Click on the compose tab on the yahoo mail window and a compose page will be displayed
on the screen.
2) Enter the E-mail address of the receiver in the tool box.
3) Enter suitable subject in the subject box.
4) In the message box type the details of the message.
5) In addition to the message, if you wish to send some attachments with the mail and then
click on attach files.
6) An attachments window appears on the screen.
7) Click on the browse button and select a file.
8) Click attaches button to attach the file.

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9) If you wish to send the same mail to others, enter their E-mail ID’s in cc and BCC boxes.
10) Click on send button to send E-mail. If you want to save the message click save.
Receiving e-mails
1) Open the internet explorer and type the URL of Google www.gmail.com on the address
bar and then click go button (or) ENTER key.
2) A welcome to Gmail box appears on the screen as shown in figure.
3) Enter your Gmail ID and password.
4) Click on sign in.
To read the e-mail message
1) Click on the inbox tab of the yahoo mail window, and then it will list all the E-mail
receives by your account.
2) Select the E-mail you want to see by double clicking on the E-mail message under from
address.
3) After reading the message window, otherwise click the NEXT button if you want to read
other message in the inbox.

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Fig. 6.2: create an gmail account

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2. Sending simple messages:-
Fig. 6.3: sending simple message .
3. Forwarding messages with their comments :-
Fig. 6.4 : Forwarding messages with their comments

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4. Sending messages with attachments:-
Fig. 6.5: sending message with attatchments.
5. Sending scanned attachment , sending URLs (link web address)
6. Fig. 6.6: sending URLs (link web address)

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Task-07
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Fig. 7.1: Oral Communication.

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DEBATE
Fig. 7.2: Debate.
Debate or debating is a formal method of interactive and representational argument.
Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examines consistency
from axiom, and factual argument, which only examines what is or isn't the case or rhetoric which
is a technique of persuasion. Though logical consistency, factual accuracy and some degree of
emotional appeal to the audience are important elements of the art of persuasion, in debating, one
side often prevails over the other side by presenting a superior "context" and/or framework of the
issue, which is far more subtle and strategic.
In a formal debating contest, there are rules for people to discuss and decide on differences,
within a framework defining how they will interact. Informal debate is a common occurrence, the
quality and depth of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as
debaters. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts
engage in debates. The outcome of a debate may be decided by audience vote, by judges, or by

CASP 2015-16
some combination of the two. (Of course, this implies that facts are based on consensus, which is
not factual.) Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the leader’s debates and
the U.S. presidential election debates are common in democracies.
The major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop one’s ability to play
from either position with equal ease.
Debates are sometime organized for purely competitive purposes, particularly at the US
high-school level, but also in other English-speaking countries.

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DEBATE ON JOINT FAMILY AND NUCLEAR FAMILY
Joint families:-
An extended family is a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, consisting
of aunts, uncles, and cousins all living nearby or in the same household. An example is a married
couple that lives with either the husband or the wife's parents.
 Joint people have more people so more support in case of crises
 Joint families are more wealthy as more earners are in place
 More affection and love between family members
 More persons are there to enjoy the life socially
 Youngsters who prefer social life with better support system prefer joint families
 Learn about the importance of different relations in our lives
 Be more accepting of people and their different natures
 Better attention to individuals by different family members
 Person is matured at earlier stage of the life
 Person can know the world and learn to struggle in world to sustain
 Person is habituated with some habits of the family and family person.
 It is generally seen that person living in joint family is easily adjusted in any situation
 Getting love of many persons of the family
Fig. 7.3: Presentation skills.

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Nuclear Family:-
A nuclear family is a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children. This is in
contrast to a single-parent family, to the larger extended family, and to a family with more than
two parents
 The primary reason for the formation of nuclear families is job opportunities available in cities
 Nuclearfamilies can prove useful to veteransmore ever voterans can be useful to such
households.
 With both working parents,children derice guidance from grandparents.
 Grandparents too, if living in cities, find company their age.
 Nuclear family make members of family more responsible
 Nuclear family provide more privacy
 Small families have less financial needs
 They have less quarrels and personal vendetta so less problems
 Youngsters prefer freedom and less restriction choose nuclear family
 Avoid stress in discomfort
 Don’t have to ideal with problems
 Nuclear families are usually a well maintained economical family
Conclusion:-
 Nuclear or joint families both have benefits and problems, they both have their own advantages
as well as disadvantages.
 It’s a matter of personal choice and also depends on time and environment.
 A newly married couple would prefer a nuclear family but can move back with parents and
siblings when become parents themselves.

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GROUP DISCUSSION
Fig. 7.3: Group discussion.
A Group Discussion is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the
candidate has certain personality traits and/or skills that it desires in its members. In this
methodology, the group of candidates is given a topic or a situation, given a few minutes to think
about the same, and then asked to discuss it among themselves for 15-20 minutes.

CASP 2015-16
Some of the personality traits the GD are trying to may include
Ability to work in a team.
Communication skills.
Reasoning ability.
Leadership skills.
Initiative.
Assertiveness.
Flexibility.
Creativity.
Ability to think on ones feet
Why Group Discussion?
The reason why institutes put you through a Group discussion and an interview, after
testing your technical and conceptual skills in an exam, is to get to know you as a person and gauge
how well you will fit in their institute. The Group discussion tests how you function as a part of a
team. As a manager, you will always be working in teams, as a member or as a leader. Therefore
how you interact in a team becomes an important criterion for your selection. Managers have to
work in a team and get best results out of teamwork. That is the reason why management institutes
include GD as a component of the selection procedure.

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Group Discussion On The Latest Developments In Pre-Fabricated Structures:-
Shivaraju: Very good morning to one and all friends.
Group Members: Very good morning shivu
Shivaraju: Guys today we can discuss about pre-fabricated structures. Does anyone know about
PFS?
Syed zabee:Pre fabrication is the method of construction which includes assembling components
of a structure in a manufacturing or production site transporting complete assemblies or partial to
the site where the structure to be located.
Poornima: Can you tell about the history of PFS.
Hemanth: Yeah ok.The first prefabricated structure in the world was built in Germany the year
1885. Buildings have built in one place and reassembled in another place throughout the history.
Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the “Manning cottage”. Prefabricated housing was
popular during the second war due to the need for mass accommodation for military personnel.
Pallavi: Can anybody tell about the modernization of PFS.
Manju : Prefab housing should no longer be compared to a mobile home in terms of appearance,
but to that of a complex modernist design. There has also been an increase in the use of “Green”
materials in the construction of prefab houses. Many prefab houses can be customized to the
client’s specific location and climate, making home much more flexible and modern than before.
Muralidhar: The world’s fastest commercial building was McDonalds and it was built in 13
hours.
Shivaraju: The PFS requires certain stages for preparation of structures. The stages are casting,
curing, transportation and erecting.
Casting: Precast components are casted with controlled cement concrete in moulds of required
shape and sizes. The vibrator is used to vibrate concrete and this removes and honeycombing inside
the components.
Curing: After 24 hour of casting the casted components are released from the mould and
transported to curing tanks. Certain special components like railway sleepers where high strength
is required are steam cured.
Transportation and erecting: After complete curing is done the components are transported to
the site with heavy trucks and erection will be done using cranes with skilled labour force.

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Hemanth: Some components of structures are;
Columns: A columns is a vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundations.
It is a compression member and therefore the column connection is required to be proper. The
main principle involved in making column connections is to ensure continuity and this can be
achieved by a variety of methods.
Beams:Beams can vary in their complexity of design and reinforcement from the very simple beam
formed over an isolated opening to the more common encountered in frames where the beams
transfer their loadings to the column.
Methods of connecting beams and columns are:
 A pre casting concrete haunch is cast on to the column with a locating dowel or stud bolt
to fix the beam.
 A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the column and the beam is bolted to the corbel.
Pallavi : As many advantages are there for PFS, but still there are some disadvantages.
 Design of sections and drawings are complicated
 It requires too much of planning
 Initial investment will be high
 Requires lot of machinery’s and equipment.
 Difficulties in transportation and placing the pre-fabricated components.
Manju : Now I am going to tell about a advantages of PFS.
 Savings in cost, material, time and manpower.
 Shuttering and scaffolding is not necessary.
 Clean and dry work at site.
 Possibility of alternatives and reuse.
 Correct shape and dimension and sharp edges are maintained.
Shivaraju: Thank you guys for discussing about pre-fabricated structures. And now we got the
idea about pre-fabricated structure

CASP 2015-16
Task-08
COLLECTING MARKET DATA AND ANALYSING
Fig. 8.1: Marketing presentation.
Collecting MarketData and Analyzing For Meaningful Inferences
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data - for
example as part of a process improvement or similar project. The purpose of data collection is to
obtain information to keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass information
on to others. Primarily, data is collected to provide information regarding a specific topic.
Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often formalized
through a data collection plan which often contains the following activity.
1) Pre collection activity – Agree goals, target data, definitions, methods
2) Collection – data collection
3) Present Findings – usually involves some form of sorting analysis and/or presentation.

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Fig. 8.2: Marketing logo
MARKETING DATA AND SPECIFICATION
MOBILE NAMES XIMOI Mi 4i MOTO G 3RD
(GENERATION)
SAMSUNG GAALAXY J7
PRICE 12990.00 12990.00 12990.00
Brand Mi Motrola Samsung
Model Name Mi 4i Moto G (3rd Generation) Galaxy J7
SIM Size Micro SIM Micro SIM Micro SIM

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SIMType LTE + LTE, (Dual
Standby)
Dual Sim, GSM + LTE Dual Sim, LTE + GSM,
(Dual Standby)
Camera
Video Recording 1920 x 1080 1920 x 1080, 30 fps 1920 x 1080, 30 fps
Rear Camera 13 MP 13 MP 13 MP
Front Facing Camera 5 MP 5 MP 5 MP
Flash LED LED LED
Zoom
Digital Zoom – 5x Digital Zoom – 4x (Drag
to Zoom In / Out)
Digital Zoom – 5x (Drag
to Zoom In / Out)
Multimedia
Video Player Full HD ,VLC,720P
WMP
Supports MP 4, 3GP ,HD
Video Vlc ,Wmp ..
Supports MP4, WMP
VLC ,3GP ...
More
Music Player Supports MP3 Supports MP3 Supports MP3,
Internet &
connectivity 4G 4G 4G
Display
Resolution Full HD, 1920 x 1080
Pixels
HD, 1280 x 720 Pixels HD, 1280 x 720 Pixels
Size 5 inch 5 inch 5.5 inch
Dimensions

CASP 2015-16
Weight 130 g 155 g 171 g
Size 69.6x138.1x7.8 mm 72.4x142.1 78.6x152.4x7.5 mm
Battery
Type Li-ion Polymer, 3030 mAh 2470 mAh 3000 mAh
Conclusion:-
 Best one is ximoi mi 4i (mi 4i)
 It has best display resolution and weight less and battery capacity is high & it is most recommended
for it’s quality & sevice.also it fulfills the customer satisfaction.
 And it also competitive price compare to other two
 And for more specification click on below url.
http://www.flipkart.com/mobile/compare?ids=mobe6h8az6pf4bvy,mobe6kk93jg
5wkb2,mobe93gwsmgzhfsk#

CASP 2015-16
Task-09
PRESENTATION SKILLS
Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience
or learner. Presentations come in nearly as many forms as there are life situations. In the business
world, there are sales presentations, informational and motivational presentations, first encounters,
interviews, briefings, status reports, image-building, and of course, the inevitable training sessions.

CASP 2015-16
Structuring the presentation
1) 2 to 2.5 min - opening/beginning.
2) 20 to 21 min - middle section.
3) 2 to 3 min - closing/end.
4) 5 min - questions.
The Beginning
1) Should be carefully designed.
2) Get attention - shock, humor, question, story, facts &figures - well rehearsed yet natural.
3) Motivate audience to listen - listen to their needs.
Preparation– Structure
1) Sequence should be logical & understandable.
2) Interim summaries- Recaps.
3) Value of visual aids-flip charts, handouts etc.
Prepare Closing
1) Last 2 to 2.5 minutes are as critical as the first five minutes for a successful presentation.
2) Summarize- highlight important points.
3) Suggest action- what to do and when, where and how to do it.
Stage Fright
1) Everyone has it to some degree.
2) Can be used constructively.
3) Key issue is not elimination of fear.
4) Instead channel the energy it generates for an effective presentation.

CASP 2015-16
Effective Delivery
1) Be active – move.
2) Be purposeful - controlled gestures.
3) Variations – vocal (pitch, volume, rate).
4) Be natural.
5) Be direct – don’t just talk in front of the audience talk to them.
Verbal Communication- barriers
1) Speaking too fast.
2) Tone and content.
3) Complicated or ambiguous language.
4) Physical State of the audience.
Sensitivity to the audience
1) “See” the audience.
2) Take non-verbal feedback -congruent and incongruent body language.
3) Modify to meet audience needs.
4) Don’t just make it as a presentation.
Handling Questions
1) Do not get confused.
2) You are not supposed to know everything.
3) Anticipate and keep answers ready.
4) Sometime questions themselves give you a lead to highlight your point of view.
Visual Aids
1) While using an overhead projector face the audience while talking.
2) Point with a pen.
3) Appropriate lighting.
4) Ensure clear visibility.
So to conclude
Always prepare for Channelize you fear and Interact with your audience.

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0

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GROUP PRESENTATION
Fig.9.19: Presentation skill.
Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience
or learner. Presentations come in nearly as many forms as there are life situations. In the business
world, there are sales presentations, informational and motivational presentations, first encounters,
interviews, briefings, status reports, image-building, and of course, the inevitable training sessions.

CASP 2015-16

CASP 2015-16
Task-10
PICK AND SPEAK
Fig.10.1: Pick and speak.
We would have heard very much of a competition called Pick and Speak. Pick and Speak
is a competition wherein we have to pick a chit from a bowl where in there will be chits comprising
of various topics of discussion. We will have to talk on a topic which is listed in the chit for a
Period of 5 minutes.
We can usually talk on any topic in general but when a particular topic is given we may
not be able to talk so much as we generally do. Speakers say that before they deliver a speech they
will usually have a rehearsal and many home works are done in order to have the speech spoken
well and reachable to the audience. They conclude that lot of preparation is needed to speak well
in such competitions.
If the preparation is not done and when given an opportunity to talk suddenly on a topic
they will first of all have a fear of public speaking and may not be able to deliver the speech better.
This will give a negative impression to the listeners and will be draw back to the speaker. Hence a
proper preparation of anything we do will have a fruitful result.

CASP 2015-16
Bus conductors:-
Bus conductors have a range of responsibilities, which include collecting fares, issuing tickets,
helping passengers with baggage, advising on destinations and ensuring the safety of passengers.
There is some paperwork involved, for instance when recording fares, checking timetables and
counting money. In most areas, with the exception of London, the duties of driver and conductor
are combined into one job (see Bus/Coach Driver profile).
Hours are irregular and may involve some weekends and shift work. Driver-conductors work
alone, but where the roles are divided, the driver and conductor work together as part of a team.
The conductor will be expected to stand for prolonged periods.
the bus conductor should:

CASP 2015-16
 be reliable and punctual
 be of smart appearance
 be physically fit - able to climb stairs, stand and lift luggage
 have good communication skills
 be numerate – able to calculate quickly and accurately
 have an awareness of safety issues
 have the ability to operate a payment system.
Opportunities are greater in large towns or cities. Most companies run buses operated by one
person only and therefore the number of openings for conductors has declined in recent years.
More opportunities exist nationally for bus drivers. To become a bus driver you need to have a
full UK driving licence and attain a Passenger Carrying Vehicle (PCV) licence, which involves
passing a practical and theoretical test. For more information on bus driving, see the Bus/Coach
Driver profile.

CASP 2015-16
REFERENCES
1) Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE)
2) Highway, Bridge and Airport Engineering Book - H.S.Vishwanath
3) Ramanrutham & R.Narayan “Reinforced concrete structure”.
4) H.S Vishwanth Text Book.
Internet Sources
Google Search Engine
Wikipedia
Sciencedirect.com

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