CASI NCR Survey How Urbanization Affects Attitudes
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This document summarizes a survey conducted by Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) on how urbanization affects attitudes in the National Capital Region of India. The survey measured social change through attitudes, perceptions, behaviors and outcomes. It examined the impact of wealth, migration, demographics and politics on attitudes regarding caste, religion, gender and social interactions. The results showed that wealth increased social interactions, while migration decreased reported social behaviors but this was likely due to migrants having less access to diverse social networks in their segregated neighborhoods.
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CASI NCR Survey How Urbanization Affects Attitudes
- 1. 1/22 CASI NCR Survey How Urbanization Affects Attitudes Sumitra Badrinathan & Devesh Kapur University of Pennsylvania July 6, 2018 Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 2. 2/22 Characteristics of NCR Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 3. 3/22 Sample characteristics Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 4. 4/22 Motivating questions What do we mean by social change? How do we measure it What are the mechanisms? What are the limitations in how we measure and interpret it? Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 5. 5/22 What do we mean by social change? 1 Attitudes 2 Perceptions 3 Reported behaviors 4 Observed behaviors 5 Outcomes Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 6. 6/22 What do we mean by social change? 1 Attitudes 2 Perceptions 3 Reported behaviors 4 Observed behaviors 5 Outcomes Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 7. 7/22 How do we measure social change? 1 Intra-household change Changes in the family Changes in two hierarchies: age and gender 2 Inter-household change (fraternity) Changes in relationships with neighbors, non-relatives Changes in two cleavages: caste and religion 3 Perception of interactions + frequency Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 8. 8/22 Dependent Variables Attitudes Would you invite an SC / ST person to your home for a meal? Reasons for not interacting with other religion / caste Perceptions Are the people in your neighborhood of the same caste / religion as you? Do men eat before women in your family? Reported behaviors Have you eaten in any non-relative’s home in the past year? Has any non-relative eaten at your home? What is the frequency of interaction with your neighbor? Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 9. 9/22 Respondents who have eaten in a non-relative’s home (%) Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 10. 10/22 Reasons Hindu respondents provide for not sharing a meal with a Muslim (%) Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 11. 11/22 Would You Invite an SC/ST Person for a Meal (%) Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 12. 12/22 Do Men Eat Before Women (%) Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 13. 13/22 Drivers of social change: Independent variables 1 Wealth: continuous asset index 2 Migration: binary measure, out of NCR migration 3 Demographic variables: age and gender 4 Occupation: thirteen categories (collapsed into four) 5 Neighborhood heterogeneity: both DV and predictor 6 Political affiliation: support for party at center Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 14. 14/22 Questions 1 Do migrants have different attitudes as compared to non-migrants? 2 Does wealth will have an independent impact on perceptions and attitudes? 3 Is there a generational divide in attitudes? 4 Is there a gender divide in attitudes? 5 Does political affiliation shape social attitudes and perception? Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 15. 15/22 Do assets impact reported behaviors? Figure: Predicted probability of cross-religious interaction in eating Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 16. 16/22 Does migration impact reported behavior? Overall migration appears to have a negative impact Lower likelihood of eating at non-relative’s Lower likelihood of inviting non-relative Lower likelihood of inviting neighbor No effect on inviting SC / ST Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 17. 16/22 Does migration impact reported behavior? Overall migration appears to have a negative impact Lower likelihood of eating at non-relative’s Lower likelihood of inviting non-relative Lower likelihood of inviting neighbor No effect on inviting SC / ST But... =⇒ Are migrants poorer? =⇒ Do migrants have different baseline attitudes? =⇒ Do migrants have less access to cross-cutting networks? Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 18. 17/22 Do migrants have less access to cross-cutting networks? Do you perceive all the people in their neighborhood to be of the same religion as you, most of the same religion, some, or none? How often do you interact with them? Respondents significantly more likely to interact with neighbors when neighborhood is less segregated On average migrants in sample perceive they live in more segregated neighborhoods Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 19. 18/22 Migrants and education Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 20. 19/22 Marginal effect of migration on gender at varying assets Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 21. 20/22 Marginal effect of political affiliation on gender at varying assets Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 22. 21/22 Distribution of Assets by Caste Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey
- 23. 22/22 Conclusion & Extensions Cross-sectional data: hard to discern temporal effects No comparison over time or across space Selection effects a problem Badrinathan & Kapur (UPenn) CASI NCR Survey