Case study on meningitis
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Sam, a six-year-old boy, was brought to the emergency room by his parents with symptoms of meningitis and tested positive for meningococcal sero group B. His four-week-old sister Emma was also with them. Sam's parents are concerned because he had previously received the meningococcal vaccine but still contracted meningitis. The most likely reasons are that vaccines are not 100% effective and other risk factors like age, medical conditions, community settings, and travel could have still put Sam at risk. Emma is unlikely to contract meningitis since she has not yet been exposed to the bacteria, though vaccines are not fully protective.
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. It is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be life-threatening and is considered a medical emergency due to the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord. The meninges have three layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater - with a subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or physical injuries. A lumbar puncture is required for diagnosis to examine
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This document discusses meningitis, including:
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The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
DR SHAMIN EABENSON - JOURNAL CLUB - NEEDLE STICK INJURY
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NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
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Case study on meningitis
- 1. Case Study on Meningitis After you have completed all the readings, activities and watched the video on meningitis, work through the following case study and answer the questions below for your portfolio. Sam, who is six years old, was brought into his local Accident and Medical Clinical by his parents withhis 4-week old sister called Emma. The attending nurse and physician suspected Sam might have meningitis caused by the bacterium 'Neisseria Meningitidis'. He was immediately given intramuscular benzyl penicillin (penicillin G) and transferred by ambulance to hospital, where he later tested positive for the meningococcal sero group B. 1. Describe the primary immune response and how it attempts to destroy Neisseria Meningitidis. Bacteria evade being destroyed by macrophages, the ‘first line of defence’ for the body’s immune system. These immune cells engulf invading bacteria through a process known as phagocytosis. The bacteria are then broken down inside the macrophage using a series of enzymes and toxic molecules, and the broken fragments of microbe are passed on to specialised immune cells that attack any remaining bacteria. N. meningitidis evades the immune system – essentially, by killing macrophages before they can engulf and kill the N. meningitidis bacteria. Given the severity of the disease caused by these bacteria, this new information is very welcome. 2. Sam’s parents are particularly upset about the diagnosis as Samhad received the full course of the MeNZBTMvaccine (that included the meningococcal sero group B) from the practice nurse at their general practice. They would like to know why he now has meningitis. Discuss the most likely reason Sam has contracted meningitis. The most likely reason Sam has contracted meningitisare the following Age;Babies are at increased risk for bacterial meningitis compared to people in other age groups. However, people of any age can develop bacterial meningitis. See the table above for which bacteria more commonly affect which age groups.
- 2. Community setting;Infectious diseases tend to spread where large groups of people gather together. Outbreaks of meningococcal disease, caused by N. meningitidis, have been reported from college campuses. Certain medical conditions; There are certain medical conditions, medications, and surgical procedures that put people at increased risk for meningitis. Working with meningitis-causing pathogens; Microbiologists routinely exposed to meningitis- causing bacteria are at increased risk for meningitis. Travel travelers to the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly during the dry season, or to Mecca during the annual Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage may be at increased risk for meningococcal meningitis. 3. Understandably, Sam’s parents are particularly concerned that Emma may also get meningitis because she has not yet been immunised. Explain why Emma is most unlikely to contract meningitis. Like with any vaccine, the vaccines that protect against these bacteria are not 100% effective. This means that even if you have been vaccinated, there is still a chance you can develop bacterial meningitis. References Sjölinder M, Altenbacher G, Hagner M, Sun W, Schedin-Weiss S, &Sjölinder H (2012). Meningococcal Outer Membrane Protein NhhA Triggers Apoptosis in Macrophages. PloS one, 7 (1) PMID: 22238624 http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html http://www.meningitis.org/blog/about-meningitis-septicaemia-meningitis-in-adults-30416 http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Meningitis/Pages/Causes.aspx http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/dxc-20169522 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002609/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769980/