http://www.extension.org/67664 The closure of earthen lagoons associated with a caged egg-laying operation was used as a case study. This case study presents information on the steps taken to close the lagoons, including topographic survey needs, analysis of sludge and wastewater at different times during the closure process, methods for excavating and removing the sludge, and the costs associated with the closure of earthen lagoons. The sludge has a high fertilizer value for P2O5 and other micro- and macro-nutrients. The cost of the closure for this case exceeded the expected cost for the earthwork for the construction of a new facility
Moffett Site 1, 22, 26, and 28 Five Year ReviewSteve Williams
Five Year Review for Installation Restoration Sites 1, 22, 26 and 28, Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field: Presentation to the Moffett Restoration Advisory Board Meeting, February 12, 2015, by Wilson Doctor, Navy Project Manager
This document summarizes a research project that aims to understand how weather variability and extreme events influence nutrient fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions in ex-urban forests. The approach involves in situ measurements across topographic gradients, experiments simulating extreme water pulses, and automated measurements of multiple soil greenhouse gases. Preliminary findings show that soil is the dominant source of CO2 emissions while consuming CH4, and an experiment found location and greenhouse gas type strongly influenced emissions in response to water pulses. Ongoing work includes continued automated measurements to analyze effects of weather variability on forest ecosystem processes.
NASA Ames Update to Restoration Advisory BoardSteve Williams
This document provides an update from NASA Ames Research Center regarding environmental remediation projects at the site from November 2015. It summarizes that the draft final Site Management Plan is under review with the final plan coming in December 2015. It also discusses upcoming activities including implementing land use controls and monitoring at Area of Investigation 14, where a removal action will take place to excavate and dispose of contaminated soil off-site in order to prevent erosion of contaminants and protect human and ecological health. The removal action is targeted to occur from September 2016 to March 2017.
Paul Curtis CV Resume. Senior Petroleum Geologist / Geomodeller with over 13 years of industry experience from frontier prospect creation to brown field redevelopment. Expert geomodeller. Worked for different types of operator: small independent to major. Reliable and committed team player with vast experience of working closely with geophysicists, reservoir & petroleum engineers and drillers
The document discusses the development of additional guidance by the IPCC on estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals from wetlands. It provides background on gaps identified in existing 2006 IPCC guidance. The IPCC will produce a 2013 supplement to address these gaps, focusing on rewetting and restoration of peatlands, and emissions from coastal and freshwater wetlands. The supplement will not cover flooded lands such as reservoirs. The document outlines the scope, chapter structure, and process for author nominations and development of the new wetlands guidance supplement.
This document summarizes a community meeting about remediation efforts at the Gude Landfill. The proposed corrective measure is to install a geomembrane cap over part of the landfill and additional landfill gas collection wells to address groundwater contamination. A land reuse process was outlined that involves community input and approval from county officials. Passive recreation uses are preferred by the community for post-remediation land use. The anticipated schedule and ongoing community engagement were also discussed.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Moffett Site 1, 22, 26, and 28 Five Year ReviewSteve Williams
Five Year Review for Installation Restoration Sites 1, 22, 26 and 28, Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field: Presentation to the Moffett Restoration Advisory Board Meeting, February 12, 2015, by Wilson Doctor, Navy Project Manager
This document summarizes a research project that aims to understand how weather variability and extreme events influence nutrient fluxes and greenhouse gas emissions in ex-urban forests. The approach involves in situ measurements across topographic gradients, experiments simulating extreme water pulses, and automated measurements of multiple soil greenhouse gases. Preliminary findings show that soil is the dominant source of CO2 emissions while consuming CH4, and an experiment found location and greenhouse gas type strongly influenced emissions in response to water pulses. Ongoing work includes continued automated measurements to analyze effects of weather variability on forest ecosystem processes.
NASA Ames Update to Restoration Advisory BoardSteve Williams
This document provides an update from NASA Ames Research Center regarding environmental remediation projects at the site from November 2015. It summarizes that the draft final Site Management Plan is under review with the final plan coming in December 2015. It also discusses upcoming activities including implementing land use controls and monitoring at Area of Investigation 14, where a removal action will take place to excavate and dispose of contaminated soil off-site in order to prevent erosion of contaminants and protect human and ecological health. The removal action is targeted to occur from September 2016 to March 2017.
Paul Curtis CV Resume. Senior Petroleum Geologist / Geomodeller with over 13 years of industry experience from frontier prospect creation to brown field redevelopment. Expert geomodeller. Worked for different types of operator: small independent to major. Reliable and committed team player with vast experience of working closely with geophysicists, reservoir & petroleum engineers and drillers
The document discusses the development of additional guidance by the IPCC on estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals from wetlands. It provides background on gaps identified in existing 2006 IPCC guidance. The IPCC will produce a 2013 supplement to address these gaps, focusing on rewetting and restoration of peatlands, and emissions from coastal and freshwater wetlands. The supplement will not cover flooded lands such as reservoirs. The document outlines the scope, chapter structure, and process for author nominations and development of the new wetlands guidance supplement.
This document summarizes a community meeting about remediation efforts at the Gude Landfill. The proposed corrective measure is to install a geomembrane cap over part of the landfill and additional landfill gas collection wells to address groundwater contamination. A land reuse process was outlined that involves community input and approval from county officials. Passive recreation uses are preferred by the community for post-remediation land use. The anticipated schedule and ongoing community engagement were also discussed.
IPCC and soil organic carbon: Key findings of the 5th Assessment Report, plan...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Jo House from IPCC, in FAO Hq, Rome
Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection Division of Solid Waste Services - Gude Landfill Remediation Project Corrective Measures Implementation - June 2017
The document provides an update on the remediation approach for the Gude Landfill site to community members. It summarizes the findings of site investigations identifying groundwater contamination beyond the landfill boundary. It outlines the assessment of corrective measures currently underway to evaluate technologies to address the contamination to meet regulatory standards. It also discusses future land reuse preferences of the community and next steps in the process including further community engagement and coordination with county agencies.
Objectives
- Understand, model and predict greenhouse gases emissions from grasslands and winter wheat croplands under changing microbes, climate, livestock and manure use across the scales of field, farm and watershed
- Broaden STEM education for K-12 and college students and teachers, and engage farmers, ranchers, decision makers, and citizen scientists to participate in in-situ data collection and analyses
The K5.4 well was located offshore Sarawak and was the fifth well drilled in the area. It had objectives of characterizing the high temperature carbonate reservoir containing 70% CO2 and acquiring core samples. Challenges included uncertainty around the reservoir and potential for losses while coring. To address these, the team conducted planning, risk assessments, and lessons learned from previous projects. Through preparation and teamwork, the well was successfully completed ahead of schedule and under budget, achieving all objectives including the longest carbonate core in PETRONAS history and first injectivity test in a high CO2 carbonate reservoir.
Soil organic carbon in soils of the northern permafrost zones: Information st...ExternalEvents
This document summarizes the status of quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) in northern permafrost zone soils. It discusses the challenges in measuring SOC in these regions due to unique cryogenic soil formation processes and variability. The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database was developed using over 1700 soil samples to estimate SOC to 1 meter depth, but does not include deeper estimates. Updated databases including over 500 deeper soil samples now provide SOC estimates to 3 meter depth. However, data remains limited relative to other global regions due to access challenges in remote Arctic areas.
Kimberly Finch, the NASA Ames Restoration Program Manager, provided an update on environmental remediation projects at the NASA Ames Research Center in May 2017. Soil removal was completed at AOI 6 and no further action is required. Proposed long-term monitoring at AOI 14 is under review. NASA has assumed responsibility for groundwater monitoring at the Navy Site 28 WATS Area and landfill sites 1 and 22, and provided progress reports on ongoing remediation work.
Moffett RAB: EPA MEW Superfund Study Area UpdateSteve Williams
EPA Status Update
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW) Superfund Study Area
Mountain View and Moffett Field, CA
Presentation to Former NAS Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board
August 13, 2015
Alana Lee, EPA
RAB Vapor Intrusion Update, Installation Restoration (IR) Site 28Steve Williams
The document provides an update on vapor intrusion sampling activities at the Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field. It discusses the results of indoor air sampling conducted in 2017 at 23 buildings on site. 211 total samples were collected, including indoor, outdoor, and subsurface samples. Analysis showed indoor air concentrations exceeding cleanup levels in 3 buildings, designating them as Tier 1. Most other buildings were designated Tier 3A, as indoor levels were below cleanup levels but above outdoor background. A future report will provide detailed tier evaluations and recommendations for additional response actions if needed.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document estimates reference soil organic carbon (SOC) values for Colombian mineral soils using IPCC methodology. It homogenizes soil and climate classifications between national systems and IPCC, and assigns default SOC reference values based on soil and climate type. The results indicate Andean soils under cold humid climates store more carbon than warmer tropical soils. The study recommends refinements to wetland soil, low/high activity clay, and climate classifications to better represent Colombian conditions and reduce over/under estimation of SOC. Next steps are to validate the reference SOC values with local data and assess carbon stock changes from land cover conversions.
RECSOIL: Recarbonization of global soils (agricultural)Soils FAO-GSP
This document proposes a global program called RECSOIL to increase soil organic carbon stocks through sustainable soil management practices. The program would map areas with potential for soil carbon sequestration, engage farmers willing to adopt recommended practices, and establish a monitoring, reporting and verification system to quantify soil carbon gains. It also outlines plans to develop a RECSOIL marketplace to generate carbon credits for voluntary markets or provide certification for subsistence farmers' ecosystem benefits. The goal is to use soil carbon sequestration as an affordable climate change solution that improves soils and supports farmers worldwide.
This document summarizes a study on changes in soil microbial communities under different land management practices. The study compared soil bacterial and fungal communities in land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for varying lengths of time, as well as land converted from CRP back to cropland. Key findings include:
1) Soil microbial communities differed between long-term cropland and CRP/rangeland, but time under CRP restoration did not significantly impact bacterial composition.
2) Conversion of CRP land to cropland increased soil bacterial diversity in the short-term but bacterial communities resembled long-term cropland within 5 years.
3) Soil fungal communities were
Research poster - 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated Comp...Nick Jenshak
Co-Authored abstract and research poster that was accepted to the 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds under the title “Using Soil Gas Concentration Mapping to Predict Soil Vapor Extraction Radius of Influence Variances and Optimize Remedial System Design.”
The document discusses developing soil health interpretations from soil survey data. It explains that soil interpretations make soil data more useful by predicting soil behavior for different land uses. Developing interpretations involves defining the activity, identifying relevant soil properties and site features, assigning rating classes, and backing them with research. The document provides examples of interpretations for soil organic carbon storage potential, earthworm habitat suitability, and high tunnel suitability. It emphasizes that new interpretations can extend the use of existing soil data and help assess dynamic soil properties related to soil health.
This document discusses using soil survey data to inform soil health assessments. It provides an overview of soil properties that are relevant to soil health assessments, such as organic carbon, fertility, and soil biology. It also describes soil survey products like SSURGO and gSSURGO that provide soil data and properties. Tools for accessing and mapping soil data are presented. Steps for conducting on-farm soil health assessments are outlined. Methods for developing indices to evaluate soil properties and resilience are described, including examples of a soil suitability index and a fragile soil index. Applications of proximal sensing tools for measuring soil properties are briefly discussed.
Soil hydrophobicity impacts agriculture by affecting water retention and flow. Hyperspectral remote sensing shows potential for identifying and mapping soil hydrophobicity at large scales. The researchers developed methods for rapid field hyperspectral sensing and used the data to build predictive models of hydrophobicity. They also developed aerial-ground sensing networks and physics-based models to better understand hydrophobicity effects on soil properties and water flow patterns at different scales. Current work involves UAV hyperspectral imaging and field tests in the US and Israel to further develop methods for large-scale hydrophobicity assessment.
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
The Former Avenue Coking Works and Chemical Plant: Remediation Scheme and Ver...IES / IAQM
The project involved remediating and regenerating a former coking works site contaminated with pollutants like PAHs, phenols, heavy metals, and asbestos. Over 20 years, remediation techniques included thermal desorption, soil screening, and bioremediation to treat over 600,000 cubic meters of contaminated material. Stringent verification procedures with over 20,000 samples ensured materials met standards for residential and recreational use. Groundwater and surface water treatment also exceeded targets. Comprehensive reporting demonstrated that final site conditions posed negligible long-term risks.
This project proposal seeks funding to analyze swelling clay near Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) in Kathmandu and reconstruct a damaged road. The proposal outlines collecting soil samples from within 2-4 meters of the surface, testing the samples to determine soil consistency, clay content, and mineral composition, and reconstructing the road with a safety factor over 1. The total anticipated budget is 250,000 Nepali rupees.
Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection Division of Solid Waste Services - Gude Landfill Remediation Project Corrective Measures Implementation - June 2017
The document provides an update on the remediation approach for the Gude Landfill site to community members. It summarizes the findings of site investigations identifying groundwater contamination beyond the landfill boundary. It outlines the assessment of corrective measures currently underway to evaluate technologies to address the contamination to meet regulatory standards. It also discusses future land reuse preferences of the community and next steps in the process including further community engagement and coordination with county agencies.
Objectives
- Understand, model and predict greenhouse gases emissions from grasslands and winter wheat croplands under changing microbes, climate, livestock and manure use across the scales of field, farm and watershed
- Broaden STEM education for K-12 and college students and teachers, and engage farmers, ranchers, decision makers, and citizen scientists to participate in in-situ data collection and analyses
The K5.4 well was located offshore Sarawak and was the fifth well drilled in the area. It had objectives of characterizing the high temperature carbonate reservoir containing 70% CO2 and acquiring core samples. Challenges included uncertainty around the reservoir and potential for losses while coring. To address these, the team conducted planning, risk assessments, and lessons learned from previous projects. Through preparation and teamwork, the well was successfully completed ahead of schedule and under budget, achieving all objectives including the longest carbonate core in PETRONAS history and first injectivity test in a high CO2 carbonate reservoir.
Soil organic carbon in soils of the northern permafrost zones: Information st...ExternalEvents
This document summarizes the status of quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) in northern permafrost zone soils. It discusses the challenges in measuring SOC in these regions due to unique cryogenic soil formation processes and variability. The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database was developed using over 1700 soil samples to estimate SOC to 1 meter depth, but does not include deeper estimates. Updated databases including over 500 deeper soil samples now provide SOC estimates to 3 meter depth. However, data remains limited relative to other global regions due to access challenges in remote Arctic areas.
Kimberly Finch, the NASA Ames Restoration Program Manager, provided an update on environmental remediation projects at the NASA Ames Research Center in May 2017. Soil removal was completed at AOI 6 and no further action is required. Proposed long-term monitoring at AOI 14 is under review. NASA has assumed responsibility for groundwater monitoring at the Navy Site 28 WATS Area and landfill sites 1 and 22, and provided progress reports on ongoing remediation work.
Moffett RAB: EPA MEW Superfund Study Area UpdateSteve Williams
EPA Status Update
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW) Superfund Study Area
Mountain View and Moffett Field, CA
Presentation to Former NAS Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board
August 13, 2015
Alana Lee, EPA
RAB Vapor Intrusion Update, Installation Restoration (IR) Site 28Steve Williams
The document provides an update on vapor intrusion sampling activities at the Former Naval Air Station Moffett Field. It discusses the results of indoor air sampling conducted in 2017 at 23 buildings on site. 211 total samples were collected, including indoor, outdoor, and subsurface samples. Analysis showed indoor air concentrations exceeding cleanup levels in 3 buildings, designating them as Tier 1. Most other buildings were designated Tier 3A, as indoor levels were below cleanup levels but above outdoor background. A future report will provide detailed tier evaluations and recommendations for additional response actions if needed.
Measuring and monitoring soil carbon stocks from point to continental scale i...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO - Australia, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document estimates reference soil organic carbon (SOC) values for Colombian mineral soils using IPCC methodology. It homogenizes soil and climate classifications between national systems and IPCC, and assigns default SOC reference values based on soil and climate type. The results indicate Andean soils under cold humid climates store more carbon than warmer tropical soils. The study recommends refinements to wetland soil, low/high activity clay, and climate classifications to better represent Colombian conditions and reduce over/under estimation of SOC. Next steps are to validate the reference SOC values with local data and assess carbon stock changes from land cover conversions.
RECSOIL: Recarbonization of global soils (agricultural)Soils FAO-GSP
This document proposes a global program called RECSOIL to increase soil organic carbon stocks through sustainable soil management practices. The program would map areas with potential for soil carbon sequestration, engage farmers willing to adopt recommended practices, and establish a monitoring, reporting and verification system to quantify soil carbon gains. It also outlines plans to develop a RECSOIL marketplace to generate carbon credits for voluntary markets or provide certification for subsistence farmers' ecosystem benefits. The goal is to use soil carbon sequestration as an affordable climate change solution that improves soils and supports farmers worldwide.
This document summarizes a study on changes in soil microbial communities under different land management practices. The study compared soil bacterial and fungal communities in land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for varying lengths of time, as well as land converted from CRP back to cropland. Key findings include:
1) Soil microbial communities differed between long-term cropland and CRP/rangeland, but time under CRP restoration did not significantly impact bacterial composition.
2) Conversion of CRP land to cropland increased soil bacterial diversity in the short-term but bacterial communities resembled long-term cropland within 5 years.
3) Soil fungal communities were
Research poster - 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated Comp...Nick Jenshak
Co-Authored abstract and research poster that was accepted to the 2018 Battelle Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds under the title “Using Soil Gas Concentration Mapping to Predict Soil Vapor Extraction Radius of Influence Variances and Optimize Remedial System Design.”
The document discusses developing soil health interpretations from soil survey data. It explains that soil interpretations make soil data more useful by predicting soil behavior for different land uses. Developing interpretations involves defining the activity, identifying relevant soil properties and site features, assigning rating classes, and backing them with research. The document provides examples of interpretations for soil organic carbon storage potential, earthworm habitat suitability, and high tunnel suitability. It emphasizes that new interpretations can extend the use of existing soil data and help assess dynamic soil properties related to soil health.
This document discusses using soil survey data to inform soil health assessments. It provides an overview of soil properties that are relevant to soil health assessments, such as organic carbon, fertility, and soil biology. It also describes soil survey products like SSURGO and gSSURGO that provide soil data and properties. Tools for accessing and mapping soil data are presented. Steps for conducting on-farm soil health assessments are outlined. Methods for developing indices to evaluate soil properties and resilience are described, including examples of a soil suitability index and a fragile soil index. Applications of proximal sensing tools for measuring soil properties are briefly discussed.
Soil hydrophobicity impacts agriculture by affecting water retention and flow. Hyperspectral remote sensing shows potential for identifying and mapping soil hydrophobicity at large scales. The researchers developed methods for rapid field hyperspectral sensing and used the data to build predictive models of hydrophobicity. They also developed aerial-ground sensing networks and physics-based models to better understand hydrophobicity effects on soil properties and water flow patterns at different scales. Current work involves UAV hyperspectral imaging and field tests in the US and Israel to further develop methods for large-scale hydrophobicity assessment.
Calculating changes in soil carbon in Japanese agricultural land by IPCC-tier...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Yasushito Shirato, from Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences - Japan, in FAO Hq, Rome
The Former Avenue Coking Works and Chemical Plant: Remediation Scheme and Ver...IES / IAQM
The project involved remediating and regenerating a former coking works site contaminated with pollutants like PAHs, phenols, heavy metals, and asbestos. Over 20 years, remediation techniques included thermal desorption, soil screening, and bioremediation to treat over 600,000 cubic meters of contaminated material. Stringent verification procedures with over 20,000 samples ensured materials met standards for residential and recreational use. Groundwater and surface water treatment also exceeded targets. Comprehensive reporting demonstrated that final site conditions posed negligible long-term risks.
This project proposal seeks funding to analyze swelling clay near Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) in Kathmandu and reconstruct a damaged road. The proposal outlines collecting soil samples from within 2-4 meters of the surface, testing the samples to determine soil consistency, clay content, and mineral composition, and reconstructing the road with a safety factor over 1. The total anticipated budget is 250,000 Nepali rupees.
Stormwater Monitoring - Newington Solid Waste FacilityFairfax County
This presentation focuses on the development of a monitoring program for a large-scale sand filter at the Newington Solid Waste Facility. The program was designed to both determine the efficiency of this best management practice and provide insight on the maintenance needs of such a facility.
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study GuideHomework (Due 12816)1) What are t.docxjack60216
EHST 3370 Exam 1 Study Guide/Homework (Due 1/28/16)
1) What are the five components of an onsite wastewater system, and what function(s) does each component serve?
2) What are some typical concentrations of total nitrogen (mg/L), total phosphorus (mg/L), and BOD5 (mg/L) for 1) wastewater effluent and 2) septage?
3) What are the five principles of On-site Wastewater Treatment?
4) Why are long, narrow septic system trenches preferred over wider, short trenches?
5) If effluent surfaces in a yard, why is it a concern?
6) How can wastewater from an onsite system impact ground water quality?
7) What coastal environmental problems may be partly linked to wastewater management (other factors, but wastewater can contribute also)?
8) On average, how much water does each person use per day?
9) What is the difference between pollutant concentrations and pollutant loadings?
10) How does the concentration of organic matter in water affect dissolved oxygen?
11) How does temperature affect dissolved oxygen?
12) What is the difference between total suspended solids and total dissolved solids?
13) What is the difference between volatile and fixed solids?
14) If most E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria are not harmful to humans, why do we test for them and get concerned if they are found in the water samples?
15) How does the speciation of nitrogen (form) affect it’s mobility in soil (NO3 in comparison to NH4)?
16) What forms of nitrogen are dominant in septic tanks?
17) What are FOGs and how do they affect septic systems?
18) List three things required in the report to obtain a permit to apply septage to a field? Who must develop the report?
19) What are three methods of land application of septage?
20) List three potential negative issues with land application of septage.
21) List three factors for determining where septage can be land applied.
22) How is septage typically treated (with what material) before land application?
23) What are the soil depth requirements to apply septage on fields with group I, II and III soils?
24) What are the setback requirements for septage application sites and property lines, occupied homes, and streams?
25) What is the difference between BOD and COD?
26) List 3 designated water resource uses
27) What are 3 typical pollutants that cause water use impairment?
28) How many onsite systems are in use in NC? How many new systems are installed each year in NC? How many systems are repaired each year in NC?
29) Define biomat, and list one positive and one negative associated with a biomat in terms of system performance.
30) Which component of an onsite system is most important for wastewater treatment?
Biosolids
Citation
Modified from:
Lesikar, B.J., A. Kenimer and D.Gustafson. 2005. Septage-Biosolids – PowerPoint Presentation. in (M.A. Gross and N.E. Deal, eds.) University Curriculum Development for Decentralized Wastewater Management. National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Develop ...
A Review of Zeolite Based Treatment Water Systems and Thier Applicability in ...Daniel Eyde
The revisions to the Clean Water Act, ever lower NPDES water discharge standards and competition for scarce water resources have increased the need for cost-effective water treatment products and applications. Many water treatment sites are remote and lack infrastructure, others are passive or semi-passisve wetlands and bioreactors whose effluent, while meeting discharge standards, still require additional treatment for turbidity, COD, BOD and pH adjustment. The use of natural zeolites, alone or in conjunction with other treatment technologies, have had success in mitigating amD/amR discharges, as well as heavy metals, turbidity, NH4+, Al, Mn and silica in coal and hard rock mining impacted effluents. In uranium mining areas and NURE impacted waters, treatment systems initially designed more for problems like for Three Mile Island and Fukushima have been effective in capturing radionuclides in both passive and active treatment systems, most recently at the Homestake Uranium Tailings at Grants, NM. The applicability of the ion exchange and filtration capabilities of zeolites, their ability to be used in passive treatment systems and their limitations are reviewed.
Navy Presentation on Site 27 to Moffett RAB July 17, 2008Steve Williams
The Navy conducted a sediment removal action at Site 27 as part of an installation restoration program at Moffett Field. Sediments containing contaminants like PCBs, pesticides and metals were excavated from drainage channels and disposed of off-site. Over 68,000 cubic yards of sediment were removed. Confirmation sampling showed target cleanup goals were met, except for selenium in underlying clays. A technical memorandum determined the selenium was naturally occurring based on historical data. The Navy is working with agencies to finalize the remedial action completion report and close out the site.
The document summarizes contaminated sediment management plans for several sites in the Great Lakes region. It discusses sediment remediation projects in Thunder Bay North Harbour, Peninsula Harbour, and the St. Clair River. For each site, it provides details on the nature of contamination, sediment sampling results, sediment management options considered, and the selected remediation approach. It also outlines implementation schedules and long-term monitoring plans. Key challenges to Great Lakes sediment remediation projects are high costs and increasing cost uncertainties over the stages of a project.
Presentation by Dr Susan Orgill to the Riverina branch of the Australian Society of Soil Science at a meeting on 14 March 2014 at Charles Sturt University, Wagga
Leachate generation from tsdf and its treatment optionsAyushi Chaturvedi
Introduction to Hazardous waste landfill and Leachate
Supportive Data and figures
Real Episode due to Leachate Contamination
Leachate Generation Factors
TSDF - Introduction
TSDF – Case Study
Literature Review
List of Applicable leachate treatment Technologies
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
1) The document discusses the phytoremediation of saline and sodic soils using various plant species. It provides background on the extent and problems of salt-affected soils worldwide and in India.
2) Key mechanisms by which plants remediate these soils include increasing the dissolution of calcite to raise calcium levels by releasing carbon dioxide and protons, physical effects of roots on soil structure, and uptake of sodium by plant shoots.
3) Case studies demonstrate how deep-rooted plants like alfalfa and kallar grass improved the hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, porosity and other physical properties of sodic soils over multiple growth years.
The Department of the Interior’s Office of Surface Coal Mining Reclamation and Enforcement presented Northampton Fuel Supply Company, Inc. (NFS) with the “Excellence in Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation” National Award in September 2016 for the land reclamation at the Loomis Bank Operation off of Middle Road in Luzerne County, Hanover Township, PA. The Loomis site was an abandoned culm bank that covered over 100 acres of land. NFS started operations at the site in the late nineties and processed over a million tons of the culm material converting it to a viable fuel for power generation at Northampton Generating Company, LP’s (NGC) power plant located in Northampton, PA.
Presentation can help you to understand concept, principle engineering and important factors of landfilling such as component, requirement, microbial activity, landfill gas and leachate generation
The document summarizes a study that used the CROPGRO Perennial Forage Model to simulate biomass production of Brachiaria Cayman grass and changes in soil organic carbon at six sites in Tanzania. The model was calibrated using field data on biomass yields and soil carbon and showed reasonable performance. Simulation results found that increasing fertilizer or manure amounts, irrigation, and adjusting harvest frequency from 90 to 120 days increased grass biomass yields. The model can help farmers make decisions about nutrient and water management and harvesting to maximize forage production.
This document summarizes a paired watershed study evaluating ephemeral gully erosion on cultivated fields in central Kansas. Ephemeral gullies are localized areas of soil erosion formed by concentrated water flow during heavy rainfall events. The study compares erosion in two similar watersheds - Running Turkey Creek (undisturbed) and Dry Turkey Creek (disturbed with more conservation practices). Topographic index models are used to predict gully locations and lengths are measured. Results show the Compound Topographic Index model best identifies gullies, with 67% accuracy. Gully surveys find deposition occurring in no-till fields while tilled fields experience more erosion. Best management practices recommended include no-till, cover crops, and installing vegetated waterways
This document provides information on the proposed river front development project along the Ganga river in Patna, Bihar. It discusses the objectives of developing the river front, which include ecological restoration, improving drainage, managing waste disposal, and providing public amenities. It also describes the anticipated environmental and social impacts of the project during construction and operation, and the mitigation measures that will be implemented. Baseline environmental data was collected on air and water quality, noise levels, and biodiversity in the project area. Public consultations were held to discuss the project details and gather feedback from local communities.
Carbon Management and Sequestration in Drylands soils of Morocco: Nexus Appro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Similar to Case Study: Closure of an Earthen Lagoon (20)
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
The current state of cap-and-trade in the U.S. and the mandatory greenhouse g...LPE Learning Center
There are currently two operational cap-and-trade programs in the US - the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative involving nine Northeast states, and the California market. These programs allow regulated entities to meet emissions reductions obligations by purchasing carbon offsets achieved by other businesses such as agriculture. Farmers can generate offsets by capturing carbon through anaerobic digestion of manure and selling the reductions. The EPA also has a greenhouse gas reporting rule requiring facilities emitting over 25,000 tons of CO2e annually to report emissions, though this does not currently apply to livestock due to congressional restrictions. An opportunity exists for animal agriculture to benefit financially from these programs by generating carbon offsets.
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in animal agricultureLPE Learning Center
What steps can animal agriculture take to reduce (mitigate) the greenhouse gas emissions from their farms? What is carbon sequestration and how will that play a role? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Blue, green, and gray water categorize sources of water used in hog production. Blue water comes from surface and groundwater sources, green water is rainwater used by crops, and gray water is the water required to dilute polluted water. A water footprint measures the total water used and impacted in producing goods and services, including direct water used by hogs in a barn and indirect water used on farm operations. The Pig Production Environmental Calculator provides hog farmers data on their water footprint in gallons for total use, per pig per year, and per pound of pork, categorized by sources like feed, management, and facilities. This allows farmers to identify areas to reduce their water usage and environmental impact.
A land footprint is the amount of land used to produce a product and only accounts for actual land area, not greenhouse gas emissions. The National Pork Board's Pig Production Environmental Footprint Calculator estimates the land footprint of swine facilities by accounting for the land needed to produce all feed ingredients. The calculator allows users to understand how individual feed ingredients and changes to them can impact the total land footprint of a farming operation. Environmental footprint calculators help agricultural producers improve efficiencies while minimizing environmental impacts from their practices.
Impact of aerosols on respiratory health of dairy workers and residents livin...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes recent research on the impact of aerosols on respiratory health among dairy workers and residents living near dairies. It discusses studies showing associations between endotoxin exposure from livestock farms and reduced risk of asthma and allergies. However, other studies have found occupational exposures to be associated with respiratory symptoms and lung function reductions in dairy workers. The document calls for identifying high exposure tasks and locations, implementing engineering and protective controls, providing medical monitoring, and training to help manage risks to worker and community health from agricultural aerosols in the face of scientific uncertainties.
Estimation of infectious risks in residential populations near a center pivot...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment of infectious risks from land application of dairy wastewater via center pivot irrigation. The study used an exposure model to estimate pathogen concentrations in air at different distances from the pivot based on emission rates. A dose-response model then estimated infection risks from inhalation and ingestion. Results showed risks of infection were very low during daytime applications but potentially higher at night. The study concludes risks can be managed by applying wastewater during daylight hours at the lowest percentage to minimize airborne pathogens and recommends these practices to safely use dairy wastewater for irrigation.
User capabilities and next generation phosphorus (p) indicesLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72814
The phosphorus (P) index is the primary approach to identify field management strategies and/or manure application strategies likely to lead to excessive risk of P loss. It has been over 40 years since the first research connecting agronomic P management and water quality and over 20 years since the initial publication defining a P Index. This session will consider opportunities to build on and expand existing P Index strategies to make them more effective at protecting water quality and friendlier to the target user.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72818
Phosphorus indices provide relative loss ratings that then have a corresponding management response. Because most state Phosphorus Indices are qualitative it is not clear how the relative loss rating corresponds to actual phosphorus inputs into the receiving water and how the receiving water would react to these additions. Even with qualitative Phosphorus Indices, unless the water resource has a specific Total Maximum Daily Load, it is not clear how losses correspond to water quality outcomes. These issues will be discussed in the context of the 590 Natural Resources Conservation Standard for nutrient management.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72868
There has been a tremendous amount of activity and funding of conservation programs with regional and watershed-specific cost-share initiatives. While there have been some successes, water quality response in many areas has not been as great as expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of phosphorus along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of phosphorus.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the southern region o...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72817
The purpose of our work was to determine, within the southern region (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, and TX), the feasibility of using different models to determine potential phosphorus loss from agricultural fields in lieu of phosphorus indices.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Checking ambition with reality the pros and cons of different approaches to s...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72793
The revision of the USDA-NRCS national standard for nutrient management in 2011 was driven, in part, by inconsistencies in state phosphorus (P) indices, rekindling debates over standardizing indices at regional or national scales. Reasonable arguments exist for maintaining the status quo, which allows for state specific site assessment approaches, as well as for regional and national P Indices, which would take advantage of expertise, resources and technologies that may not exist locally. In addition, a diversity of site assessment approaches have now been proposed that differ from the original P Index. Understanding the benefits and limitations provided with these approaches is key to advancing site assessment for P management.
Removing phosphorus from drainage water the phosphorus removal structureLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72839
We constructed a phosphorus (P) removal structure on a poultry farm in Eastern OK; this is a BMP that can remove dissolved P loading in the short term until soil legacy P concentrations decrease below levels of environmental concern. A P removal structure contains P sorbing materials (PSMs) and are placed in a location to intercept runoff or subsurface drainage with high dissolved P concentrations. As high P water flows through the PSMs, dissolved P is sorbed onto the materials by several potential mechanisms, allowing low P water to exit the structure. While they vary in form, P removal structures contain three main elements: 1) use of a filter material that has a high affinity for P, 2) containment of the material, and 3) the ability to remove that material and replace it after it becomes saturated with P and is no longer effective.
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.
Identify and synthesize methods to refine phosphorus indices from three regio...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72867
This project was started to work with regional CIG projects to calibrate and harmonize Phosphorus Indices across the U.S., demonstrate their accuracy in identifying the magnitude and extent of phosphorus loss risk, and provide suggestions to refine or improve existing Indices. This research is important to provide consistency among state Phosphorus Indices and their subsequent recommendations.
Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
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How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
3. Background Information
Caged egg-laying operation with 6 houses
Lagoon size – unknown
11 to 12 acre-ft of storage (size of football field 10 feet
deep)
Operation began in late 1970’s
Operator chose to shut-down facility in May 2006
Demonstration project
Determine costs for other lagoons across the state
Address concerns in an impaired watershed
Properly close to mitigate water quality impacts
5. Methodology
Survey of existing site
Determine extents of lagoon
Approximate volumes
Utilities
Soil sampling to determine in-situ materials and check
for leakage
Construction Specifications
Site-specific
Compilation of appropriate portions of NRCS national
construction standards
6. Methodology (continued)
Draft Closure Plan and approval
Construction Plans
Contracting
Construction Oversight
Final Check-out
8. Digging for Information
Field Engineer Technician
Located the contractor that originally built the facility
Confirmed that there were two lagoons
No plans available
Found out when water was hooked up for the site 1978
10. Surveying Attempts
Tried to use Sludge Judge – nothing went into the tube
Tried pacing and using a range pole to establish depth
Used Survey Grade GPS unit
Took Surface Shot
Used range pole to probe and determined
Depth of sludge
Depth of wastewater
13. Survey Data Collected & CAD
Approximately 2,000 data points were collected or
calculated (34 different field codes were used)
Approximately 200 points were taken on the surface and
probed to obtain bottom of pond elevation and
wastewater level
Modeled
Existing Pond with Sludge
Bottom of Pond
Wastewater Level in Pond
Proposed Final Grade
Existing Concrete Slabs
14. Closure Plan
Meetings with TCEQ
Review of draft plan approved by TCEQ
Final closure plan to be completed after vegetation is
established
15. Site Specific Construction
Specifications – March 2008
Overview
Scope & Location
Utilities
Safety
Pollution Control
SWPPP
Mobilization and Demobilization
16. Site Specific Construction
Specifications – March 2008
Overview (continued)
Removal of litter, sludge and wastewater
Structure Removal
Earthfill and Excavation
Seeding and Mulching
Construction Survey
17.
18. Contracting – Turn Key
Sludge to be removed and land applied – 18,500 CY
Removal of Concrete Slabs
Earth moving – compacted fill estimated at 27,000 CY
Final Seeding of Site
Bids received began around $1.8M and exceeded $3M
19. Contracting – Phase 1
Modified to only include removal and stockpiling of
sludge in windrows on-site
Awarded Bid
$3.25 per CY of sludge removed
$10 per 1,000 gallons of water for pumping to neighbor
Local SWCD found neighbor to take water
Total cost $58,500
Completed September 2009
25. Phase 2 – Sludge Hauling and Land
Application
Local SWCD, NRCS and TSSWCB and found a
landowner that wanted the material
Landowner receiving sludge contracted out of their own
pocket to have sludge hauled and spread on their
property
Sludge hauler was from the Texas Panhandle
Some of the cost was for mobilization/demobilization
Application started January 2011 and was postponed
because of rainfall until April 2011
28. Phase 3 – Final Grading
Contract Awarded August 2011
Final grading completed September 2011
DOES NOT INCLUDE SEEDING AND
REVEGETATION – currently in a drought
Silt fencing is in place
29. Challenges for Final Grading
Power poles on-site
Agreement was from 3 years ago when initially bid
Had to renegotiate cost with power company
30. Photo of finished grade
Photo of work in progress
31. Phase 4 – Vegetation and
Paperwork
Vegetate the site – Indian Grass, Klein Grass, Switch
Grass, Sideoats Grama, Plains Bristlegrass, Wild Rye,
Rye Grass
Landowner deed recordation
Final Closure Plan
33. Sludge Analysis - 2009
% (dry basis)
N 1.5
P 5.7
K 1.6
Dry Matter 74%
34. WASTEWATER
ANALYSIS2006
N % 0.099
P ppm 172.4
K ppm 3171
Ca ppm 479.7
Mg ppm 147.7
Na ppm 901
Zn ppm 5.76
Fe ppm 7.04
Cu ppm 1.079
Mn ppm 4.967
pH 7.8
Conductivity umhos/cm 16580
Total Carbon % 0.282
NH4-N % 0.1525
Date Received 2/24/2006
Color Brown/ Pink
P2O5 ppm 391.348
35. EFFLUENT
ANALYSIS2007 N % 0.0174
P % 0.0073
K % 0.1619
Ca % 0.0051
Mg % 0.0098
Na % 0.0327
Zn ppm 0.13
Fe ppm 2.66
Cu ppm 0.05
Mn ppm 0.30
36. Cost
Component Quantity Cost per unit Cost
Sludge and Water Removal
– stockpile on-site
18,000 CY $3.25/CY $58,500
Wastewater None $10/1,000
gallons
N/a
Sludge Hauling and
Application
12,103 Tons $7.484/Ton $90,580 (basically
$5.03/CY)
Subtotal for removal $149,080
Concrete Slab Removal 1,800 CY $11.60/CY $20,880
Earthwork 27,200 CY $2.50/CY $68,000
Miscellaneous $2,100
Seeding 10 acres $180/Acre $1,800
Subtotal for Site Work $92,780
TOTAL TO DATE $241,860
37. Additional Costs
Engineering – Surveying, Civil 3D, Drawings,
Specifications, Design Report
Closure Plan Development
Contracting Time and Expenses
Meetings, coordination, and other communication
time
Soil, Waste, and Wastewater Analysis
Moving Power Lines
Final Establishment of Vegetation
I will be presenting some information on the closure of a poultry lagoon in Texas
This is a photo of the facility with the full lagoons in the foreground taken in Spring 2006.
This was a caged egg-laying operation which utilized 6 houses. It had converted to a dry waste management system. The lagoon size was initially unknown, but held approximately 11-12 acre-feet of storage, or 14,800 cubic meters of wastewater, which is one of the smaller lagoons in the area. The initial operation began in the late 1970’s and the operation shut-down in May 2006. This was a demonstration project between the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the state soil conservation agency, Texas State Soil & Water Conservation Board (TSSWCB) and the local Soil & Water Conservation District. The purpose of the demonstration was to: establish costs for this practice as there are numerous similar situations across the state and remove a potential source of contamination from an impaired water shed.
After taking samples, we did some digging at the local field office. From this aerial photo, we were able to determine that there were two lagoons and one mini pond.
Now moving back to the actual methodology for the project. This consisted of surveying the existing site, soil sampling, construction specification and much more.
Sampling of Sludge material that was sent to Texas A&M for evaluation
This is a plan view of the operation. When the site was constructed initially the lagoon was built at the top of the hill, dirt for the lagoon was excavated and used as a building pad for the slab thus eliminating all outside drainage. The initial grade of the site prior to the installation of the facility is shown with green arrows. The grade is approximately 0.2% over the entire site.The entire site is less than 11 acres or 44,515 square meters, and the system was likely designed as a total evaporation system. The wastewater was recycled to flush the concrete alleys. The only freshwater was from the drinking nozzles.
The use of a local technician allowed us to track down the original contractor, water hook-ups and so forth. However, the contractor could not recall any of the dimensions or details on the construction of the lagoon.
Samples were taken to determine if the material was the same as indicated on the soils maps and to determine if there was any seepage into the surrounding soil at the sampling locations. The sampling indicated that the soils were acceptable for an in-situ lining material and there was not any indication of seepage from the lagoon.
In order to establish the boundaries of the lagoons under the sludge and wastewater, we tried several methods until we came up with one that worked. The sludge judge did not work because the waste was too thick and would not go into the tube. Attempted to pace and use a range pole to establish the depth while dragging a raft, but did not have an accurate surface elevation or horizontal control. Finally, utilizing a survey grade GPS unit, along with a range pole, we were able to obtain a surface elevation, probed to the bottom with the range pole and took readings for the depth of the sludge and the wastewater level.
Double decker rows of buzzards are missing now!
Using old aerial photos and the United States Geological Survey quadrangle map which provides contours , we were able to determine what the site looked like prior to the installation of the poultry operation.
It is important to remember both above ground and below ground utilities. In this case, the contractor had to obtain permission from the utility company in order to work under the line and this had to be address in the plans and specifications
After all surveying work was completed, there were approximately 2,000 data points that were used to model using Eagle Point at the time the various levels of sludge, wastewater and then develop a final grading plan and associated quantities.
Additionally, a draft closure plan was developed prior to any work for TCEQ review and approval. The final closure plan will be completed after vegetation is established on-site.
These construction specifications addressed typical items that would be seen in most construction projects for NRCS.
Additionally, the specifications included requirements for the removal of litter, sludge and wastewater, structure removal, earthfill and excavation, seeding and mulching, and final construction survey
A design report, along with engineering drawings and construction specifications were prepared. I have included a handout with sample construction specifications for the entire project.
Once all the engineering and technical work was completed, the initial thought for contracting the work was to have a turn key package where the contractor took care of all sludge hauling and land application, including finding the land to apply the sludge. The bids started at $1.8 million….. since there was not that much funding available, the project was split into various phases with our local offices doing much of the legwork.
The project was broken into three phases initially; however, it is in its fourth phase at this time. Phase 1 consisted of removing the litter and stockpiling on-site
As soon as the bid was closed, the site received 5-6 inches of rain. The contractor was responsible for all costs associated with this water; however, a stipulation was added that the contractor would be paid $10/1000 gallons if there was any additional rainfall.
Here are some photos of the dewatering of the lagoon in phase 1
The contractor used multiple types of equipment and conveyors to remove and stack the material on-site. Note: The sludge looks like a typical clay soil.
Initially, a stationary hopper as shown on the left was used. The contractor switched after the first couple of days to a vibrating hopper to address the material sticking to the sides of the hopper.
Here are some photos of the sludge stockpiled on-site and the empty lagoons.
For phase 2, the local offices were able to find a landowner that wanted the material and was willing to pay for the transportation and spreading of the material. There was a significant amount of time spent finding this landowner, as the local applicators in the area were accustomed to poultry litter, but did not have equipment for spreading the sludge.
The sludge applicator did a terrific job of removing all of the sludge from the site.
The only thing remaining was the slabs to be demolished in Phase 3.
Phase 3 was initially to include final grading and vegetation establishment. However, with the current drought situation in Texas, it was decided to remove the vegetation requirements from the contract. The site has an average slope of 0.2%, and silt fence was installed to reduce the possibility of erosion.
One of the challenges for the final grading was moving the power poles that were on-site to avoid miniature islands around the poles. The agreement was from 3 years prior and the costs for moving the poles had more than tripled. With some good notes and negotiating skills, the local technician was able to reduce the cost to close to the original quote from 2008.
This is a photo of the final site after grading and a close-up of the silt fence.
The last phase consists of establishing the vegetation on-site. Since the site received some rainfall earlier this month. We decided to go with a native mixture for the site and planting should be completed by the end of the day. Additionally, the landowner will need to deed record the location of the lagoon as the designed earthfill and compaction requirements were not intended to support a structure and some shrinkage is expected. After vegetation is established, a final closure plan will be documented.
Saqib Mukhtar from Texas A&M had agreed to perform the analysis of the sludge along with one of his graduate students. There were 8 samples taken. The sludge resembled dirt and had very little odor to it. This chart shows an average of the samples for the sludge.
As the sludge was stockpiled, the local office took samples of sludge and had them analyzed. This is the average of approximately 20 samples that were taken, which is approximately 1 sample for every 1,000 CY.
There were a few samples of wastewater that were collected and analyzed at the same time as well. This shows the results from the analysis in 2006.
There were a few samples of wastewater that were collected and analyzed at the same time as well. This shows the results from the analysis in 2006.
Here are the contractor costs to date… the $90,580 for sludge hauling and application was paid by the landowner receiving the sludge. The total spent by NRCS and TSSWCB to date is approximately $150k
There is a significant amount of time and staff resources spent on this project that correlate to additional costs that are not included in the contracting costs.