This document provides information on case studies for Edexcel GCSE revision covering physical, human, economic, and natural topics. It includes summaries of topics such as land use in MEDCs and LEDCs, intensive wet rice farming in LEDCs, farm changes in the EU, high-tech industry, managing hazards from cyclones and earthquakes in both MEDCs and LEDCs, and managing sustainable tourism at destinations in Machu Picchu, Peru. Specific impacts, both positive and negative, of tourism on the local environment and economy are outlined. The factors attracting the transnational corporation Fiat to locate in Brazil are also summarized.

1. Edexcel GCSE revision case studies
A1 Physical A2 Human A3 Economic A4 Natural
•MEDC land use •LEDC attracting a TNC •Tropical rainforest
None Required
•LEDC land use •Intensive wet rice –
But examples: exploitation
Waterfall LEDC
•Farm change in EU
Glacier
•High Tech industry
Floodplains
Coasts
B6 Managing Hazards C7 Managing Tourism
LEDC cyclone Sustainable MEDC
MEDC cyclone Sustainable LEDC
One of the following must be LEDC One of the following must be LEDC
Earthquake Coastal – Ayia Napa
Volcanic eruption or
Coastal II – Costa del Sol
Mountain

2. Tourism in a mountainous region –
Machu Picchu, Peru
Physical attractions
Human attractions
The Inca Trail:
•Machu Picchu, the 'Lost City of the Incas' is the
• 10 climatic zones and sub-
best-known and most spectacular site in South
zones, from deserts to tropical
America.
Andean cloud forest
• Hiking the quot;Inca Trail“ = Royal Highway to the
•Exotic plants & animals - > 400
Sacred City of the Incas.
varieties of orchids, begonias, trees &
The Trail is paved with blocks of stone,
bushes plus condor, pumas &
32 km long ending at the Holy City.
miniature deer.
• The nearby town of Aguas Calientes has thermal
• Stunning scenery with the snowy
baths.
peaks of the Andes (over 6,000
• Pisac is the main craftwork centre
metres), fast flowing rivers and deep
The main square has a colourful market
valleys.
on Sunday mornings.
• Rafting trips on the Urubamba River
− the physical and human attractions of the area
− the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
− the effects on different groups of people.

3. Tourism in a mountainous region – Machu Picchu, Peru
Benefits Costs
Social • outside dollars to support community • visitors may conflict with the community's. • May
facilities. • ↑ civic involvement and pride. change family relationships. • Overloading of
• Cultural exchange• Preservation & porters• ↓ traditional values and culture through
celebration of local culture• Facilities & imitation• Crowding & congestion• Tourists compete
infrastructure supported by tourism (e.g. the with residents for available services and facilities• ↑ in
railway)• Encourages the learning of new crime in the area. • Desecration of the Indian spiritual
skills. heritage.
Environmental • Fosters conservation and preservation of • 2,000 visit the Machu Picchu daily – erosion • eroded
natural, cultural and historical resources. by heavy rains /landslides - recovery of the terraces,
• Could be considered a clean industry. stabilises slopes – conservation at a price.
• Wood cutting for fuel/cooking threatened Machu
− the physical and human attractions of the area • Plans for a road from Cuzco + cable car • Visitors 6,000
− the economic, social and environmental in 1984 to 82,000 in 2000. Litter • Urban ↑- human
impacts of tourism, both positive and negative waste direct into the Urubamba river. • Helicopters –
− the effects on different groups of people. ↓peace & damaging sites/fauna – Andean Condor
Economic • High-spending tourists = higher socio- • Inflates property values & prices • Employment tends
economic groups. • Governments gain taxes to be seasonal.
- accommodation /restaurant, airport, sales, • Tourist numbers vary affected by events beyond the
entrances , income tax - $6 mil pa for Peru, control of the destination e.g. terrorism, economic
+ $3 mil pa for Machu Picchu Management. recession. This is a problem in Peru for the country is
• Local jobs & businesses : direct related to over-dependent upon tourism.
tourism (hotel and tour services) + indirectly • leakage- money used to pay for imports required by
(such as food production and housing tourists.
− the physical and human attractions of the area• Is
construction). • The multiplier effect • The jobs provided are usually poorly paid.
− the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
labour-intensive. • Earns valuable foreign
− the effects onexchange. groups of people.
different

4. Machu Picchu
Effects on different groups of people
Groups that benefit
• Businesses and workers linked directly to tourism E.g. Porters on Inca Trail
• Cultural groups that receive government support and funding. E.g. Inca traditional dancers
• Tour operators. - local and international
• Local Public bodies from taxes paid. E.g. School groups – may lead to long term Q of L improvement
• Conservationists. Machu Picchu is preserved as a tourist attraction – amenity value leads to preservation.
• Local residents due to range of services supported by tourism. E.g. Sewage removal systems + roads
• Local thieves who view tourists as an easy source of income.
• Alternative Inca Trails - popular with travellers unable to book a slot three to six months in advance - treks can be
booked a day in advance - costing < 50% as a hike on the Inca Trail - spreading the economic benefits of tourism
Groups that do not benefit
• Numbers of visitors to Machu Picchu are taking the pleasure out of their trip. There are no quiet places left for
reflection.
• Travellers unable to book a slot three to six months in advance are unable to walk the trail.
• Environmentalists - developments destroy not only the beauty of the site but enable far greater numbers of
visitors, which would increase the physical impact on the environment. Tourist trampling erodes footpaths and
reduces biodiversity.
• Conservationists. Poorly planned tourist developments can destroy buildings of historic/cultural value.
• Workers unemployed in the winter season.
• Indigenous people : “Since ancient times, this land has been preserved as sacred. The guardian spirits do not want
roadways or industry, or people who pollute the land. These are sacred areas. It was there the deities built the ancient
city of Machu Picchu.” The costs associated with visiting the site, which are geared toward foreign tourists’ income
levels, make it practically inaccessible to the Inca’s descendants.
− the physical and human attractions of the area
− the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
− the effects on different groups of people.

5. A3: The Economic World
A study of the factors attracting one transnational corporation to a particular country.
FIAT, Brazil - TNC
It opened in 1976, and
Fiat in 64 countries Brazil is at Betim
employed 10,000
workers and produced
130,000 cars a year.
In 1990, Fiat invested
$1.5 million into the 2008 employs 12,000
plant to make Palio and workers and produces
Tipo cars.
650,000 cars a year.

6. Why did Fiat locate in Brazil?
A study of the factors attracting one transnational corporation to a particular country.
The Brazilian Government wanted a car industry = offered incentives to
Large TNCs (Trans-National-Companies).
Betim in Minas Gerais - Fiat located there because the
state gave them 50% of the start up costs.
Brazil’s increasing market for cars.
1970 – 255,000
2000 – 2,800,000
Cheap labour: $7 an hour. (cf UK $18)
Ltd Union strength :strikes are very unlikely so no
production time would be lost
Fiat expanded in 1990 – Why?:
The state of Minas Gerais gave Fiat $135 million = new factory – >50% of costs.
Fiat are expecting a large increase in local demand. If they are in the
country, they will save money on transport costs and import duties.

7. Cyclone One Bravo 1997 LEDC Tropical Storm
For each event, study
− the impact of the storm on people and the environment − how the state of development of the country
influenced the storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected the LEDC and the MEDC
Aid/Relief
Overview
•One Bravo formed in Bay of
•Aid from NGO’s e.g. Oxfam
Bengal, landfall in Eastern
•Provided temporary housing + food +
Bangladesh 19th May 1997 fresh water to deaths from water-
•Wind speed upto 250 kmh bourne disease e.g. cholera
•Are inhabited by 4 million people •Medical supplies
•111 deaths (fewer than the 1991 •Food as aid = 500 families given 32kg of
rice for 2 months.
storm 140,000)
•National aid relief fund was set up to
•Ltd deaths due to “Bangladesh Red
cover the cost of relief and rehabilitation.
Crescent Society; Cyclone
•Prime Minister developed a relief fund in
Preparedness programme” 1997 to cover relief and rebuilding
•Plus – Government quicker
response + low tide (ltd storm surge) Impacts
•Largest impact = 200km between Short Term Long Term Impacts
Chittagong (major port) and Teknaf
• Crops destroyed • 111 deaths, 7000
•Storm surge of 2m on Bay of Bengal
• Electricity supply was injuries
(30, 000 ha of crops lost • 500000 homeless
disrupted
• Destruction of buildings •Diseases including
Protection Schemes
• Communication lines cut diarrhoea affected many
Earth embankments to flooding

• Water supplies • Few people had
Cyclone shelters constructed above floodwater level have

contaminated with salt insurance
been built in most frequently affected areas • Agricultural industry
water
Education programmes have been implemented so the
 • Fishing boats destroyed ruined due to flooding
• Destruction of • 608 education
inhabitants know what to do in the event of another
infrastructures. institutions damaged.
cyclone

8. Hurricane Andrew (Impacts)
August 24, 1992.
• Berry islands in Bahamas.
• Damage in Bahamas was @ $250 million.
• Looting in Florida
• agricultural loss in Florida @ $1.04 billion
• 182 million fish killed in the (Florida) basin = $160 million
• In Dade County 90% of homes roof damage
• About 152,000 electricity customers lost their power.
• 4 killed in Louisiana.
• Deaths of migrant workers initially went uncounted
− the impact of the storm on people and the environment −
how the state of development of the country influenced the
storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected
the LEDC and the MEDC.

9. Precautions and Responses
• Evacuations were ordered, residents throughout the region of Bahamas and
Florida were warned to take precautions to protect life and property.
• 1500 National Guard troops were deployed to Florida to prevent looting.
• Sandbag walls were created in the in New Orleans. Floodgates were also closed
throughout New Orleans Levees. Sandbags for the public ran out. Planes headed
to and from New Orleans were cancelled.
• About 6,200 people had to be housed in 36 separate shelters. The Salvation Army
sent in 37 mobile food storage faculties,
• slow response of federal aid in Florida, President Bush crumbles under pressure;
mobile tents and kitchens are supplied.
• Federal aid generators and pre-packaged meals sent to Louisiana. 1,279 National
Guard were deployed to Louisiana, to cook to patrol.
• Louisiana imposed a curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Alcohol sales were also banned
immediately after the storm
− the impact of the storm on people and the environment −
how the state of development of the country influenced the
storm's impact − contrasts between how the storms affected
the LEDC and the MEDC.

10. describe and explain the characteristics and
locations of the CBD, twilight zone, industrial
areas and different residential zones.
The Cubbon Park, officially
known as Sri. Chamarajendra
Park, is an historic park, located
in the heart of city in the
CBD = skyscrapers of companies Central Administrative Area.
such as Sun Microsystems +
Mahatma Gandhi Road (MG
Road) runs through the middle
of it
In 1947, India gained
Independence from
Pre 1940, Bangalore built
Britain. After
around a fort, with two main
this, Bangalore expanded
roads: Chickkapētē
substantially, owing to
Street, which ran E-W, &
the influx of immigrants
Doddapētē Street, which ran
from northern Karnataka.
N-S. Their intersection
Bangalore now 6th largest
formed the Doddapētē
city in India.
Square — the heart of
Bangalore.
Industry is BIG in
Because poverty is so high in Bangalore, owing to the
Bangalore, shanty towns have
Bangalore boom in 1980s & 90s, spurred by capital investors from cheap labour, the fleet of
sprung up throughout the city –
within India converted large plots & colonial bungalows to multi- trained personnel ready
communities of lean-to
storied apartments. to work, and the rate of
constructions which are often
1985, Texas Instruments became the first TNCl to set up in unemployment
bulldozed by the government.
Bangalore. Other IT companies followed = by the end of the 20th
Inhabited by (usually unemployed)
century, Bangalore had firmly established itself as the Silicon
poor people.
Valley of India.

11. Waterfalls
Niagara Falls
-Niagara river, between Ontario &
New York State.
-Most powerful waterfall in North
America,
-Two distinct areas, the Horseshoe
Falls (57m) and American
Falls (55m)
-Formed 12,000 BP by glacial
retreat
-Tourism plays a massive part in
its upkeep, attracting millions
per annum.

12. Floodplains
Definition
-A flat, undulating terrain subject to
periodic overbanking.
-Deposition of load occurs in the
floodplain, creating levees.
The River Nile
-Floods seasonally and fertilizes
land for farming. “Gift of the
Nile”.
-So large, it is discernable from
space.

13. Glaciers
I II
• The Arete Rochefort in the
Alps (I)
• Pyramidal Peak-the
Matterhorn (II)
• Lake Windermere in the lake
district is a Ribbon lake. (III)
• Truncated Spur-The Devil’s
Point in the Dee Valley. (IV)
IV III

14. Coasts
Bays and headlands at San Sébastian
in Spain (right)
Old Harry is a stack in Dorset (below)
In the bottom right is a wave cut
platform at Southerndown in Wales

15. describe and explain the characteristics and
locations of the CBD, twilight zone, industrial
areas and different residential zones.
Inner City area2 “New Town” CBD1
Suburb “Whitely”3 Commuter zone
“Lower Early”4
Edge of town4

16. describe and explain the characteristics and
Characteristics of an urban area in a MEDC
locations of the CBD, twilight zone, industrial
Reading areas and different residential zones.
Region Land Uses + Properties
Central / Zone of constant renewal and development / Tall buildings (Bid-Rent) / Most important shops, offices and public facilities. /
All public transport converges in CBD.
E.G. COMMERCE/INDUSTRY Oracle redevelopment – leisure plus retail – VUE cinema, House of Fraser plus bars and
CBD 1 nightclubs
HOUSING – Brownfield site, apartments inside IDR, next to Kennet & Avon canal
High density housing (mainly built 1850-1914 – industrial era) / Grid iron road structure – workers homes. Quick to build, max
density, easy access and all lead on to arterial route ways. Built near industrial areas (East of main city) allowing quick commute.
Uniform terraced houses, cramped roads, no off street parking therefore traffic management – one way streets
Inner city E.G. HOUSING “New Town”, large Asian migrant community inc. Sikh temple & Halal butchers, plus student
accommodation.
area2
INDUSTRY “Sutton Business Park” – small industrial units built in late 1980s for lightweight distribution, packaging and
business start ups – close to centre cheap start up cost – on site of old gas works
Lower density, semi detached housing built from 1914 onwards. / Not for industrial workers as influx of industries had stopped.
Big houses for cheaper prices / Gardens owing to lower density and garages / Green spaces: Parks, communal greens, schools and
hospitals.
Suburbs3 E.G. HOUSING “Whitley” – crescent shaped road patterns, front and back gardens, uniform housing, some council
housing – after redevelopment of inner city in 1950s, some infilling
INDUSTRY - “Gillette” assembly plants taking advantage of the access road from CBD to M4 junctions, light
manufacturing, more space than inner city location
Higher priced, detached housing / Housing for commuters into London (excellent road –M4, A4 and rail connections. Only 40 miles
from London) / Garages and gardens / Out of town shopping centres have appeared in the last decade on Green Field sites
Commute E.G. HOUSING - “Earley” private housing, mix of styles, cul de sacs, front and back gardens, detached housing,
r zone4 INDUSTRY – modern business parks (“Green Park”) with high quality working environments and good access to M4 plus
Retail/Leisure (“Madejski”) inc stadium, hotel, nightclub, retail parks inc PC World
Moving away from central Reading

17. Ecotourism in the Galapagos
− the physical and human attractions of the area
− the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and
negative
− the effects on different groups of people.
• The archipelago of the volcanic Galapagos Islands is located to the West of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean.
It is home to 30000 people and is one of the few places in the world lacking an indigenous population.
The Galapagos receive 100000 visitors every year which cause several issues.
• Issues
1. Visitors introduce new animals such as cats and dogs which affect the food chains and disrupt the
ecological balance by eating endangered animals such as iguanas.
2. Only 3% of the islands are set aside for human settlement and there is continuously new immigration
from Ecuador resulting in overcrowding. The population has increased by 400% over the past decade.
3. Apart from the tourist industry, the only practical profession is fishing (sharks and sea cucumber) which
damages marine fauna and creates conflict between fishermen and conservationalists.
4. Unwanted by-products of tourism: oil spills, boat paint/engine pollution, overused sites and water supply.
5. Tourists leave litter in on the islands and also the many hotels use vast amounts of electricity and waste is
carelessly released into the sea damaging marine life.
6. Tourists pick flowers, sometimes rare and scare animals which may be endangered. 60% of 1880 plant
species in the Galapagos are now endangered.

18. − the physical and human attractions of the area
− the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism, both positive and
negative
• Solutions − the effects on different groups of people.
In order to protect the Galapagos, measures have been taken, most notably the introduction of ecotourism.
1. President Correa decided to limit tourist traffic, overhead flights and residence permits.
2. Legal protection of flora and fauna extended by the government in 1986.
3. Galapagos Marine Resource Reserve placed limits on the number, size and location of fish caught by
fishermen.
4. Rules enforced by park rangers and naturalist guides banning drinking alcohol, eating and smoking on the
islands. Also they are asked to refrain from touching, feeding, chasing or using flash photography to take
pictures of the animals.
5. Water skiing and jet skiing forbidden to prevent marine damage.
6. Voluntary organisations such as Galapagos ICE educate locals about how to protect the local wildlife and
work towards sustainability.
7. Initiatives by ICE tourism to develop hotels and transport on the islands to return money to the economy
rather that it escaping to the mainland.

19. to consider changes affecting farm systems.
Rice farming in Asia
Maximo Casiendo’s Farm
Barangay Busay, Negros Occidental, Philippines
History
• Physical Characteristics
Originally part of a sugar plantation.
• In 1996 was given to Casiendo under the Land Reform Act
• Receives 1800 mm of rain a year
• 70 m above sea level
• Average temperature of 25°, mostly between June and
nt December
• Worked on by Casiendo and his 7 children
• Produces 2 (sometime three) crops a year
• Owns a rice thresher, charges villagers to use it Produce
• Produces 2500 kg of rice per hectare per harvest
• Hires water buffalos when needed (£28 /hect.)
• Produces 26 tonnes of rice per year
• Uses 8 bags of nitrogen, 3 bags of NPK, 2 bags of PK, all per hect.
• Mostly for the families consumption
• Uses 2 litres of pesticides per hectare used 3 days after sowing (subsistence), but in good years some can be
sold
• Uses 30 litres of diesel per hectare for the thresher.

20. Kobe Earthquake – 5.46 am 17th January 1995
− evaluate measures to predict and take precautions, including reasons for the decisions
made − study short-term responses and long-term recovery − contrast the responses in the
chosen LEDC and MEDC − evaluate the sources of aid.
• Precautions:
– many of the buildings were built to 1960s earthquake standards and they collapsed or were heavily damaged in the earthquake
• Impacts and Effects:
– 7.3 on the Richter Scale
– 6,434 dead
– High density of the population in the suburbs led to far worse loss of life there
– Older structures with heavy wooden roofs collapsed this led to around 4,000 of the deaths
– Power plants collapsed causing power loss to 900,000 people, reduced to 400,000 the next day
– Running water cut off, returned the next day
– Telephone communications lost
– Transport links were destroyed (these led to fires reigning unchecked long after the earthquake)
– Wide scale loss of homes
– Emergency shelters were set up
– Japanese government refused medicine from other countries as it had not passed through the correct channels this led to secondary deaths
– Large scale unemployment due to loss of infrastructure
• Aid:
– $200 (US) billion provided by Japanese government
– Motorola provided free telephone communications the next day
– Local people helped with recovery effort
– Aid was slow to reach certain people due to poor response by emergency services and how they struggled to reach people in the city
• Recovery/Management/Relief:
– Some buildings torn down and rebuilt to fit modern standards of earthquake safety
– Buildings were retro fitted with bas isolators
– Destroyed buildings rebuilt without wooden supports and heavy roofs
– Gas pipes made rubber not metal
– 6 months after the earthquake train links restored
– In 4 years majority of housing rebuilt (it took until 2004 for all the homeless to be returned to their houses)

21. The Amazon Rainforest covers over 5 million square kilometres. Up to 3,000 square kilometres a day are being lost. As the world becomes richer, more meat is consumed. As
oil prices rise, people increasingly turn to biofuels e.g. sugar cane.
Interest Group Interest in the rainforest Impact
•220,000 people from more than180 nations. Traditionally low impact
Indigenous people
•Hunter-gatherer and subsistence farming Brazil has so many landless and poor people that it cannot afford
to provide indigenous people with their rights
•From drought-ridden NE of Brazil. Given land by Medium impact
Landless settlers
government - must farm to attract subsidies. Farmers not familiar with climate or traditional farming
•To get the money, these settlers clear forest using slash- methods/crops/seed-type. Much land returns to secondary forest
– not productive. Many work in near-slavery conditions on sugar
and-burn techniques. Little understanding of traditional
farming methods cane plantations (biofuels)
•Timber for construction + hardwoods (e.g. mahogany) for High impact
Loggers
furniture. Mostly illegal – take out high-value hardwoods. Burn everything
•Also require roads (e.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway) to get else in path. Do not replace trees
goods to market
•Resources can be extracted from rainforest, such as High impact
Miners
bauxite, iron and gold. Open-cast mining impacts highly on environment. Large projects
•Also require roads (e.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway) to get (Carajas) are sustainable. Smaller, illegal ones are not
goods to markets. Road opens up area and causes damage
•Soya is a valuable cash crop mainly used for animal feed. High impact
Soya farmers
•Also require ports (e.g. Santarem) to get Soya to Large areas cleared for Soya cultivation. Controlled by
international markets multinationals. Quickly exhausts soil. As world food prices rise,
so does world price of Soya, increasing cultivation of Soya
•Raising beef to be sold as processed meat to the rest of the High impact
Cattle ranchers
world Land cleared quickly erodes. New pastures needed. Rising food
prices since 2007 mean more land cleared
•Balance required between resources to meet needs of Negligible
Government
growing population below poverty line and preserving In developing country government lacks resources to police
rainforest to maintain biodiversity, reduce greenhouse effect means of preventing illegal loggers, miners, Soya farmers and
and safeguard interests of future generations cattle ranches
•Other countries want Brazil to reduce its level of Variable
International community
deforestation to reduce global warming by the greenhouse 2004 - Greenpeace persuade McDonalds to halt buying of
effect and to keep a variety of plant species potentially useful Amazon Soya-fed chickens for Chicken McNuggets. However,
for medical research not sustainable whilst global population increases and world
food prices rise
the ideas of conservation, exploitation and sustainable development, and
the roles of different interest groups and the conflicts between them.

22. Conservation – The wise use of natural resources to provide the greatest social and
economic value for the present and future
Sustainable Development - Development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising future generations
Government support of traditional farming methods and protection of rights of indigenous
Indigenous people
people.
Expanding protected areas allows indigenous people to work with government and also, if
protected areas are prioritised, maintains a high level of biodiversity
Taught how to adapt traditional farming methods to suit the climate and space of the
Landless settlers
rainforest (e.g. taught about medicinal plants that grow in the rainforest)
Clearance has affected rainfall pattern, and unprotected soils have led to soil erosion.
Loggers
Commercial forestry schemes have proved disappointing with high pest and disease
problems because trees of one single species planted together. Increased legislation to
reduce illegal logging also required.
Restricting the trade on certain rainforest species (e.g. mahogany in 2004) could also
discourage illegal logging
Severe environmental damage.
Miners
Legislation and enforcement required to prevent illegal operations and to ensure resources
are maintained for future generations
Large-scale farming for animal feed to be generally discouraged. Introduction of indigenous
Soya farmers
subsistence farming methods allows forest soils to recover their fertility whilst negating the
need for machinery and artificial fertilisers. Reduces soil erosion and eutrophication
Removal of forest = increased soil erosion & land degradation + increased risk of flooding.
Cattle ranchers
Over-grazing causes erosion of soil. Eliminating tax incentives can limit these things.
Productivity can also be increased by introducing techniques such as intercropping - the
strategy of planting trees on pasture land – ranchers can diversify their income while
maintaining higher soil quality.
At the same time these patches gain higher levels of biodiversity than empty fields.
the ideas of conservation, exploitation and sustainable development, and
the roles of different interest groups and the conflicts between them.

23. Ayia Napa
•− the physical and human attractions of the area
•− the economic, social and environmental
•impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
•− the effects on different groups of people.
. Located on the south coast, in Greek territory, near the
dividing line with the Turkish section of Cyprus.
. Tourist numbers have risen steeply – from 47,000 in 1975
to 2.25 millions in 2000
. In 1988 tourist income estimates at £880 millions
Cyprus Tourist Office has encouraged this
growth, including resorts becoming specialist – Ayia Napa
is a young person’s resort

24. •− the physical and human attractions of the area
•− the economic, social and environmental
•impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
•− the effects on different groups of people.
. Climate here is 30 deg C in August with just 10mm of rain, in January 17
deg. C & 75mm of rain
. Ayia Napa is a purpose-built resort, catering for young people
Nearby waterpark opened 1996
. Nearby marine park – swimming with dolphins
Local historical and archaeological features
. Tourism in Cyprus provides 20% of GDP (income) and employs 40,000
people.
. In winter hotel occupancy is down to 30%, so the CTO is trying to
promote the island for all seasons

25. Effects and Results on Local People
and Wild Life
• Local people have moved away from the noise and bad
behaviour to a site at the top of the hill – leaving their
home village to the tourists
• Massive building programmes have changed the nature
of the area and put a strain on services, such as sewage
and electricity
• Developments have threatened beach turtle habitats
and they have moved away
• CTO trying to market island for agro-tourism
(sustainable), golfing. Conference and business
destinations, upmarket resorts and are building
marinas
•− the physical and human attractions of the area
•− the economic, social and environmental
•impacts of tourism, both positive and negative
•− the effects on different groups of people.

26. Bracknell: Modern high-tech industry
in an MEDC
Red star
indicates
location of
Bracknell
consider the specific factors affecting its location.

27. Factors that allows hi-tech industries
to be located in Bracknell
•Excellent communication networks.
•Bracknell is close to the M4 and M3. It is 20 miles from Heathrow airport and 50 miles from
Gatwick airport. Also has access to Britain’s rail network
•Highly skilled workforce.
•Large population in surrounding areas. There has been a large increase in the number of
people aged 25-44, showing an increase in skilled workers.
•Good nearby universities such as Reading, Surrey, Royal Holloway, Brunel.
•Degrees in computer technology are available, and are very useful for the work done at high-tech firms
•Leisure areas and facilities.
•Many sport and entertainment facilities
•Dry ski slope, bowling, various sports clubs, swimming pool
•South Hill Park Arts Centre
•Surrounded by beautiful countryside areas and woodland, such as Windsor Great Park, the
Chilterns, Salisbury Plain, and the Wiltshire Downs
consider the specific factors affecting its location.

28. More useful points
• High-tech firms in Bracknell include:
– Hewlett Packard, Siemens, Dell, Panasonic, Honeywell.
• Office complexes with car parking
• Many hotels to cater for company executives and to offer
conference rooms
consider the specific factors affecting its location.

29. Costa Del Sol, unsustainable?
• Mass tourism has been brought upon the Costa del Sol for several reasons:
• It has a favorable climate,
• huge sandy beaches
• land access to France
• a government scheme which encourages tourism and holiday resorts
• regional modern airports
• mass invasion of large scale developers and the package holiday industry.
• However, this has led to problems:
• Serious marine pollution
• physical degradation
• congestion of human and economic resources
• high crime rates
• competition for water resources causing other industries to suffer e.g the farming industry.

30. Sustainability means tourism that can use resources without destruction but
is this the case of the Costal del sol.
• Costa del Sol seems unsustainable in its present state and so its future is questionable…
• The future of the tourism within this region will have to depend upon:
• Restricting further growth.
• Refurbishing and replacing hotels from the first generation.
• Providing more open spaces.
• Implementing more conservation policies to ensure retention of the historical individuality.
• Developing more controlled tourism: people who want local food and resources.
• Building of new marinas and golf courses.
• Creation of private all inclusive resorts that are self contained areas of self-catering houses and flats in secured walled
complexes.
• Encouragement of time share developments to spread tourism throughout the year.
• Encouraging development inland and making use of the existing village framework for quieter tourism,
• REBRANDING THE AREA IS ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL!

31. Mt. Pinatubo (June 1991)
− evaluate measures to predict and take precautions, including
reasons for the decisions made − study short-term responses and
long-term recovery − contrast the responses in the chosen LEDC and
MEDC − evaluate the sources of aid.
Prediction:
•3rd April: PHILVOLCS called in- 5000 people in 10km radius evacuated
•5th April PHILVOLCS install Seismographs
•April 23rd USGS set up 7 seismometers
•April 24th-June 5th Si02 monitored
Management (short term):
•June 7th Villagers on North West Slopes evacuated
•June 9th Alert Level Five issued
•June 12th : Evacuation radius increased to 30km, this meant that 58,000 people had been
evacuated.
•Alert Level and evacuation zone radius gradually increased to avoid panic and facilitate
efficient evacuation
Effects and Impacts
•Destruction of homes within 20km of volcano from ash, and ash fall (from typhoon Yunga)
•1.2 million lose homes
• 650,000 lost jobs (destroyed factories/ farmland)
•1991 harvest destroyed and planting for 1992 was impossible
•1 million farm animals died
•Electricity supplies cut for 3 weeks
•$700m damage
•Long Lasting lahars flooding

32. Responses to Pinatubo
SHORT TERM LONG TERM
•PHILVOLCS called in to monitor the •Rehabilitation camps
PHILLIPINE GOVRNMENT
•Some attempts to provide
volcano
•Accurate prediction given compensation to those worst hit
•Evacuation procedures and camps (Philippine Department Of Social
set up Welfare and Development)
•Area 30km evacuated
•USGS sent to help predictions •Took part in clean up of area
US GOVERNMENT
•Progressives sequence of upgrading around Clark air base (helped revive
volcano alert level through 1,2,3,4 economy as many people were
and eventually five employed in the cleanup
•Approx $300,000 immediately sent •None requested
UN
in aid
(temporary shelters and money)
•USAID provided aid in the forms of •In 2001 Oxfam pressured for the
NGO
food, shelters and medicine (to cope draining of the crater which had
with the subsequent disease in began to fill with water
•NGO’s encouraged tourism to the
refugee camps)
•This was temporary surrounding area to kick start the
•Oxfam and CAFOD Also brought economy.
temporary aid
− evaluate measures to predict and take precautions, including reasons for the
decisions made − study short-term responses and long-term recovery − contrast
the responses in the chosen LEDC and MEDC − evaluate the sources of aid.