Extravasation is the accidental leakage of intravenous drugs into surrounding tissues from a vein. This can cause immediate pain and inflammation and potentially tissue damage or necrosis depending on the drug. The risk of extravasation is between 0.1-6% for peripheral lines and 0.26-4.7% for central lines. Drugs are classified based on their damage potential from vesicants, which can cause blistering, to exfoliants, irritants, inflammitants and neutrals. Management involves stopping the infusion, aspirating drug if possible, and then treatments ranging from dispersing and diluting for non-DNA binding vesicants to localizing and neutralizing for DNA binding vesicants. Prevention
Management of Extravasations of Chemotherapy
1) Extravasation occurs when chemotherapy drugs leak into the surrounding tissues rather than entering the vein, and can cause damage ranging from mild skin reactions to severe tissue necrosis, depending on the drug.
2) Drugs are classified as vesicants, irritants, inflammitants, or neutrals based on their propensity to cause tissue damage. Vesicants like doxorubicin are most likely to cause damage.
3) Risk of extravasation is higher for fragile veins, elderly or ill patients, and irritating/vesicant drugs. Signs include pain, swelling, discoloration at the injection site.
4)
Chemotherapy Extravasation in Oncology 1.pptxNwosuEvan
Chemotherapy Extravasation (CE)is an oncology emergency. It is the infiltration of chemotherapeutic agent into the subcutaneous tissues instead of the vein. It is associated with morbidity and may lead to mortality if not well handled. The effect of Extravasated chemotherapy depends on the type of chemotherapy, the quantity of chemotherapeutic agent. These factors also include whether they are irritants, inflammitants neutrals or vesicants. Patient and also hospital factor affect chemotherapy Extravasation, Early recognition, adequate evaluation and management is key to reducing the burden of CE on oncology patients.CE is preventable and management needs multidisciplinary approach.
Here are the key points regarding route of administration for the given scenarios:
1. For the 5-year old child with pneumonia, the i.v. route would be most appropriate. Given the severity of symptoms like fast breathing, fever and indrawing, i.v. route allows for rapid absorption and achievement of therapeutic drug levels in the bloodstream. This is crucial in a serious infection like pneumonia. The antibiotic should be administered immediately while waiting for investigation reports.
2. For the 35-year old male with mild viral gastroenteritis, the oral route would be appropriate given his conscious state and absence of nausea/vomiting. The oral route allows maintenance of hydration which is the goal in this case.
Management of adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy 2Dr. Pooja
This document discusses the management of adverse effects from cancer chemotherapy. It describes common general side effects such as nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression and mucositis. Specific organ toxicities are also reviewed including liver veno-occlusive disease, hemorrhagic cystitis, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hand foot syndrome and tumour lysis syndrome. For each toxicity, the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention and treatment strategies are discussed.
231125 Group 6 Sedation and Regional Anesthesia.pptxDakaneMaalim
The document discusses sedation and regional anesthesia. It begins by introducing sedation as a continuum between consciousness and general anesthesia, allowing patients to maintain protective reflexes and respond to stimuli. It then describes the levels of sedation from minimal to general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia techniques are also discussed, including neuraxial methods like epidural and spinal anesthesia, as well as peripheral nerve blocks and topical anesthesia. Specific drugs, procedures, indications, contraindications and complications are outlined for both sedation and regional anesthesia.
This document discusses management options for hyperhidrosis, which is excessive sweating beyond normal thermoregulation. It can be primary or secondary. Primary hyperhidrosis has no known cause and affects the axillae, palms, soles, face or scalp. Secondary hyperhidrosis has an underlying medical cause. Treatment options discussed include topical aluminum chloride, glycopyrrolate, iontophoresis, botulinum toxin injections, oral anticholinergics, microwave therapy, radiofrequency treatment, and endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for severe cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale score and improve quality of life. Adverse effects and success rates of different
Extravasation is the accidental leakage of intravenous drugs into surrounding tissues from a vein. This can cause immediate pain and inflammation and potentially tissue damage or necrosis depending on the drug. The risk of extravasation is between 0.1-6% for peripheral lines and 0.26-4.7% for central lines. Drugs are classified based on their damage potential from vesicants, which can cause blistering, to exfoliants, irritants, inflammitants and neutrals. Management involves stopping the infusion, aspirating drug if possible, and then treatments ranging from dispersing and diluting for non-DNA binding vesicants to localizing and neutralizing for DNA binding vesicants. Prevention
Management of Extravasations of Chemotherapy
1) Extravasation occurs when chemotherapy drugs leak into the surrounding tissues rather than entering the vein, and can cause damage ranging from mild skin reactions to severe tissue necrosis, depending on the drug.
2) Drugs are classified as vesicants, irritants, inflammitants, or neutrals based on their propensity to cause tissue damage. Vesicants like doxorubicin are most likely to cause damage.
3) Risk of extravasation is higher for fragile veins, elderly or ill patients, and irritating/vesicant drugs. Signs include pain, swelling, discoloration at the injection site.
4)
Chemotherapy Extravasation in Oncology 1.pptxNwosuEvan
Chemotherapy Extravasation (CE)is an oncology emergency. It is the infiltration of chemotherapeutic agent into the subcutaneous tissues instead of the vein. It is associated with morbidity and may lead to mortality if not well handled. The effect of Extravasated chemotherapy depends on the type of chemotherapy, the quantity of chemotherapeutic agent. These factors also include whether they are irritants, inflammitants neutrals or vesicants. Patient and also hospital factor affect chemotherapy Extravasation, Early recognition, adequate evaluation and management is key to reducing the burden of CE on oncology patients.CE is preventable and management needs multidisciplinary approach.
Here are the key points regarding route of administration for the given scenarios:
1. For the 5-year old child with pneumonia, the i.v. route would be most appropriate. Given the severity of symptoms like fast breathing, fever and indrawing, i.v. route allows for rapid absorption and achievement of therapeutic drug levels in the bloodstream. This is crucial in a serious infection like pneumonia. The antibiotic should be administered immediately while waiting for investigation reports.
2. For the 35-year old male with mild viral gastroenteritis, the oral route would be appropriate given his conscious state and absence of nausea/vomiting. The oral route allows maintenance of hydration which is the goal in this case.
Management of adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy 2Dr. Pooja
This document discusses the management of adverse effects from cancer chemotherapy. It describes common general side effects such as nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression and mucositis. Specific organ toxicities are also reviewed including liver veno-occlusive disease, hemorrhagic cystitis, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, cardiotoxicity, hand foot syndrome and tumour lysis syndrome. For each toxicity, the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical features, prevention and treatment strategies are discussed.
231125 Group 6 Sedation and Regional Anesthesia.pptxDakaneMaalim
The document discusses sedation and regional anesthesia. It begins by introducing sedation as a continuum between consciousness and general anesthesia, allowing patients to maintain protective reflexes and respond to stimuli. It then describes the levels of sedation from minimal to general anesthesia. Regional anesthesia techniques are also discussed, including neuraxial methods like epidural and spinal anesthesia, as well as peripheral nerve blocks and topical anesthesia. Specific drugs, procedures, indications, contraindications and complications are outlined for both sedation and regional anesthesia.
This document discusses management options for hyperhidrosis, which is excessive sweating beyond normal thermoregulation. It can be primary or secondary. Primary hyperhidrosis has no known cause and affects the axillae, palms, soles, face or scalp. Secondary hyperhidrosis has an underlying medical cause. Treatment options discussed include topical aluminum chloride, glycopyrrolate, iontophoresis, botulinum toxin injections, oral anticholinergics, microwave therapy, radiofrequency treatment, and endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for severe cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale score and improve quality of life. Adverse effects and success rates of different
This document discusses contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), an important cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. It defines CIN and outlines its risk factors such as pre-existing kidney disease, diabetes, procedures using high volumes of contrast, and certain medications. The mechanisms of CIN and its natural history are described. Prevention strategies like adequate hydration and use of low-osmolar contrast agents are recommended. The role of N-acetylcysteine in prevention is controversial based on conflicting trial results. The overall incidence of CIN in one study was reported as 12.6%.
This document provides information on local anesthesia. It begins by defining different types of anesthesia such as analgesia, anesthesia, general anesthesia, and local anesthesia. It then discusses the advantages of local anesthesia, such as the patient being awake and cooperative. It provides examples of indications and contraindications for local anesthesia. It classifies local anesthetics based on potency, chemical composition, and biological site of action. It discusses the basic structure of local anesthetic molecules and desirable properties of an ideal local anesthetic. It explains the mechanism of action of local anesthetics and lists common local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine and bupivacaine. It also discusses vasoconstrictors, reducing agents, preservatives, and
This document discusses extravasation, which is the unintentional leakage of drugs or substances out of blood vessels into surrounding tissue. It describes different types of extravasations based on the properties of the leaked substance. It identifies numerous risk factors for extravasation related to patients, medications, devices, clinicians and procedures. Symptoms and a grading system for extravasations are provided. The document outlines extensive guidelines for the prevention, assessment, management and treatment of extravasations with various antidotes and approaches depending on the substance extravasated. It emphasizes the importance of education for patients and clinicians to prevent and properly handle extravasations.
This document provides information on diabetic foot. It begins by defining diabetic foot as infection, ulceration or destruction of deep tissues of the lower limb associated with neurological abnormalities and peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients.
Some key points made include:
- The prevalence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients ranges from 4% to 27% and they account for a large burden on healthcare systems.
- Risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers include neuropathy, foot deformities, and poor blood sugar control.
- Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including wound care, offloading, infection management, and improving blood sugar and blood flow.
This document discusses local complications and systemic effects that can occur from the use of local anesthetics in dentistry. It describes various local complications including needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve palsy, trismus, soft tissue injury, hematoma, pain on injection, and infection. It then discusses signs and symptoms of local anesthetic overdose as well as factors that can contribute to overdose. Lastly, it provides guidance on controlling complications for special patient populations such as uncooperative children, pregnant women, and those receiving anticoagulation therapy.
The document discusses various drugs used in pediatric dentistry, including their routes of administration, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It focuses on local anesthetics like lidocaine, analgesics like aspirin and acetaminophen, antibiotics, and emergency drugs. Local anesthetics work by depressing nerve endings and inhibiting nerve conduction, while analgesics relieve pain either peripherally or centrally. The most common routes of drug administration in dentistry are oral, intramuscular, and intravenous.
Side effects of steroids include both local and systemic effects. Local side effects involve changes to the skin like atrophy, easy bruising, acneiform reactions, hypertrichosis, and pigmentary changes. Prolonged use can also worsen or disguise cutaneous infections. Systemic side effects involve suppression of the HPA axis, metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Intralesional steroid injections provide direct delivery of steroids to lesions while reducing risk of epidermal atrophy compared to topical steroids. Conditions commonly treated with intralesional steroids include alopecia areata, keloids, hypertrophic scars, and resistant plaque
Corticosteroids can be divided into 7 classes based on potency. Topical corticosteroids are used to treat inflammatory skin conditions and their potency depends on the condition. Potential local side effects include atrophy, acneiform reactions, and infections. Systemic side effects may include HPA axis suppression, diabetes, and growth retardation in children. Intralesional steroid injections bypass the skin barrier for better delivery and less atrophy. Conditions treated include alopecia areata, keloids, and resistant psoriasis.
This document discusses complications associated with local anesthesia. It describes local complications such as needle breakage, persistent anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and trismus. It also covers systemic complications including allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and idiosyncratic reactions. Prevention and management strategies are provided for various complications. The document emphasizes the importance of proper technique and avoiding overdose when administering local anesthesia.
This document discusses complications associated with local anesthesia. It describes local complications such as needle breakage, persistent anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and trismus. It also discusses systemic complications including allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and idiosyncratic reactions. Prevention and management strategies are provided for various complications. The document aims to educate dental practitioners about using local anesthesia judiciously and being aware of potential adverse effects.
1. The document discusses chemotherapy agents commonly used in breast cancer, including their mechanisms of action, dosages, and side effects. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and antimetabolites like methotrexate are covered. Anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin and epirubicin are also summarized. The document provides details on each drug to inform safe and effective use in breast cancer treatment.
Complications of Local anesthesia (part I) for B.D.S & M.D.S bhavana valvi
This document discusses various local complications that can arise from local anesthetic injections. It describes complications such as needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, trismus, soft tissue injury, hematoma, pain on injection, infection, and edema. For each complication, it discusses causes, problems associated with the complication, prevention strategies, and management approaches. The document provides detailed information on injection techniques and protocols to minimize risks of various local complications.
This document discusses intravenous (IV) therapy and peripheral IV access. It covers topics such as site selection, device selection, infusion therapy, peripheral IV catheter insertion and care, complications of venipuncture, and hands-on training. Specific details are provided on caring for and maintaining peripheral IV catheter insertion sites, including appropriate skin antiseptics and dressings. Complications during IV insertion like puncturing an artery, hitting a nerve, and hematomas are described. Additional complications discussed include infiltration, extravasation, phlebitis, and paravasation of chemotherapy drugs.
Burn injuries are a significant public health problem caused mainly by flames and scalds. Initial management involves stopping the burning process, assessing airway/breathing/circulation, and cooling the burn wound. Classification is based on total body surface area and depth of burn. Early wound excision, coverage with skin grafts, and aggressive fluid resuscitation are crucial for recovery. Long-term complications like contractures may require surgical correction. Proper nutrition, wound care, and rehabilitation are also important for optimal outcomes in burn patients.
This document provides information on post-chemotherapy care and management of side effects. It discusses extravasation, which is when chemotherapy leaks from the vein into surrounding tissue. It classifies extravasation reactions and describes how to recognize and manage it. It also covers chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), discussing pathophysiology and providing recommendations for preventing nausea based on emesis risk. The document further addresses febrile neutropenia, defining it and outlining management strategies. It then discusses anemia as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiation, describing treatment goals and options. Finally, the document defines mucositis as inflammation of mucosal surfaces throughout the body.
This document provides information on various anti-fungal drugs including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. The major classes discussed are polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles including imidazoles and triazoles like ketoconazole and fluconazole, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B is described as the gold standard but has significant toxicity, while azoles have fewer side effects and both topical and oral formulations are used to treat superficial and systemic fungal infections.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This document discusses various topics in ophthalmic pathology and pharmacology. It covers:
1. The definitions and main branches of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
2. Different routes of drug delivery to the eye, including topical, local injections, and systemic administration.
3. Classes of anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat ocular inflammation, such as glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, mast cell stabilizers, and antihistamines.
4. Specific drugs used for various ocular conditions and their adverse effects.
5. Processes of wound healing, tissue fixation and processing, orientation and dissection of eye specimens, and staining for
This document discusses dental considerations for patients undergoing radiation therapy. It covers the immediate and delayed effects of radiation on oral tissues, including mucositis, xerostomia, candidiasis, trismus, and osteoradionecrosis. Management strategies are provided for each complication. Radiotherapy prostheses are described that protect healthy tissues, improve treatment accuracy, and enhance patient comfort during radiation. Factors affecting radiation damage and the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in managing osteoradionecrosis are also summarized.
Dressings in Burn Wound, skin graftin, artificial skin and cadaveric skingraf...Dr. Junaid Khurshid
This document discusses burn wound dressings and care. It notes that the severity of burns depends on the burn area and depth. The rule of nines and Lund-Browder chart are commonly used to assess burn area. Burn depth determines long-term outcomes and is assessed clinically. Wound care involves cleaning, applying topical antibiotics and dressings. Common dressings discussed include silver sulfadiazine cream and mafenide acetate cream. Dressing changes are needed daily or weekly depending on the wound and exudate levels.
A Drug Utilization Evaluation of Bronchodilators Using a Defined Daily Dose M...Dr. Afreen Nasir
Nasir A, Ghosh K. A Drug Utilization Evaluation of Bronchodilators Using a Defined Daily Dose. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research [Internet]. 2023;5(6):1–11. Available from: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.11517
This document discusses contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), an important cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. It defines CIN and outlines its risk factors such as pre-existing kidney disease, diabetes, procedures using high volumes of contrast, and certain medications. The mechanisms of CIN and its natural history are described. Prevention strategies like adequate hydration and use of low-osmolar contrast agents are recommended. The role of N-acetylcysteine in prevention is controversial based on conflicting trial results. The overall incidence of CIN in one study was reported as 12.6%.
This document provides information on local anesthesia. It begins by defining different types of anesthesia such as analgesia, anesthesia, general anesthesia, and local anesthesia. It then discusses the advantages of local anesthesia, such as the patient being awake and cooperative. It provides examples of indications and contraindications for local anesthesia. It classifies local anesthetics based on potency, chemical composition, and biological site of action. It discusses the basic structure of local anesthetic molecules and desirable properties of an ideal local anesthetic. It explains the mechanism of action of local anesthetics and lists common local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine and bupivacaine. It also discusses vasoconstrictors, reducing agents, preservatives, and
This document discusses extravasation, which is the unintentional leakage of drugs or substances out of blood vessels into surrounding tissue. It describes different types of extravasations based on the properties of the leaked substance. It identifies numerous risk factors for extravasation related to patients, medications, devices, clinicians and procedures. Symptoms and a grading system for extravasations are provided. The document outlines extensive guidelines for the prevention, assessment, management and treatment of extravasations with various antidotes and approaches depending on the substance extravasated. It emphasizes the importance of education for patients and clinicians to prevent and properly handle extravasations.
This document provides information on diabetic foot. It begins by defining diabetic foot as infection, ulceration or destruction of deep tissues of the lower limb associated with neurological abnormalities and peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients.
Some key points made include:
- The prevalence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients ranges from 4% to 27% and they account for a large burden on healthcare systems.
- Risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers include neuropathy, foot deformities, and poor blood sugar control.
- Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including wound care, offloading, infection management, and improving blood sugar and blood flow.
This document discusses local complications and systemic effects that can occur from the use of local anesthetics in dentistry. It describes various local complications including needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve palsy, trismus, soft tissue injury, hematoma, pain on injection, and infection. It then discusses signs and symptoms of local anesthetic overdose as well as factors that can contribute to overdose. Lastly, it provides guidance on controlling complications for special patient populations such as uncooperative children, pregnant women, and those receiving anticoagulation therapy.
The document discusses various drugs used in pediatric dentistry, including their routes of administration, mechanisms of action, and side effects. It focuses on local anesthetics like lidocaine, analgesics like aspirin and acetaminophen, antibiotics, and emergency drugs. Local anesthetics work by depressing nerve endings and inhibiting nerve conduction, while analgesics relieve pain either peripherally or centrally. The most common routes of drug administration in dentistry are oral, intramuscular, and intravenous.
Side effects of steroids include both local and systemic effects. Local side effects involve changes to the skin like atrophy, easy bruising, acneiform reactions, hypertrichosis, and pigmentary changes. Prolonged use can also worsen or disguise cutaneous infections. Systemic side effects involve suppression of the HPA axis, metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Intralesional steroid injections provide direct delivery of steroids to lesions while reducing risk of epidermal atrophy compared to topical steroids. Conditions commonly treated with intralesional steroids include alopecia areata, keloids, hypertrophic scars, and resistant plaque
Corticosteroids can be divided into 7 classes based on potency. Topical corticosteroids are used to treat inflammatory skin conditions and their potency depends on the condition. Potential local side effects include atrophy, acneiform reactions, and infections. Systemic side effects may include HPA axis suppression, diabetes, and growth retardation in children. Intralesional steroid injections bypass the skin barrier for better delivery and less atrophy. Conditions treated include alopecia areata, keloids, and resistant psoriasis.
This document discusses complications associated with local anesthesia. It describes local complications such as needle breakage, persistent anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and trismus. It also covers systemic complications including allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and idiosyncratic reactions. Prevention and management strategies are provided for various complications. The document emphasizes the importance of proper technique and avoiding overdose when administering local anesthesia.
This document discusses complications associated with local anesthesia. It describes local complications such as needle breakage, persistent anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, and trismus. It also discusses systemic complications including allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and idiosyncratic reactions. Prevention and management strategies are provided for various complications. The document aims to educate dental practitioners about using local anesthesia judiciously and being aware of potential adverse effects.
1. The document discusses chemotherapy agents commonly used in breast cancer, including their mechanisms of action, dosages, and side effects. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and antimetabolites like methotrexate are covered. Anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin and epirubicin are also summarized. The document provides details on each drug to inform safe and effective use in breast cancer treatment.
Complications of Local anesthesia (part I) for B.D.S & M.D.S bhavana valvi
This document discusses various local complications that can arise from local anesthetic injections. It describes complications such as needle breakage, prolonged anesthesia, facial nerve paralysis, trismus, soft tissue injury, hematoma, pain on injection, infection, and edema. For each complication, it discusses causes, problems associated with the complication, prevention strategies, and management approaches. The document provides detailed information on injection techniques and protocols to minimize risks of various local complications.
This document discusses intravenous (IV) therapy and peripheral IV access. It covers topics such as site selection, device selection, infusion therapy, peripheral IV catheter insertion and care, complications of venipuncture, and hands-on training. Specific details are provided on caring for and maintaining peripheral IV catheter insertion sites, including appropriate skin antiseptics and dressings. Complications during IV insertion like puncturing an artery, hitting a nerve, and hematomas are described. Additional complications discussed include infiltration, extravasation, phlebitis, and paravasation of chemotherapy drugs.
Burn injuries are a significant public health problem caused mainly by flames and scalds. Initial management involves stopping the burning process, assessing airway/breathing/circulation, and cooling the burn wound. Classification is based on total body surface area and depth of burn. Early wound excision, coverage with skin grafts, and aggressive fluid resuscitation are crucial for recovery. Long-term complications like contractures may require surgical correction. Proper nutrition, wound care, and rehabilitation are also important for optimal outcomes in burn patients.
This document provides information on post-chemotherapy care and management of side effects. It discusses extravasation, which is when chemotherapy leaks from the vein into surrounding tissue. It classifies extravasation reactions and describes how to recognize and manage it. It also covers chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), discussing pathophysiology and providing recommendations for preventing nausea based on emesis risk. The document further addresses febrile neutropenia, defining it and outlining management strategies. It then discusses anemia as a side effect of chemotherapy and radiation, describing treatment goals and options. Finally, the document defines mucositis as inflammation of mucosal surfaces throughout the body.
This document provides information on various anti-fungal drugs including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. The major classes discussed are polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles including imidazoles and triazoles like ketoconazole and fluconazole, and antimetabolites like flucytosine. Amphotericin B is described as the gold standard but has significant toxicity, while azoles have fewer side effects and both topical and oral formulations are used to treat superficial and systemic fungal infections.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
This document discusses various topics in ophthalmic pathology and pharmacology. It covers:
1. The definitions and main branches of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
2. Different routes of drug delivery to the eye, including topical, local injections, and systemic administration.
3. Classes of anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat ocular inflammation, such as glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, mast cell stabilizers, and antihistamines.
4. Specific drugs used for various ocular conditions and their adverse effects.
5. Processes of wound healing, tissue fixation and processing, orientation and dissection of eye specimens, and staining for
This document discusses dental considerations for patients undergoing radiation therapy. It covers the immediate and delayed effects of radiation on oral tissues, including mucositis, xerostomia, candidiasis, trismus, and osteoradionecrosis. Management strategies are provided for each complication. Radiotherapy prostheses are described that protect healthy tissues, improve treatment accuracy, and enhance patient comfort during radiation. Factors affecting radiation damage and the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in managing osteoradionecrosis are also summarized.
Dressings in Burn Wound, skin graftin, artificial skin and cadaveric skingraf...Dr. Junaid Khurshid
This document discusses burn wound dressings and care. It notes that the severity of burns depends on the burn area and depth. The rule of nines and Lund-Browder chart are commonly used to assess burn area. Burn depth determines long-term outcomes and is assessed clinically. Wound care involves cleaning, applying topical antibiotics and dressings. Common dressings discussed include silver sulfadiazine cream and mafenide acetate cream. Dressing changes are needed daily or weekly depending on the wound and exudate levels.
Similar to Case Presentation: Extravasation.pptx Onco (20)
A Drug Utilization Evaluation of Bronchodilators Using a Defined Daily Dose M...Dr. Afreen Nasir
Nasir A, Ghosh K. A Drug Utilization Evaluation of Bronchodilators Using a Defined Daily Dose. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research [Internet]. 2023;5(6):1–11. Available from: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i06.11517
A study on drug utilisation evaluation of Bronchodilators using defined daily...Dr. Afreen Nasir
Conference proceeding: Nasir A. A study on drug utilisation evaluation of Bronchodilators using a defined daily dose method. Pharmacy Education Journal [Internet]. 2023 Aug;23(5):23–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.235.138
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
More@: https://tinyurl.com/2shrryhx
More@: https://tinyurl.com/5n8h3wp8
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, Full Service includes individualized care for every client. We specifically design each massage session for the individual needs of the client. Our therapists are always willing to adjust the treatments based on the client's instruction and feedback. This guarantees that every client receives the treatment they expect.
By offering a variety of massage services, our Ajman Spa Massage Center can tackle physical, mental, and emotional illnesses. In addition, efficient identification of specific health conditions and designing treatment plans accordingly can significantly enhance the quality of massaging.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, we firmly believe that everyone should have the option to experience top-quality massage services regularly. To achieve that goal we offer cheap massage services in Ajman.
If you are interested in experiencing transformative massage treatment at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman, you can use our Ajman Massage Center WhatsApp Number to schedule your next massage session.
Contact @ +971 529818279
Visit @ https://malayalikeralaspaajman.com/
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Ensure the highest quality care for your patients with Cardiac Registry Support's cancer registry services. We support accreditation efforts and quality improvement initiatives, allowing you to benchmark performance and demonstrate adherence to best practices. Confidence starts with data. Partner with Cardiac Registry Support. For more details visit https://cardiacregistrysupport.com/cancer-registry-services/
2. Introduction
• Intravenous infusion is the principal modality of administration of anti-cancer drugs and it is associated with
adverse effects which occur at site of injection.
• Extravasation: It is the non intentional leakage of injected drug into the perivascular or subcutaneous space
that can result in significant tissue damage OR.
• It refers to the inadvertent infiltration of chemotherapeutic drugs in the tissues surrounding the IV site.
3. Incidence
• In adults it is reported to be between 0.1% and 6%.
• This incidence has been noted to be as high as 11% in children and 22% in adults.
• Some data suggest that the incidence is decreasing probably due to improvements in the infusion procedure,
early recognition of the drug leakage, and training in management techniques.
7. Pathophysiology of tissue damage
• The extent of tissue damage depends on the chemotherapeutic agent’s binding capacity to DNA.
• DNA-binding antineoplastics cause tissue damage by propagating lethal DNA crosslinking or strand breaks
caused by free radicals, which lead to cell apoptosis.
• Non–DNA-binding antineoplastics interfere with mitosis, they are cleared more easily from extravasation
sites and cause less tissue damage than DNA–binding-agents.
8. Signs & Symptoms
• Swelling, redness, burning sensation, stinging.
• Resistance during drug administration, a slow or sluggish infusion, and lack or loss of blood return from the
IV cannula, implanted port, other central venous access device may be indicators that a vesicant
extravasation is occurring.
• The discoloration and skin in durations may progress further with the developments of blisters or necrosis
and possibly ulceration and deep tissue injury.
• It may take several days for the full extent of the epithelial damage to be realized.
9. In the case of peripheral IV catheter In the case of central venous catheter
• No initial symptoms of extravasation.
• Redness, pruritus, edema around the injection site.
• Fluid injection rate slows down or stops.
• Blood backflow does not work well or there is
leakage of medication around the needle.
• A complaint of discomfort or pain, occasional
expression of searing pain or numbness.
• Initial physical symptoms usually appear
immediately but also might appear several days or
weeks later.
• Often causes stinging pain.
• Edema around the port insertion or in the chest.
• Medication leakage around the catheter insertion.
• Redness in the chest, collarbone, or neck where a
central venous catheter is inserted.
• No blood backflow.
• Symptoms may appear early or late.
Diagnosis
10.
11. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• A differential diagnosis assessment should be carried out if an extravasation is suspected.
• Some chemotherapy drugs, even if correctly administered, can cause a local reaction which resembles an extravasation.
• This should not be confused with a true extravasation.
• Signs and symptoms of local nonextravasation reactions include erythema around the cannula site, along the accessed
vein (‘flare’), urticaria, local itching.
• Chemical phlebitis: vein inflammation, followed by a thrombosis or sclerosis of the veins, may cause a burning sensation at
the cannula site and cramping along the vein proximal to the cannula site.
14. • Continuous monitoring every 5 to 10 min.
• “Extravasation Kits”:
- Cannulas, gauze pads, adhesive bandage, gloves, disinfection swabs
- Hyaluronidase 1500 IU(1 ampoule)
- Hydrocortisone 1% cream – labelled with direction for use
- Sterile water for injection
- Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 99% solution 1 x 10 ml bottle with applicator (swabsticks)
- 25 G needles, 10- cc syringe,1-mL syringe
- Hot pack & Cold pack
- Saline solution (1 ampule);
- Cytotoxic drug extravasation documentation form
- Patient information leaflet
15.
16.
17.
18. • Mitomycin extravasation with DMSO 99% given twice daily for 14 days. The result was a complete reversal of erythema
and mild skin ulceration.DMSO was also found to be effective in delayed extravasation treatment.
19. DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO)
• Properties: Vasodilatatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory.
• Topical application.
• Use: Anthracyclines extravasation.
• Inhibit free radical formation: It is a potent free radical-scavenger that rapidly penetrates tissues when applied topically.
It is hypothesized that the local damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents may be caused by hydroxyl radical formation.
• If DMSO 99% is not readily available, DMSO 50%, can be used until DMSO 99% is obtained.
• Apply topically to the skin twice the size of infiltration with a cotton swab and allow it to dry (do not cover), repeating
every 6-8 h for 7-14 days.
• Side effects: itching, erythema, mild burning, a characteristic breath odor.
PROSPECTIVE STUDIES
• When applied every 6 hours for 14 days was found to be
effective in avoiding the morbidity of debridement and skin
grafting after doxorubicin, daunorubicin extravasation.
• If applied topically every 8 hours for 7 days it is also safe
and effective.
20. DEXRAZOXANE
• Class: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) derivative, topoisomerase inhibitor II catalytic inhibitor.
• Brand: Totech, Zinecard
• Property: Cardioprotective
• Use: Anthracyclines (Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin) induced cardiotoxicity & extravasation.
• MOA: It has a dual mechanism of action:
- it acts as an iron chelator, preventing formation of iron-anthracycline complexes & iron-mediated hydroxyl radicals
that cause oxidative damage;
- it stabilizes topoisomerase II & makes it inaccessible to anthracycline chemotherapy. It blocks the enzyme so that it is
no longer affected by anthracycline and prevents damage to the healthy cells in tissue.
• Dosage form: Powder for inj. 250, 500 mg, pyrogen-free lyophilized powder in a single dose vial for reconstitution.
- Each carton contains one 50 mL Type I glass vial. Each vial contains dexrazoxane hydrochloride equivalent to 500
mg dexrazoxane (free base).
• Route: IV infusion
• Dilution: Mixed & diluted with 50 mL of 0.167 M sodium lactate injection solution before use.
- The admixture contains dexrazoxane (10 mg/mL) and the following excipients: hydrochloric acid, sodium lactate, water
for injection, sodium hydroxide, lactic acid.
- The admixture should be further diluted in 0.9 % NaCl prior to administration to patients.
- The solution is slightly yellow.
21. • Administration:
• The individual dosage is based on calculation of the Body Surface Area (BSA) up to a maximum dose of 2000 mg (each on
Day 1 and 2) and 1000 mg (Day 3), corresponding to a BSA of 2 m².
• Stability: The infusion bag should be used immediately after preparation. The product is stable for 4 hours from the time of preparation when
stored below 25ºC (77ºF).
- Unused solution should be discarded.
Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy Extravasation
• Do not administer IV push.
• Infuse final diluted solution IV over
15 minutes before administering the
doxorubicin.
• Administer doxorubicin within 30
minutes after the completion of
dexrazoxane infusion
• Remove cooling procedures (eg, ice packs) if used, from extravasation area at
least 15 minutes before administration in order to allow sufficient blood flow to
the area of extravasation.
• Initiate 1st infusion as soon as possible & within the 1st 6 hours after
extravasation.
• Infuse final diluted solution IV over 1-2 hr once daily for 3 consecutive days, at
room temperature and normal light conditions in a large caliber vein in an
extremity/area other than the one affected by the extravasation.
• Start Day 2 and Day 3 treatment at the same hour (+/- 3 hr) as on the 1st day.
• Regularly examine for extravasation after treatment and until resolution.
• Not effective against the effects of vesicants other than anthracyclines
22. • Dose Modifications:
• Pharmacokinetic:
- Peak plasma: 36.5 µg/mL
- Half-Life: 2-2.5 hr
- Protein Bound: No
- Vd: 22.4 L/m²
- Renal Clearance: 3.35 L/hr/m2
- Excretion: Urine (42%)
- Dialyzable: Yes
• Side effects: Myelosuppression: leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia.
Renal impairment Hepatic impairment
• Mild (CrCl ≥40 mL/min): No dosage adjustment.
• Moderate-severe (CrCl <40 mL/min): Reduce dose by 50%
(dexrazoxane to doxorubicin ratio reduced to 5:1;such as
dexrazoxane 250 mg/m2 to doxorubicin 50 mg/m2).
• Extravasation: Not recommended.
• Cardiomyopathy: Reduce dosage proportionately
(maintaining the 10:1 ratio) in patients with hepatic
impairment, since a doxorubicin dose reduction is
recommended in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia.
23. GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF)
• Classes: Hematopoietic Growth Factors
• Drug: Sargramostim (gmcsf, Leukin, EMGRAST-M)
• Indication: wound healing & skin ulceration due tocyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracil induced extravasation.
• MOA:
- It is a hematopoetic growth factor that stimulates proliferation of neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, augments cell
killing activity and phagocytosis, and the in-situ immobilization of neutrophils.
- It has been shown to act as a neutrophil migration inhibition factor, to rapidly induce surface expression of MOl antigen (cell
surface adhesion protein - CD11b) and to increase leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (LAM-1) affinity on granulocytes which
may enhance neutrophil aggregation and their endothelial binding.
- It induce local ervthema at the site of injection which may be due to local margination of neutrophils and tissue infiltration
with monocytes and subsequent stimulation of other cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 and Interferon which may participate in the
healing process
24. HYPERBARIC OXYGEN (HBO) THERAPY
• Indication: Doxorubicin, Calcium chloride extravasation (skin lesion)
• MOA:
- O2 is essential to the healing process. The energy required for cell proliferation comes from aerobic sources, and in presence of O2
new collagen cross-linking, the hydroxylation of proline and lysine takes place.
- The formation of granulation tissue is optimized in a well-oxygenated environment. HBO enhance several of the interlocking
mechanisms that contribute to healing insuch lesions.
- Increased O2 availability may stimulate temporarily the more energy efficient Kreb's cvcle metabolic pathway in the regenerating
tissue, enabling more energetic fibroblasts to migrate farther from their proximal capillary sources and out into the more hypoxic
areas of the wound.
- Hyperoxygenation can also increase collagen production, enabling these rapidly migrating fibroblasts to laydown larger, stronger
beds of collagen for the advancing capillary beds, leading to increased granulation tissue formation and enhanced overall healing.
- HBO increase re-epithelialization in guinea pigs. Many clinical series have shown that HBO improved healing in problem wounds
refractory to standard therapy.
- It reduced cell damage by reversing regional tissue hypoxemia from edema, wound healing enhancement by neovascularization,
fibroblast proliferation, and enhanced polymorphonuclear cell function. These benefits may reduce the significant morbidity seen
with routine care of the extravasated ulcer.
25.
26. HYALURONIDASE
• Brand: Amphadase, Hynidase, Omnidase, Facidase
• Class: Extravasation Antidotes
• Indication: Vinka alkaloid, Paclitaxel, Etoposide extravasation.
• Dosage Forms & Strengths: injectable solution- 150unit/mL, 200unit/mL
• Skin Test: 0.02 mL (3 units) of 150 units/mL solution intradermally; a wheal with pseudopods appearing within 5 min and
persisting for 20-30 min with itching will indicate positive hypersensitivity reaction.
• MOA: It is dispersion agent (enzyme) which modifies permeability of tissue through hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid at the
glucosaminidic bond between C1 of glucosamine and C4 of glucuronic acid, breaks down subcutaneous tissue bonds
promoting drug diffusion through the interstitial space and enhances the absorption of injected substances.
• Doses: Ranging from 150- 1,500 units diluted in 1 mL of normal saline subcutaneously or intradermally within 1 hour of
extravasation.
27. • Route: It is injected locally subcutaneously into the extravasation area.
- Administer 1 mL of the hyaluronidase solution in five 0.2 mL injections into the extravasation site using a 25 gauge or
smaller needle, changing the needle for each injection.
• Pharmacokinetics:
- Onset of action: Immediate (SC)
- Duration: 24-48 hr
- Metabolism: Protein drugs are expected to be degraded by proteases and other catalytic enzymes to smaller peptides and
amino acids.
- Elimination: After nonspecific proteolysis, the amino acids from protein drugs are reused for protein synthesis or further
broken down and eliminated by the kidneys.
- t1/2: 2 min
• Adverse effects: Angioedema, urticaria, allergic reactions (<0.1%).
28. SODIUM THIOSULFATE
• Brand name: Pedmark
• Class: Inorganic sodium salt
• Dosage forms & Strengths: injection solution 250mg/mL (25%)
• Indications: Cyanide Antidotes, Mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), oxaliplatin, cisplatin extravasation.
• Dose: immediate subcutaneous administration of 2 ml of 1/6 molar solution of sodium ; 2 ml of the solution is injected for
each mg of mechlorethamine or every 100 mg cisplatin; remove needle, then inject 0.1 mL injections clockwise around
extravasation area up to 1 mL; repeat several times within the 3-4 hr of extravasation incident.
- Preparation of 1/6 Molar solution: 1.6 mL of 25% solution + 8.4 mL sterile water for injection or mix 4 mL of 10% sodium
thiosulfate + 6 mL of sterile water for injection.
- Inject the solution into the extravasation site using a 25 gauge or smaller needle, changing the needle for each injection.
- When given immediately after extravasation by intradermal injection, it had a protective effect.
• MOA: It neutralizes the vesicant by creating an alkaline-rich site, to which alkylating agents have an affinity. The vesicant
binds to the sodium thiosulfate instead of the tissue and the by-product is excreted in the urine.
29. • Pharmacokinetics:
- Peak plasma concentration: 13 mM
- Vd: 0.23 L/kg
- Metabolism: Thiosulfate is an endogenous intermediate product of sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism. Metabolized
through thiosulfate sulfur transferase and thiosulfate reductase to sulfite, which is oxidized to sulfate.
- Total clearance: 2.2 mL/min/kg for fully developed renal function
- Half life: Thiosulfate- 3 hr
- Excretion: Urine unchanged
• Storage:
- Unopened vials: Store at 20-25ºC (68-77ºF); excursions are permitted to 15-30ºC (59-86ºF).
- Withdraw drug from vials: Use immediately. If not used immediately, may store in an infusion bag for ≤18 hours at 20-22ºC
(68- 72ºF); discard unused portion.
• Side effects: Vomiting (85%), Nausea (40%), ↓ hemoglobin (34%), Hypokalemia (15-27%),Hypernatremia (26%),
Hypophosphatemia (15-20%)
30. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TISSUE DAMAGE
• Indications: full-thickness skin necrosis, chronic ulcer, persistent pain, severe extravasations or to patients in whom
conservative therapy has not been appropriately initiated.
• The treatment of unresolved tissue necrosis or pain lasting more than 10 days is surgical debridement.
• It is crucial that all necrotic tissue be removed until bleeding occurs and only healthy tissue left for wound coverage.
• To ensure complete excision, some surgeons use intraoperative fluorescent dye injection to detect the doxorubicin HCl
in the tissue to ensure complete excision.
• Such procedure consist of wide, three-dimensional excision of all involved tissue, temporary coverage with a biologic
dressing, simultaneous harvesting, storage of a split-thickness skin graft.
• Once the wound is clean, delayed or immediate application of the graft or surgical reconstruction is performed (usually at
2–3 days).
• Subcutaneous wash-out procedure is a surgical technique that has been tested in patients not treated with antidotes or
topical treatment as unique immediate therapy to extravasation. Due to scarce experience, this technique cannot be
recommended as routine management in a nonexperienced surgical unit.
31. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICE (CVAD) EXTRAVASATION
• Extravasation of chemotherapy agents administered through a CVAD is a rare complication.
• In this situation, the solution may accumulate in the mediastinum, pleura or in a subcutaneous area of the chest or neck.
• The most frequent symptom of central line extravasation is acute thoracic pain.
• Diagnosis must be based on clinical presentation and confirmed with imaging techniques, usually a thoracic CT scan [V, A].
• Data about management and evolution are based on case reports.
• The management of this infrequent extravasation should include stopping of the infusion and aspiration through the
central venous catheter of as much amount of the solution as possible.
• If the extravasated agent is an anthracycline, dexrazoxane might be considered as an antidote [V, C].
• Conservative therapy (surgical procedures with the objective of draining the remaining solution might be considered) [V, C].
• Antibiotics, i.v. corticoids, analgesia and other treatments leading to the control of the symptoms derived from the
mediastinitis or pleuritis secondary to extravasation can be considered [V, B]
32. Steps to be taken
in case of central
venous access
device
extravasation.
33. PREVENTION
• Most extravasations can be prevented with the systematic
implementation of careful, standardized, evidence-based
administration techniques.
• The staff involved in the infusion, management of cytotoxic drugs
must be trained to implement several preventive protocols for the
minimization of the risk of extravasation.
• It is important to remember that the degree of damage is
dependent on the type of the drug, drug concentration,
localization of the extravasation, length of time for which the drug
develops its potential for damage.
• Be familiar with the extravasation management standard
guidelines & prepare the extravasation kit.
• Regularly check the extravasation kit refill any used medications.
• Assess patient’s sensory changes, tingling or burning, always pay
attention to the words of patients.
34.
35. DOCUMENTATION
• Each incident of extravasation must be correctly documented and reported.
• Documentation procedure may differ between treatment centers; however, certain items are mandatory for patient safety and
for legal purposes:
- Patient name and number
- Date and time of extravasation
- Name of drug extravasated as well as diluent used (if applicable)
- Signs and symptoms (also reported by patient)
- Description of the i.v. access
- Extravasation area (also the approximate amount of drug)
- Management steps with time and date
• Photographic documentation can be helpful for the follow- up procedures and decision-making.
• The patient must be informed about the scope of the problem. If a vesicant drug has extravasated, information about the time
involved in the resolution, as well as legal implications must be addressed.
36. FOLLOW UP
• The patient should be regularly reviewed daily or every 2 days for follow-up during the first week and then weekly until
complete resolution of symptoms.
• Sign symptoms: In the following days, initial inflammation increases with more redness, edema and pain.
• Depending on the vesicant drug, after several days or weeks blisters may appear and inflammation evolve to a necrosis.
• If required, referral to a (plastic) surgeon is recommendable.
• Patients must be informed about the follow-up policy before leaving the treatment area.