Cardiac Procedures
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This document describes several cardiovascular procedures: ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. Holter monitoring continuously records various electrical heart activity for hours to days on a portable device, commonly to observe arrhythmias. Doppler ultrasonography uses the Doppler effect to assess blood flow direction and velocity. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart and blood flow. MUGA cardiac scans evaluate right and left ventricular function through nuclear medicine and provide a more accurate ejection fraction than ECHO or angiogram. Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions through examination of coronary arteries, cardiac chambers, and valves.
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The document summarizes three cardiovascular diagnostic tests:
1) Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to assess blood flow through arteries and veins, helping doctors evaluate reduced or blocked blood flow. It can detect blood clots that increase risks of stroke or pulmonary embolism.
2) Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart, allowing doctors to evaluate the heart valves and detect abnormalities in blood flow or thickened heart walls. It is noninvasive.
3) A Holter monitor continuously records a patient's EKG for 24 hours during daily activities to associate symptoms with heart rhythms like ischemia or reduced blood supply. Electrodes are attached to record the EKG for later analysis.
Cardiovascular system/ diagnostic tests and procedures
Genetics, stress, diet, and lack of physical activity can cause cardiovascular disease. Common diagnostic tests include cardiac CT scans, halter monitors, Doppler ultrasounds, and electrocardiograms. CT scans provide detailed 3D images of the heart and are used to detect calcium buildup or problems with the heart, valves, or aorta. Halter monitors continuously monitor heart activity for at least 24 hours to detect arrhythmias or epileptic events. Doppler ultrasounds use sound waves to measure blood flow and pressure and diagnose issues like blood clots, heart defects, narrowed or blocked arteries, or valve problems. These tests can often be done as outpatients without overnight hospital stays.
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The document discusses three common tests used to detect heart conditions: Doppler ultrasound, Holter monitor, and electrocardiography (ECG). Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to estimate blood flow and only takes a few moments. The Holter monitor measures and records heart activity over 24-48 hours using small, portable, and painless electrodes and equipment. ECG uses electrodes placed on the arms, legs, and chest to measure the heart's electrical activity and collects important data over a short period.
Cardiac Procedures
Nuclear cardiac scans, echocardiography, and Doppler ultrasound are imaging tests used to examine the structure and function of the heart. Nuclear cardiac scans use radioactive tracers to show blood flow, with SPECT being more widely available and PET providing more detailed images. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart, with transthoracic echocardiography imaging from the chest and transesophageal providing more detailed internal views. Doppler ultrasound uses ultrasound to visualize blood flow through sound wave reflections, diagnosing conditions affecting blood vessels and heart valves.
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiovascular system
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure that inserts a catheter into the heart to evaluate heart function and disease. It can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease and determine if treatments like angioplasty are needed. The catheter is inserted into an artery and guided to the heart where contrast dye is injected to image the heart and arteries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity through electrodes on the skin to check for issues like heart attacks or abnormal rhythms. A computed tomography (CT) scan uses x-rays to create clear pictures of the heart and assess conditions like tumors without invasive procedures.
Diagnostic Procedures Of The Cardiovascular System
The document discusses several common diagnostic procedures for the cardiovascular system:
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow and can detect blocked arteries or blood clots. A Holter monitor continuously records the heart's electrical activity while worn for 24-48 hours during normal activity to check for irregular rhythms. Stress testing monitors the heart and increases physical exertion on a treadmill to assess how well the heart handles increased demand and blood flow requirements. Other procedures mentioned include angiography, cardiac scans, echocardiography, venography, cardiac catheterization, and electrocardiography.
What Information Does an ECG Provide?
A medical support services provider based in Irvine, California, Cardiac Monitoring Services provides physicians with detailed report summaries of electrocardiograms (ECG). Thanks to the reports created by Cardiac Monitoring Services, cardiologists can analyze a patient’s heart rhythm and diagnose any abnormalities. ECG results can help physicians diagnose heart attacks, as well as a number of other potentially serious cardiovascular conditions.
Cardiac diagnostic tests
This document provides an overview of various cardiac diagnostic tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), chest x-rays, stress tests, echocardiograms, nuclear stress tests, Holter monitors, event recorders, PET scans, cardiac catheterization, cardiac MRI, and intravascular ultrasound. It describes what each test is used to evaluate, such as heart size, function, blood flow, or blockages in the coronary arteries. The sensitivity and specificity are provided for some tests. A variety of stress tests are discussed, including treadmill, bicycle, pharmacological, and tilt table tests.
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The document summarizes three cardiovascular diagnostic tests:
1) Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to assess blood flow through arteries and veins, helping doctors evaluate reduced or blocked blood flow. It can detect blood clots that increase risks of stroke or pulmonary embolism.
2) Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart, allowing doctors to evaluate the heart valves and detect abnormalities in blood flow or thickened heart walls. It is noninvasive.
3) A Holter monitor continuously records a patient's EKG for 24 hours during daily activities to associate symptoms with heart rhythms like ischemia or reduced blood supply. Electrodes are attached to record the EKG for later analysis.
Cardiovascular system/ diagnostic tests and procedures
Genetics, stress, diet, and lack of physical activity can cause cardiovascular disease. Common diagnostic tests include cardiac CT scans, halter monitors, Doppler ultrasounds, and electrocardiograms. CT scans provide detailed 3D images of the heart and are used to detect calcium buildup or problems with the heart, valves, or aorta. Halter monitors continuously monitor heart activity for at least 24 hours to detect arrhythmias or epileptic events. Doppler ultrasounds use sound waves to measure blood flow and pressure and diagnose issues like blood clots, heart defects, narrowed or blocked arteries, or valve problems. These tests can often be done as outpatients without overnight hospital stays.
All about the heart
The document discusses three common tests used to detect heart conditions: Doppler ultrasound, Holter monitor, and electrocardiography (ECG). Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to estimate blood flow and only takes a few moments. The Holter monitor measures and records heart activity over 24-48 hours using small, portable, and painless electrodes and equipment. ECG uses electrodes placed on the arms, legs, and chest to measure the heart's electrical activity and collects important data over a short period.
Cardiac Procedures
Nuclear cardiac scans, echocardiography, and Doppler ultrasound are imaging tests used to examine the structure and function of the heart. Nuclear cardiac scans use radioactive tracers to show blood flow, with SPECT being more widely available and PET providing more detailed images. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart, with transthoracic echocardiography imaging from the chest and transesophageal providing more detailed internal views. Doppler ultrasound uses ultrasound to visualize blood flow through sound wave reflections, diagnosing conditions affecting blood vessels and heart valves.
Diagnostic Procedures for Cardiovascular system
Cardiac catheterization is a procedure that inserts a catheter into the heart to evaluate heart function and disease. It can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease and determine if treatments like angioplasty are needed. The catheter is inserted into an artery and guided to the heart where contrast dye is injected to image the heart and arteries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the heart's electrical activity through electrodes on the skin to check for issues like heart attacks or abnormal rhythms. A computed tomography (CT) scan uses x-rays to create clear pictures of the heart and assess conditions like tumors without invasive procedures.
Diagnostic Procedures Of The Cardiovascular System
The document discusses several common diagnostic procedures for the cardiovascular system:
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow and can detect blocked arteries or blood clots. A Holter monitor continuously records the heart's electrical activity while worn for 24-48 hours during normal activity to check for irregular rhythms. Stress testing monitors the heart and increases physical exertion on a treadmill to assess how well the heart handles increased demand and blood flow requirements. Other procedures mentioned include angiography, cardiac scans, echocardiography, venography, cardiac catheterization, and electrocardiography.
What Information Does an ECG Provide?
A medical support services provider based in Irvine, California, Cardiac Monitoring Services provides physicians with detailed report summaries of electrocardiograms (ECG). Thanks to the reports created by Cardiac Monitoring Services, cardiologists can analyze a patient’s heart rhythm and diagnose any abnormalities. ECG results can help physicians diagnose heart attacks, as well as a number of other potentially serious cardiovascular conditions.
Cardiac diagnostic tests
This document provides an overview of various cardiac diagnostic tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), chest x-rays, stress tests, echocardiograms, nuclear stress tests, Holter monitors, event recorders, PET scans, cardiac catheterization, cardiac MRI, and intravascular ultrasound. It describes what each test is used to evaluate, such as heart size, function, blood flow, or blockages in the coronary arteries. The sensitivity and specificity are provided for some tests. A variety of stress tests are discussed, including treadmill, bicycle, pharmacological, and tilt table tests.
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Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart and assess its structure and function. A Holter monitor continuously records heart rhythms while worn for 24-48 hours during normal activity to monitor heart reactions to daily life. Extracorporeal circulation routes blood outside the body through a heart-lung machine during open heart surgery to oxygenate and pump blood while bypassing the heart.
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Action potential of cardiac tissues
Cardiac cell architecture
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Conduction of impulse
Cardiac cycle
Electrical vector
Recording and presentation of Electrical activity of the heart
Parts and components of a normal ECG
SA node
Ionic Basis of Electrical Activity in Pacemaker Cells
Secondary/ Latent pacemaker
How Atrial impulse is transmitted?
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers/ventricular myocardium
Investigation of cardiovascular diseases
The document discusses various tests used to investigate cardiovascular disease, including electrocardiograms, exercise stress tests, Holter monitoring, cardiac biomarkers, chest x-rays, echocardiograms, cardiac CT and MRI, cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology studies, and myocardial perfusion imaging. These tests provide information on cardiac structure and function, ischemia, arrhythmias, blood flow, and help diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease.
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Cardiac diagnostic tests can be invasive or non-invasive. Common non-invasive tests include electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, nuclear heart scan, chest x-ray, cardiac CT scan, and cardiac MRI. ECG records the heart's electrical activity while echocardiography uses ultrasound to image the heart. A nuclear heart scan uses radioactive tracers to evaluate blood flow and pumping ability. These tests can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, and past heart attacks. Invasive tests include cardiac angiography and intravascular ultrasound which use catheters and dyes to directly image the heart and blood vessels.
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The document discusses the electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity of the heart in a graphic form called an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG can check the heart's rhythm, rate, axis, and state of the myocardial muscle. It has medical applications such as detecting cardiovascular issues. A normal ECG shows the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Abnormalities like tachycardia, bradycardia, and heart block can also be identified on an ECG.
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This document provides an overview of cardiac monitoring techniques including stethoscopy, electrocardiography, pulse rate monitoring, arterial blood pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, and pulmonary artery catheterization. Key points include: stethoscopy was introduced in 1818 but is not used for continuous monitoring; electrocardiography is the most common method to detect heart rate; differences exist between heart rate and pulse rate; noninvasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring methods are described along with their complications; central venous pressure monitoring provides information on right atrial pressure; and pulmonary artery catheters allow direct measurement of pressures and cardiac output in critically ill patients.
Lv systolic function
Left ventricular systolic function can be assessed through several echocardiographic parameters such as ejection fraction, fractional shortening, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler imaging, and more recently, deformation imaging including global longitudinal strain. Ejection fraction is considered the gold standard measurement but requires obtaining left ventricular volumes, while fractional shortening and mitral annular plane systolic excursion provide simpler alternatives. Deformation imaging such as global longitudinal strain provides a sensitive measure of subclinical changes in systolic function.
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Speckle tracking echocardiography is a new, unique and evolving tool to assess the myocardial deformation which can detect LV systolic dysfunction much earlier than can be reflected in LVEF. The importance of defining predictors is to predict whom patient will be at risk for the deleterious effect of RV pacing on LV function, and who will need observation with possible upgrading to biventricular pacing.
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Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
Non invasive blood pressure monitoring
This document discusses non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. It provides a brief history of blood pressure measurement and describes common techniques like auscultation of Korotkoff sounds. Key factors for accurate measurement are described, including patient position, cuff size selection, and taking multiple readings. Alternative non-invasive methods like Doppler, oscillometry, and tonometry are also summarized. Categories of blood pressure in adults are also presented.
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to measure blood flow through the heart and valves. A Holter monitor continuously records heart electrical activity over 24 hours to detect irregular heartbeats that may not appear during other tests. Both tests are noninvasive and provide information to diagnose cardiovascular conditions.
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An EKG measures the heart's electrical activity to evaluate its function and identify any problems. During an EKG, electrodes are attached to the skin in a standard pattern while the heartbeats are recorded. A stress test evaluates cardiovascular fitness by monitoring a patient walking on a treadmill to see how far they can walk without symptoms like chest pain or EKG changes. A venogram uses an X-ray with contrast dye to better visualize the size and condition of the veins and identify issues like deep vein thrombosis.
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to detect issues like blood leakage through valves. A Holter monitor continuously records electrical heart activity over 24+ hours to detect arrhythmias, while Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow speed and diagnose issues like clots or blocked arteries. Both are noninvasive and have no known risks.
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Echocardiography uses ultrasound to visualize the heart's structures and blood flow. It can diagnose and assess conditions like valvular disease, ventricular function, pericardial effusions, and congenital heart defects. Common types include transthoracic, stress, transesophageal, fetal, and 3D echocardiography.
Holter monitors continuously record heart rhythm for 24-48 hours using sensors stuck to the chest. They can diagnose arrhythmias, heart rate problems, and silent myocardial ischemia.
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The document discusses three cardiovascular diagnostic techniques: echocardiography uses ultrasound to examine the heart structures and function to diagnose abnormalities; stress testing uses electrocardiography to monitor heart function during increasing exercise to detect issues; Doppler ultrasonography detects blood flow movement and allows hearing alterations caused by vessel obstructions in extremities.
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A stress test evaluates cardiovascular fitness by placing a patient on a treadmill or bicycle and steadily increasing the workload while monitoring their EKG and oxygen levels. An angiography injects an opaque material into blood vessels to take X-rays and can image the aorta, heart, or brain. Doppler ultrasonography uses sound wave echoes to produce images and measure blood velocity to detect blood clots or deep vein thromboses.
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This document discusses electrocardiography (ECG) and its use in evaluating cardiac disease. An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect abnormalities in rhythm, conduction, chamber size and ischemia. A standard ECG involves 10 electrodes that produce 12 leads displaying the heart's electrical signals from different angles. ECGs are used to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction and assess heart muscle damage through changes in the ST segment and T waves.
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Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart and assess its structure and function. A Holter monitor continuously records heart rhythms while worn for 24-48 hours during normal activity to monitor heart reactions to daily life. Extracorporeal circulation routes blood outside the body through a heart-lung machine during open heart surgery to oxygenate and pump blood while bypassing the heart.
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Conduction system of the heart
Action potential of cardiac tissues
Cardiac cell architecture
Blood supply of conduction tissue of heart
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Conduction of impulse
Cardiac cycle
Electrical vector
Recording and presentation of Electrical activity of the heart
Parts and components of a normal ECG
SA node
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How Atrial impulse is transmitted?
AV node
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Purkinje fibers/ventricular myocardium
Investigation of cardiovascular diseases
The document discusses various tests used to investigate cardiovascular disease, including electrocardiograms, exercise stress tests, Holter monitoring, cardiac biomarkers, chest x-rays, echocardiograms, cardiac CT and MRI, cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology studies, and myocardial perfusion imaging. These tests provide information on cardiac structure and function, ischemia, arrhythmias, blood flow, and help diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease.
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Cardiac diagnostic tests can be invasive or non-invasive. Common non-invasive tests include electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, nuclear heart scan, chest x-ray, cardiac CT scan, and cardiac MRI. ECG records the heart's electrical activity while echocardiography uses ultrasound to image the heart. A nuclear heart scan uses radioactive tracers to evaluate blood flow and pumping ability. These tests can diagnose conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, and past heart attacks. Invasive tests include cardiac angiography and intravascular ultrasound which use catheters and dyes to directly image the heart and blood vessels.
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The document discusses the electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity of the heart in a graphic form called an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG can check the heart's rhythm, rate, axis, and state of the myocardial muscle. It has medical applications such as detecting cardiovascular issues. A normal ECG shows the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Abnormalities like tachycardia, bradycardia, and heart block can also be identified on an ECG.
Cardiac monitoring ppt
This document provides an overview of cardiac monitoring techniques including stethoscopy, electrocardiography, pulse rate monitoring, arterial blood pressure monitoring, central venous pressure monitoring, and pulmonary artery catheterization. Key points include: stethoscopy was introduced in 1818 but is not used for continuous monitoring; electrocardiography is the most common method to detect heart rate; differences exist between heart rate and pulse rate; noninvasive and invasive blood pressure monitoring methods are described along with their complications; central venous pressure monitoring provides information on right atrial pressure; and pulmonary artery catheters allow direct measurement of pressures and cardiac output in critically ill patients.
Lv systolic function
Left ventricular systolic function can be assessed through several echocardiographic parameters such as ejection fraction, fractional shortening, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler imaging, and more recently, deformation imaging including global longitudinal strain. Ejection fraction is considered the gold standard measurement but requires obtaining left ventricular volumes, while fractional shortening and mitral annular plane systolic excursion provide simpler alternatives. Deformation imaging such as global longitudinal strain provides a sensitive measure of subclinical changes in systolic function.
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Speckle tracking echocardiography is a new, unique and evolving tool to assess the myocardial deformation which can detect LV systolic dysfunction much earlier than can be reflected in LVEF. The importance of defining predictors is to predict whom patient will be at risk for the deleterious effect of RV pacing on LV function, and who will need observation with possible upgrading to biventricular pacing.
Biomedical Instrumentation
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
Non invasive blood pressure monitoring
This document discusses non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. It provides a brief history of blood pressure measurement and describes common techniques like auscultation of Korotkoff sounds. Key factors for accurate measurement are described, including patient position, cuff size selection, and taking multiple readings. Alternative non-invasive methods like Doppler, oscillometry, and tonometry are also summarized. Categories of blood pressure in adults are also presented.
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to measure blood flow through the heart and valves. A Holter monitor continuously records heart electrical activity over 24 hours to detect irregular heartbeats that may not appear during other tests. Both tests are noninvasive and provide information to diagnose cardiovascular conditions.
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An EKG measures the heart's electrical activity to evaluate its function and identify any problems. During an EKG, electrodes are attached to the skin in a standard pattern while the heartbeats are recorded. A stress test evaluates cardiovascular fitness by monitoring a patient walking on a treadmill to see how far they can walk without symptoms like chest pain or EKG changes. A venogram uses an X-ray with contrast dye to better visualize the size and condition of the veins and identify issues like deep vein thrombosis.
Medical procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create images of the heart. It can show the size and shape of chambers and valves, detect abnormalities, and evaluate heart function. Doppler echocardiography uses sound wave speed and direction to detect issues like blood leakage through valves. A Holter monitor continuously records electrical heart activity over 24+ hours to detect arrhythmias, while Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow speed and diagnose issues like clots or blocked arteries. Both are noninvasive and have no known risks.
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This document provides an introductory lecture on echocardiography to paramedical staff. It begins with an introduction to Dr. Awadhesh Kumar Sharma's background and credentials. It then discusses the basic principles of echocardiography, including how it uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart. The different modalities of echocardiography are described, including 2D echo, M-mode, and various Doppler techniques. Standard echocardiographic views of the heart are also reviewed, such as the parasternal long axis and short axis views. The utility of echocardiography for assessing cardiac structures and function is highlighted.
Cardiovascular diagnostic procedures
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to visualize the heart's structures and blood flow. It can diagnose and assess conditions like valvular disease, ventricular function, pericardial effusions, and congenital heart defects. Common types include transthoracic, stress, transesophageal, fetal, and 3D echocardiography.
Holter monitors continuously record heart rhythm for 24-48 hours using sensors stuck to the chest. They can diagnose arrhythmias, heart rate problems, and silent myocardial ischemia.
Cardiac enzyme tests measure levels of enzymes released when heart muscle is damaged, indicating heart attacks or other cardiovascular conditions. Common enzymes tested include CK, troponin, and myoglobin.
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The document discusses three cardiovascular diagnostic techniques: echocardiography uses ultrasound to examine the heart structures and function to diagnose abnormalities; stress testing uses electrocardiography to monitor heart function during increasing exercise to detect issues; Doppler ultrasonography detects blood flow movement and allows hearing alterations caused by vessel obstructions in extremities.
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A stress test evaluates cardiovascular fitness by placing a patient on a treadmill or bicycle and steadily increasing the workload while monitoring their EKG and oxygen levels. An angiography injects an opaque material into blood vessels to take X-rays and can image the aorta, heart, or brain. Doppler ultrasonography uses sound wave echoes to produce images and measure blood velocity to detect blood clots or deep vein thromboses.
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This document discusses electrocardiography (ECG) and its use in evaluating cardiac disease. An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect abnormalities in rhythm, conduction, chamber size and ischemia. A standard ECG involves 10 electrodes that produce 12 leads displaying the heart's electrical signals from different angles. ECGs are used to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction and assess heart muscle damage through changes in the ST segment and T waves.
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Cardiovascular diagnostic procedures
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Presentacion de angie mantilla y rafael camacho mendoza.
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IS2 - Adamec
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Métodos diagnósticos
The document discusses various diagnostic methods used to examine the heart and cardiovascular system. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) produces a visual representation of the heart's electrical activity over time using electrodes on the chest. A stress ECG monitors the ECG during exercise to assess the heart's response to stress. A Holter monitor tracks heart rhythm continuously for 24-72 hours using electrodes and a recording device. Cardiac catheterization inserts a thin tube into arteries or veins to access the heart. An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart's interior. Coronary angiography uses dye and x-rays to examine blood flow through the heart arteries.
Fundamentals of ECG -Introduction
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of the ECG, invented by Willem Einthoven in 1903. It describes the indications for an ECG exam and different types of ECG machines and tests, including 12-lead ECGs, Holter monitors, loop recorders, and stress tests. The document also covers the procedure for an ECG, including electrode placement and the purpose of the different leads in evaluating the heart's electrical activity.
ECHO in Cardiac Failure
ECHO mechanics, views, steps of procedure, findings in different types of cardiac failure etc - Study material for Nursing and allied health fields
Cardiac investigations
Diagnostic investigations of the cardiovascular system include non-invasive tests like electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, Holter monitoring and exercise stress testing, as well as invasive tests like cardiac catheterization. ECG evaluates the heart's electrical activity while echocardiography uses ultrasound to examine the heart's structure and function. Holter monitoring records the ECG over 24 hours to detect irregular heartbeats. Exercise stress testing measures the heart's response to physical exertion. Blood tests like troponin and BNP levels provide information on heart muscle damage and heart failure.
Eeg & ecg
This document provides information on EEG (electroencephalogram) and ECG (electrocardiography). It describes that EEG uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record brain's electrical signals and identify issues like seizures, while ECG uses electrodes to record and graph the heart's electrical activity over time to diagnose cardiac conditions. It discusses the different types of EEGs and ECGs, what the brain and heart wave patterns indicate, and their uses, workings, advantages and disadvantages.
Electrocardiogram
This power point presentation contains basic information about ECG test, it's components and intervals with respect to heartbeat signals
Electrocardiogram
An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart using sensors attached to the chest and limbs. A Holter monitor can be worn for days to record heart activity during routine activities. An event monitor is kept at home and used when symptoms occur to check heart rhythm. An echocardiogram uses ultrasound to produce images of the heart's structure and function. Cardiac CT and MRI scans use X-rays or magnetic fields to image the heart and check for issues that could cause arrhythmias.
Electrocardiography (ecg) - Electrical Signal of Human Heart
Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording – a graph of voltage versus time – of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin
unit i
Biomedical engineering applies engineering principles to improve healthcare by developing diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices. It combines engineering design with medical and biological sciences. Prominent applications include medical imaging equipment, prosthetics, pacemakers, and other devices. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and monitors the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. It provides information on heart rate and rhythm and can detect abnormalities.
The heart and circulatory system
The document discusses common diagnostic procedures for the heart and circulatory system, including echocardiography, cardiac scans, and stress testing. Echocardiography uses sound waves to create moving pictures of the heart and identify issues like heart murmurs or valve problems. Cardiac scans use radioactive thallium and cameras to image parts of the heart with good blood flow. Stress testing monitors the heart during increasing levels of exercise to evaluate issues like chest pain or shortness of breath during exertion.
Diagnostic procedures for coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis reducing blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain or heart attack. Diagnostic tests include cardiac enzymes in blood to detect heart muscle damage, serum lipoprotein levels indicating atherosclerosis risk, and various imaging techniques. Imaging options are angiography examining heart blood vessels, cardiac scans measuring blood flow at rest and during exercise, Doppler ultrasonography assessing blood flow velocity and direction, echocardiography creating heart images, and venography examining vein blood flow. Cardiac function tests involve cardiac catheterization examining the inside of the heart, electrocardiography monitoring heart electrical activity, Holter monitors tracking heart activity during daily life, and stress tests evaluating cardiovascular fitness during exercise.
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ECG.pptx
The document discusses an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG is obtained by placing electrodes on the body surface to record voltage differences generated by the heart. It can provide information about the heart's anatomy, chambers, rhythm, conduction, ischemia, and myocardial infarction. The document outlines some key terminologies used in ECG recording, including electrodes, leads, the 12-lead system, and frontal or limb leads that record from different planes. It also notes some cases where a dentist may advise a patient to get an ECG done in their dental office.
IntraOperative Monitoring
This document discusses parameters that are routinely monitored during surgical procedures, including electrocardiography (ECG), blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2), blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and temperature. Key parameters like ECG, SpO2, and blood pressure must be monitored throughout surgery. Precise measurement requires properly attaching sensors and being aware of potential errors from issues like loose or misplaced sensors. Monitoring continues in recovery to track patient status after the procedure.
Lecture 3 - taking -ecg.pptx
An electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity of the heart. Electrodes are placed on the skin to record the heart's electrical signals. An ECG can detect abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm. It involves preparing the patient, attaching electrodes to record 12 leads of the heart, and interpreting the tracing to assess rhythm, rate, intervals, and segments. An ECG is a safe, noninvasive test used to evaluate chest pain, heart function, and the effects of medications or surgery.
ECG PRESENTED BY- OM VERMA...
An ECG is a test that detects and records the electrical signals of the heart. Sensors placed on the skin pick up these signals with each heartbeat. An ECG can help diagnose conditions affecting the heart such as arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, or heart attacks. There are different types of ECGs including resting, stress or exercise, and ambulatory/Holter monitor versions. The test involves attaching electrodes to the skin of the arms, legs and chest connected to an ECG machine.
Heart procedures
An EKG records the heart's electrical activity and shows heart rate and rhythm. Holter monitors also record electrical activity over longer periods to diagnose arrhythmias or detect silent ischemia. A 12-lead EKG reveals where heartbeats start and electrical signal travel times to identify issues. Cardiac catheterization threads a thin catheter into blood vessels to access the heart for diagnostic tests and treatments.
ECG (1).pptx
- The document describes the design of a low-cost ECG circuit to measure heart signals using discrete electronics. The system consists of 3 op-amp instrumentation amplifiers, high-pass and low-pass filters. The ECG circuit was tested using medical electrodes on volunteer subjects. The objectives are to practice designing low-cost medical devices and test an ECG system using discrete components.
ECG (1).pptx
- The document describes the design of a low-cost ECG circuit to measure heart signals using discrete electronics. The system consists of 3 op-amp instrumentation amplifiers, high-pass and low-pass filters. The ECG circuit was tested using medical electrodes on volunteer subjects. The objectives are to practice designing low-cost medical devices and test an ECG system using discrete components.
EET (Exercise Tolerance Test )
An exercise tolerance test (ETT), also known as a stress test, measures the heart's electrical activity through an electrocardiogram (ECG) during progressive exercise on a treadmill or exercise bike. The test is used to diagnose coronary artery disease by provoking myocardial ischemia. During the test, the patient exercises while surface electrodes attached to an ECG machine record the heart's electrical impulses and measure heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG to check for abnormalities.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Cardiac Procedures
- 2. ECG - electrocardiography the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin. Indication: commonly used as screen test , and assess overall heart condition by interpretation of hart electronical activity.
- 3. Holter monitor Continuously monitoring various electrical activity of the cardiovascular system for a period of a few hours to a few days on a portable recording device most common use is for monitoring heart activity and sometimes for observing occasional cardiac arrhythmias which would be difficult to identify in a shorter period by ECG.
- 4. Difference in ECG and Holter Monitor ECG is always done in minutes. Indication: always ordered as a screen test for heart condition. Holter Monitoring is done in hours or days. Indication: common ordered only for occasional cardiac arrhythmias.
- 5. Doppler ultrasonography employ the Doppler effect to assess whether structures (usually blood flow) are moving towards or away from the probe, and its relative velocity. Indication: assess the abnormal blood flow and underlying structure of cardiovascular system.
- 6. ECHO - Echocardiography one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology a diagnostic test that uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the heart and blood flow (by Doppler probe). Indication: assess abnormal heart conditions in structure and pump function.
- 7. MUGA Cardiac Scan Nuclear medicine test designed to evaluate the function of the right and left ventricles of the heart Provides a more accurate representation of cardiac ejection fraction. Advantage of a MUGA scan over an ECHO or Angiogram is due to its accuracy. Furthermore, an angiogram is invasive and, often, more expensive
- 8. Cardiac Catheterization a invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions Includes mainly coronary catheterization and catheterization of cardiac chambers and valves of the cardiac system. Procedure shown at the right is PCTA + Stent.