Transportation accounts for approximately 14% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is a pressing issue that must be addressed to avoid major environmental consequences. This paper examines strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector, including improving engine and fuel technologies as well as implementing mobility management approaches. Engine technologies like hybrids and fuels like ethanol can help lower emissions, but the best results depend on developing alternatives from renewable sources. Mobility management, including road pricing and promoting low-speed transportation, has demonstrated potential to significantly decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Overall, a variety of solutions will be needed to curb the rising emissions expected from continued population and economic growth.
Comparative Computational Modelling of CO2 Gas Emissions for Three Wheel Vehi...IJRES Journal
Quest for a greener environment and energy conservation has led a number of research studies to increase fuel economy and reduce emissions in developmental design of vehicles.This study illustrates how a vehicular body shape affects fuel consumption and gas emission. Solid models for two different tricycles were done and simulated using Solid works flow xpress, Mathematical models were applied to compare the rate of fuel consumption and gas emission between the simulated models. The result shows thatNASENI TC1 consumes less fuel and invariably emits less CO2 when compared with RFM 1.
The Role of Renewable Energy in Moving Towards Sustainable TransportationAbdulrazaq Abdulkareem
An analysis of the future of renewable energy; what are the costs, benefits and future prospects for countries moving away from conventional sources of energy in their transportation sector to renewable sources of energy.
The implementation of government subsidies and tax incentives to enhance the ...Fardeen Ahmed
In this research paper (a riview of literature), I illustrated the effect of government subsidies and tax incentives to accelerate the overall sales and production of Electric vehicle (EVs) in Bangladesh. I would like to thank my professor Gamal Atallah, who is an Associate Professor at the Economics department of University of Ottawa, for guiding me throughout the semester to complete this paper.
Shipping industry ha sbeen experiencing a small boom in connection to the use of LNG as fuel. However more fuels come into play. What will be the future mix of all these fuels? Is it going to be one fuel dominating all others or we will have a more diverse picture?
This paper attempts to answer these questions.
Comparative Computational Modelling of CO2 Gas Emissions for Three Wheel Vehi...IJRES Journal
Quest for a greener environment and energy conservation has led a number of research studies to increase fuel economy and reduce emissions in developmental design of vehicles.This study illustrates how a vehicular body shape affects fuel consumption and gas emission. Solid models for two different tricycles were done and simulated using Solid works flow xpress, Mathematical models were applied to compare the rate of fuel consumption and gas emission between the simulated models. The result shows thatNASENI TC1 consumes less fuel and invariably emits less CO2 when compared with RFM 1.
The Role of Renewable Energy in Moving Towards Sustainable TransportationAbdulrazaq Abdulkareem
An analysis of the future of renewable energy; what are the costs, benefits and future prospects for countries moving away from conventional sources of energy in their transportation sector to renewable sources of energy.
The implementation of government subsidies and tax incentives to enhance the ...Fardeen Ahmed
In this research paper (a riview of literature), I illustrated the effect of government subsidies and tax incentives to accelerate the overall sales and production of Electric vehicle (EVs) in Bangladesh. I would like to thank my professor Gamal Atallah, who is an Associate Professor at the Economics department of University of Ottawa, for guiding me throughout the semester to complete this paper.
Shipping industry ha sbeen experiencing a small boom in connection to the use of LNG as fuel. However more fuels come into play. What will be the future mix of all these fuels? Is it going to be one fuel dominating all others or we will have a more diverse picture?
This paper attempts to answer these questions.
An Overview of Power Plant CCS and CO2-EOR ProjectsHusen E . Bader
CO2 has been used for many decades in the industrial processes and food manufacturing, including soft drinks.
Likewise, it is an essential component of other everyday items such as fire extinguishers. In very high
concentrations, CO2 like any dense gas, can act as an asphyxiate material, which can be dangerous to humans with
its adverse impact on respiration. Thus, CO2 is captured to minimize risks to humans’ health and the environment. A
general overview of the current carbon capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
projects is presented in this paper. This work provides a summary of the current worldwide CCS and CO2-EOR
projects along with their potential benefits. CCS is a process used to capture CO2 that is produced by industrial
facilities. The CCS technology involves CO2 capture, transport and storage. On the other hand, EOR is a generic
term for various techniques to increase recovery from oil fields. The injection of CO2 into underground rock
formation of oil reservoirs in order to improve their recovery is called CO2-EOR.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Air Pollution can be FixedCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Air Pollution can be Fixed
presented by Mr Anders Wijkman (European Parliament and Tällberg Foundation)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
A look at how automotive emissions legislation and the drive for energy sustainability are impacting the refining industry.
Both recent - and upcoming - legislation on automobile emissions has become the major change agent within this environmental arena. As with all legislation, regulation around emissions levels the playing field for all stakeholders in the automotive industry, effectively ensuring a competitive business climate. All participants must adjust their operations to comply with the latest regulations, leaving no-one at a competitive disadvantage.
The continued use of energy sources based on fossil fuels has various repercussions for
the environment. These repercussions are being minimized through the use of renewable energy
supplies and new techniques to decarbonize the global energy matrix. For many years, hydrogen
has been one of the most used gases in all kinds of industry, and now it is possible to produce it
efficiently, on a large scale, and in a non-polluting way.
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
Climate Change mitigation: practical measures to limit global warming IPCC re...GreenFacts
The IPCC uses a very specific language when it comes to expressing the degree of uncertainty or agreement for each statement in the fifth assessment report. For an overview of the specific meaning of each qualifier, you can read the relevant section in our summary of the Working Group I report.
The Clean Commuter Rebate Scheme (CCRS)Natasha Rayan
Climate change is a global issue which requires cooperation on mitigation efforts across all countries. Australians are amongst the key contributors to global warming and must play their part in lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Clean Commuter Rebate Scheme, commuters in Adelaide will be given an incentive to reduce their carbon footprint and offered a rebate on journeys that are ‘clean.’ In this report it is proposed that incentives and positive reinforcement are more effective advocates for behavioural change than penalties for less desirable behaviour. Given any change in policy there will always be stakeholders and costs to address which will be discussed at length throughout.
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Dave Southgate
This book describes the carbon footprint of global international aircraft operations in 2012. It contains a large number of graphics and tables which are designed to make the data readily accessible to the reader.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
An Overview of Power Plant CCS and CO2-EOR ProjectsHusen E . Bader
CO2 has been used for many decades in the industrial processes and food manufacturing, including soft drinks.
Likewise, it is an essential component of other everyday items such as fire extinguishers. In very high
concentrations, CO2 like any dense gas, can act as an asphyxiate material, which can be dangerous to humans with
its adverse impact on respiration. Thus, CO2 is captured to minimize risks to humans’ health and the environment. A
general overview of the current carbon capture and storage (CCS) and CO2 based enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
projects is presented in this paper. This work provides a summary of the current worldwide CCS and CO2-EOR
projects along with their potential benefits. CCS is a process used to capture CO2 that is produced by industrial
facilities. The CCS technology involves CO2 capture, transport and storage. On the other hand, EOR is a generic
term for various techniques to increase recovery from oil fields. The injection of CO2 into underground rock
formation of oil reservoirs in order to improve their recovery is called CO2-EOR.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Air Pollution can be FixedCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Air Pollution can be Fixed
presented by Mr Anders Wijkman (European Parliament and Tällberg Foundation)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
A look at how automotive emissions legislation and the drive for energy sustainability are impacting the refining industry.
Both recent - and upcoming - legislation on automobile emissions has become the major change agent within this environmental arena. As with all legislation, regulation around emissions levels the playing field for all stakeholders in the automotive industry, effectively ensuring a competitive business climate. All participants must adjust their operations to comply with the latest regulations, leaving no-one at a competitive disadvantage.
The continued use of energy sources based on fossil fuels has various repercussions for
the environment. These repercussions are being minimized through the use of renewable energy
supplies and new techniques to decarbonize the global energy matrix. For many years, hydrogen
has been one of the most used gases in all kinds of industry, and now it is possible to produce it
efficiently, on a large scale, and in a non-polluting way.
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 20.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 30, Number 1—Winter 2016—Pages 117–138
F ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns
over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate
matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce
emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how
the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion
of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world’s largest
cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of
air pollution from burning fossil fuels—especially particulates, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides—are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and
Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?
■ Thomas Covert is Assistant Professor of Microeconomics, Booth School of Business, Univer-
sity of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Michael Greenstone is the Milton Friedman Professor in
Economics and the College and Director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, both at the
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Christopher R. Knittel is William Barton Rogers
Professor of Energy Economics, Sloan School of Management, and Director of the Center for
Energy and Environmental Policy Research, all at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greenstone and Knittel are also Research Associates, National
Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Their email addresses are thomas.
[email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]
† For supplementary materials such as appendices, datasets, and author disclosure statements, see the
article page at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117 doi=10.1257/jep.30.1.117
Thomas Covert, Michael Greenstone, and
Christopher R. Knittel
j_covert_301.indd 117 1/20/16 6:57 AM
118 Journal of Economic Perspectives
Greenstone 2003; Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li 2013; Knittel, Miller, and
Sanders forthcoming).
By the mid-1990s, concerns about the role of fossil fuels in generating emis-
sions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases gained traction. Approximately
65 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are generated by fossil fuel combus-
tion.1 Of these emissions, coal is responsible for 45 percent, oil for 35 percent, and
natural gas for 20 percent.2 To reduce carbon dioxide emissions by enough to miti-
gate the chance of disruptive climate change in a substantial way, there would seem to
be only two possible options. One is to find ways to capture carbon from the air and
store it. T ...
A report published by the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions in June 2013 which looks at how the use of natural gas can be paired with renewable energy sources in the coming years to further reduce so-called greenhouse gas emissions--carbon and methane--which theoretically will help reduce (don't laugh), "climate change." Of course the climate changes all the time, but don't tell the politicians and Mother Earth worshipers that.
Climate Change mitigation: practical measures to limit global warming IPCC re...GreenFacts
The IPCC uses a very specific language when it comes to expressing the degree of uncertainty or agreement for each statement in the fifth assessment report. For an overview of the specific meaning of each qualifier, you can read the relevant section in our summary of the Working Group I report.
The Clean Commuter Rebate Scheme (CCRS)Natasha Rayan
Climate change is a global issue which requires cooperation on mitigation efforts across all countries. Australians are amongst the key contributors to global warming and must play their part in lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Clean Commuter Rebate Scheme, commuters in Adelaide will be given an incentive to reduce their carbon footprint and offered a rebate on journeys that are ‘clean.’ In this report it is proposed that incentives and positive reinforcement are more effective advocates for behavioural change than penalties for less desirable behaviour. Given any change in policy there will always be stakeholders and costs to address which will be discussed at length throughout.
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Dave Southgate
This book describes the carbon footprint of global international aircraft operations in 2012. It contains a large number of graphics and tables which are designed to make the data readily accessible to the reader.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
THE FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Hydrology of small drainage Basins:
A paper titled:
Reducing greenhouse green-house gas emissions as a key factor in climate protection.
Names : Raymond Raymond
Supervisor: Pawel Falacinski, DSC Eng.
2. Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid major
environmental consequences in the future. Recent change in public opinion has been caused by the physical
signs of climate change–melting, rising sea levels and hotter average global temperatures annually.
Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions from
human activity, accounting for approximately 14 percent of total anthropogenic emissions globally.
Fortunately, transportation technologies and strategies are emerging that can help to meet the climate
challenge. While the climate change benefits of innovative engine and vehicle technologies are relatively
well understood.
Mobility management approaches that have established the greatest CO2 reduction potential, to date, include
road pricing policies (congestion and cordon). Other approaches have also indicated CO2 reduction potential
including: low-speed modes.
Key words: Greenhouse gas emissions, Carbon dioxide, Mobility management.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of energy accounts for a major fraction of all anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs),
and in most industrialized countries transportation fuel use produces a major fraction of all energy-related
emissions. In the U.S., for example, emissions of GHGs from transportation accounts for over 27 percent of
anthropogenic GHG emissions, while globally, transportation contributes approximately 14 percent of GHG
emissions1.
Figure1. Shows the various sources of global GHG emissions from human activity and which specific GHGs
are ultimately emitted.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that energy use and CO2 emissions in developed countries
will rise by approximately 50 percent between 2000 and 2030. Emissions in developing countries are
expected to rise even faster, in some cases (such as in China and Indonesia) more than doubling between
2000 and 20202
. These increases are due to a combination of increases in personal travel and goods
movement, coupled with continued heavy reliance on fossil fuels for transportation energy.
Worldwide personal transportation is expected to increase 1.7 percent annually from 2000 to 2050, while
worldwide freight transportation is expected to increase by 2.3 percent annually during the same timeframe.
Worsening this issue, transit modal share has decreased due to lower density land use and the greater
convenience of private vehicles3
. Given these trends, solutions are needed to reduce emissions and energy
consumption from the transportation sector, now widely believed to be contributing to climate change.
The production and use of fuels for transportation also results in emissions of other important GHGs besides
CO2, including methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These emissions can be significant, especially for
some types of vehicles and fuels. While smaller in quantity, these emissions are important because of the
relatively high “global warming potential” values of these gases (i.e., on a 100-year assessment basis a
3. CH4 molecule has about 23 times the effect of a CO2 molecule, and an N2O molecule has about 296 times
the effect of a CO2 molecule4
). For conventional vehicles, these non-CO2 GHG emissions can contribute
approximately a quarter of the value of overall vehicle emissions, but for alternative fuel vehicles the
contribution can be much higher or lower, in the range of 1 to 57 percent5
.
In light of the importance of the transportation sector as an emitter of GHGs, and in the face of growing
concern about climate change, analysts have been evaluating long-term transportation and energy policies
for their potential impact on global climate change. This paper provides an overview of transportation GHG
emissions and a range of emerging technologies that could help to reduce negative transportation sector
impacts and ultimately contribute to climate stabilization.
2. BACKGROUND
Global emissions of CO2 and other GHGs have been steadily increasing with population growth and
development. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has examined the potential global
temperature impacts of future GHG emissions scenarios, including those with unabated emissions and those
where atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are stabilized at 450 and 550 parts per million (ppm) (compared
with an actual level of 383 ppm at the start of 2007).
The steady increase in global GHG emissions has been most directly addressed at the international level,
through the efforts of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A specific
set of GHG emission reduction goals, known now as the “Kyoto Protocol,” was established during the
UNFCCC 3rd “Council of the Parties” (or “COP-3”) meeting of the United Nations on climate change in
Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997.
3. ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES & FUELS
Efforts to address GHG emissions through the introduction of new vehicles can be highly effective in the
long term, but they are somewhat slow due to the nature of motor vehicle fleet turnover and the penetration
of new vehicles into the overall vehicle fleet. Some new vehicle technologies also suffer from limited
refueling infrastructure (e.g., biofuels and hydrogen) and others suffer from other important limitations (e.g.,
short driving range and long refueling time for battery electric vehicles). These intricacies make the
introduction of new vehicle and fuel types complex, as this involves a combination of technological,
economic, social, and political factors.
The most straightforward way to reduce GHGs from motor vehicles is to simply mandate greater vehicle
fuel economy. This translates more or less directly into reduced CO2 emissions, but may or may not
significantly affect emissions of other GHGs such as CH4, N2O, and refrigerants. With regard to the
introduction of new fuel and vehicle types, GHG emissions can be addressed through the introduction of
new fuels (e.g., electricity, biofuels, hydrogen, etc.), different “end-use” technologies (e.g., better or different
“prime mover” engines and motors, energy storage systems, etc.), or a combination of both fuel and vehicle
changes.
Some fuels can also be produced in a more decentralized fashion, such as small-scale production of hydrogen
through steam methane reforming; however, these CO2 emissions would be harder to capture and remove.
The primary types of vehicle technologies currently being explored include:
•
Combustion engine (typically Otto, Diesel, or Atkinson-cycle) vehicles running on gasoline, diesel, bio-
diesel, ethanol, methanol, compressed natural gas, liquefied propane gas, or hydrogen (or some blend of
these fuels);
•
Electric-drive vehicles, powered by batteries, ultracapacitors, fuel cells, or a combination of power sources;
•
Hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles that combine both of the above, with a wide range of potential ratios
between the combustion engine and electric drive; and
• Vehicles operating on ethanol (with 85 percent ethanol mixed with 15 percent gasoline) produce similar
GHG emission levels as CNG vehicles and diesel vehicles or about 300 grams per mile. However, if the
4. ethanol can be made from “cellulosic” rather than corn-based sources, emissions can be dramatically reduced
to about 100 grams per mile.
Hydrogen-powered vehicles can either burn the hydrogen directly in a combustion engine or convert it to
electricity using a fuel cell system to drive an electric motor. Emissions from these vehicles can vary
dramatically depending on how the hydrogen is produced. On one hand, as noted above, emissions can be
nearly eliminated if the hydrogen is produced from renewable sources of electricity and the electrolysis
process of splitting water molecules.
Finally, vehicles running directly on electricity with batteries also have emissions that vary greatly with how
the electricity is produced. Emissions can range from near zero, again with renewable electricity, to about
240 grams per mile something very common in the U.S. power grid fuel mix.
CONCLUSION:
Carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector are projected to rise due to ongoing reliance on
fossil fuels and increases in vehicle miles traveled. Projections are also expected due to growth in the
developing world. A range of strategies is needed to address fuel consumption and emissions in the future.
In this paper, I examined two strategies for addressing GHG emissions including:
1) engine technology and fuels, 2) mobility management. In the future, the ultimate mix of emission
reduction measures will depend upon a number of factors including: technology development.
REFERENCES
WRI Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, World Resources
Institute (WRI) (2005)
IEA Transport Technologies and Policies for Energy Security and
CO2 Reductions, International Energy Agency (IEA), Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, France (2003) ETPC Paper No. 02/2003.
WBCSD Mobility 2030: Meeting the Challenges to Sustainability, World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD), Geneva, Switzerland (2004)
http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/mobility/mobility-full.pdf
UNFCCC. Kyoto protocol. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. (2007).