This document provides an overview of air pollution, including definitions, its evolution as a problem, key historical events, and environmental protection programs. It begins with three definitions of air pollution and discusses how air pollution became a problem during the Roman era due to mining and smelting activities. The industrial revolution led to increased coal consumption and severe air pollution in the post-industrialization period. Several major air pollution episodes caused illness and deaths in the 20th century. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol and Paris Agreement were implemented to regulate emissions and mitigate climate change.
This document discusses the history and forms of pollution. It notes that pollution became a major public issue after World War 2, prompting environmental legislation in the 1950s. The major forms of pollution are air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, light and thermal pollution. Air pollution comes from sources like motor vehicles, factories, and agriculture. Water pollution results from waste discharge and runoff. Soil contamination occurs from spills and underground leaks. Growing evidence of local and global pollution has led to the environmental movement seeking to limit human impact on the environment.
Pollution has existed for centuries in various forms. Ancient cultures produced air pollution from activities like metal forging. During the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of factories and consumption of fossil fuels caused unprecedented levels of air and water pollution. Modern awareness of pollution issues grew after events like the Great Smog of 1952 in London and publication of books like Silent Spring, leading to increased environmental regulations in the 1960s-1970s. Pollution remains a global problem today.
This document discusses the history and forms of environmental pollution. It begins by defining pollution and providing a brief history, noting that air pollution has accompanied civilizations since prehistoric times. It then discusses different forms of urban and industrial pollution that increased during periods like the Industrial Revolution. The document outlines major forms of pollution like air, water, noise, light and soil pollution and contaminants associated with each. It provides several examples of severe pollution incidents that increased environmental awareness.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy in various forms. Major forms of pollution include air, water, soil, noise, light, and radioactive contamination. Pollution has negative effects on human health like respiratory diseases and cancer, and environmental effects like acid rain and climate change. Many nations have laws regulating pollution to protect the environment and human health. Pollution control methods aim to reduce emissions and effluents through practices like recycling and devices like scrubbers and sewage treatment.
This document provides information about an elective course on air pollution control techniques. It includes details like the course code, faculty involved, blog link, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like the definition of air pollution, history of air pollution including major disasters, sources and effects of air pollution, sampling and analysis methods, standards and regulations, and control of pollutants from various sources. It also provides background on the history of air pollution and some notable air pollution episodes and accidents around the world.
This document discusses the history and forms of pollution. It begins by defining pollution and describing how ancient cultures contributed to air pollution through activities like metal forging. It then discusses acknowledgment of pollution in the Middle Ages and major increases during the Industrial Revolution due to fossil fuel use. Modern awareness of pollution grew after events like the Great Smog of 1952 in London. The document also outlines the main forms of pollution like air, water and soil pollution and their health and environmental effects. It discusses pollution regulation and techniques for pollution prevention and control.
Pollution has been a problem since ancient times when early humans built fires without proper ventilation. As metalworking and other industries developed, pollution increased and began affecting areas far beyond its original sources. The Industrial Revolution caused unprecedented growth in air and water pollution from factories and fossil fuel use. Rising public awareness and major pollution events in the 1950s-1970s led to modern environmental legislation to regulate pollution. However, pollution continues to cause health and environmental issues around the world from sources such as transportation, agriculture, manufacturing and waste disposal.
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
This document discusses the history and forms of pollution. It notes that pollution became a major public issue after World War 2, prompting environmental legislation in the 1950s. The major forms of pollution are air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, light and thermal pollution. Air pollution comes from sources like motor vehicles, factories, and agriculture. Water pollution results from waste discharge and runoff. Soil contamination occurs from spills and underground leaks. Growing evidence of local and global pollution has led to the environmental movement seeking to limit human impact on the environment.
Pollution has existed for centuries in various forms. Ancient cultures produced air pollution from activities like metal forging. During the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of factories and consumption of fossil fuels caused unprecedented levels of air and water pollution. Modern awareness of pollution issues grew after events like the Great Smog of 1952 in London and publication of books like Silent Spring, leading to increased environmental regulations in the 1960s-1970s. Pollution remains a global problem today.
This document discusses the history and forms of environmental pollution. It begins by defining pollution and providing a brief history, noting that air pollution has accompanied civilizations since prehistoric times. It then discusses different forms of urban and industrial pollution that increased during periods like the Industrial Revolution. The document outlines major forms of pollution like air, water, noise, light and soil pollution and contaminants associated with each. It provides several examples of severe pollution incidents that increased environmental awareness.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy in various forms. Major forms of pollution include air, water, soil, noise, light, and radioactive contamination. Pollution has negative effects on human health like respiratory diseases and cancer, and environmental effects like acid rain and climate change. Many nations have laws regulating pollution to protect the environment and human health. Pollution control methods aim to reduce emissions and effluents through practices like recycling and devices like scrubbers and sewage treatment.
This document provides information about an elective course on air pollution control techniques. It includes details like the course code, faculty involved, blog link, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like the definition of air pollution, history of air pollution including major disasters, sources and effects of air pollution, sampling and analysis methods, standards and regulations, and control of pollutants from various sources. It also provides background on the history of air pollution and some notable air pollution episodes and accidents around the world.
This document discusses the history and forms of pollution. It begins by defining pollution and describing how ancient cultures contributed to air pollution through activities like metal forging. It then discusses acknowledgment of pollution in the Middle Ages and major increases during the Industrial Revolution due to fossil fuel use. Modern awareness of pollution grew after events like the Great Smog of 1952 in London. The document also outlines the main forms of pollution like air, water and soil pollution and their health and environmental effects. It discusses pollution regulation and techniques for pollution prevention and control.
Pollution has been a problem since ancient times when early humans built fires without proper ventilation. As metalworking and other industries developed, pollution increased and began affecting areas far beyond its original sources. The Industrial Revolution caused unprecedented growth in air and water pollution from factories and fossil fuel use. Rising public awareness and major pollution events in the 1950s-1970s led to modern environmental legislation to regulate pollution. However, pollution continues to cause health and environmental issues around the world from sources such as transportation, agriculture, manufacturing and waste disposal.
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
Environmental Disasters -- Human FailuresOn March 28, 1979, as t.docxSALU18
Three major environmental disasters are summarized:
1) The 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania caused by mechanical, electrical, and human failures that changed nuclear regulations.
2) The 1984 Bhopal chemical plant leak in India killed over 3,300 people in the worst industrial accident.
3) The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion in Ukraine contaminated a large area and displaced hundreds of thousands of people.
The document discusses various topics related to air quality and air pollution. It begins by discussing the five basic physical elements according to ancient Indian philosophy. It then discusses some of the major environmental crises caused by urbanization, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and solid waste generation. The document also provides information on the sources of air pollution such as industries, vehicles, and natural sources. It discusses some notable air pollution disasters and their impacts on human health.
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, sources, locations, and effects. It notes that air pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the atmosphere that harm life and the environment. Major sources include vehicle emissions, industry, and wildfires. Areas with high population and industry levels experience worse air pollution. The effects of air pollution include negative impacts on human health like respiratory illness as well as environmental damage such as acid rain. Solutions proposed to address air pollution include transitioning to renewable energy sources and adopting more sustainable practices.
Air pollution has been recognized as a problem for centuries. King Edward I made the first antipollution law in 1273 to restrict coal burning in London due to smoke pollution. The deadliest event was the 1952 London Smog that resulted in over 4,000 deaths over 5 days due to accumulated pollutants. Air pollution increased in the 20th century with the rise of transportation systems using petrol and diesel. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 exposed people to methyl isocyanide gas, with health effects still felt today. Air pollution occurs when solid or gaseous contaminants are present in amounts that harm human health and the environment, and can be caused by both natural events like volcanoes and forest fires, as well
Outcome Based Education (OBE) focuses on what students learn rather than what teachers teach. It aims to ensure all students achieve a minimum level of knowledge and abilities. OBE defines educational outcomes and measures student achievement of those outcomes.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse changes. Pollution has been an issue since ancient times when early civilizations created fires without adequate ventilation. During the Industrial Revolution, pollution greatly increased due to immense quantities of coal burned in factories and the discharge of industrial chemicals. Some early responses to pollution included King Edward I banning sea-coal burning in 1272 in London due to smoke, and Chicago and Cincinnati passing laws in 1881 to ensure cleaner air. However, pollution became a much larger problem during the Industrial Revolution.
Routes to Clean Air 2015 - Prof. Jim LonghurstIES / IAQM
The document summarizes the history of air pollution and efforts to manage it. It discusses how air pollution has been a problem since ancient Rome, but early warnings from figures like John Evelyn in the 17th century and Robert Angus Smith in the 19th century were often ignored. Major air pollution events in the 20th century like the Great Smog of London also failed to spur sufficient action. While policies have sought to reduce air pollution, it remains a significant public health issue, with estimates of thousands of premature deaths annually in the UK and millions globally. The document argues we have historically chosen air pollution through political and economic priorities over public health, and must decide if we want to change this pattern.
TitleABC123 Version X1Risk Assessment History & Fr.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Risk Assessment: History & FrameworkComplete Part A and Part B of this assignment.
Part A: Historical Development of Risk Assessment Summary
Resource: Table 1.1 (Ch. 1) in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
TABLE 1.1 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the Evolution of the Environmental Movement (based on information in http://www.zoaks.com/information/envirotimeline/envirotimeline.html)
Ancient Civilization
A.D. 80
The Roman Senate passes a law to protect water stored during dry periods so it can be released for street and sewer cleaning. Aqueducts have to be built because local springs and pools have become polluted.
Middle Ages and the Enlightenment (1300-1700)
1306
Edward I forbids coal burning when English Parliament is in session.
1640
Izaak Walton writes The Compleat Angler.
1661
John Evelyn writes “Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoake of London Dissipated” to propose remedies for London’s air pollution problem.
1681
William Penn requires Pennsylvania settlers to preserve 1 acre of trees for every 5 acres cleared.
Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)
1739
Benjamin Franklin and neighbors petition Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia’s commercial district.
1762-1769
Philadelphia committee led by Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste disposal and water pollution.
1775
English scientist Percival Pott finds that coal is causing an unusually high incidence of cancer among chimney sweeps.
1799
Manhattan Company formed to build water line. Company survives as Chase Manhattan Bank.
1817
U.S. Secretary of Navy authorized to reserve lands producing hardwoods for constructing naval ships.
1832
Arkansas Hot Springs established as a national reservation, setting a precedent for Yellowstone and eventually, a national park system.
1837
Benjamin McCready writes pioneering essay on occupational medicine and conditions of New York City slums.
1842
Edwin Chadwick writes “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain.” Report is first scientific inquiry about infectious disease, child mortality, and the link to polluted water supplies and lack of sanitation.
1843
Royal Commission inquiries begin; dreadful working conditions, child labor, public health problems exposed.
1854
John Snow, London doctor, maps spread of cholera in Broad Street neighborhood and traces cases to a contaminated drinking water pump. Snow’s epidemiological studies support “contagionist” views, partly supplanting “sanitarian” views about public health.
1863
George Perkins Marsh writes Man and Nature: The Earth as Modified by Human Action, with emphasis on forest preservation and soil and water conservation.
1860s-1880s
French scientist Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease revolutionizes concepts of public health, making it possible to isolate and treat specific diseases.
1871
U.S. Fish Commission formed to study declin ...
01-Introduction to Air Pollution Control.pptPriyanka577830
This document provides an overview of the history of air pollution control in the United States. It discusses how in the 1960s-1970s, there was a major environmental awakening that led to the passage of laws like the Clean Air Act to regulate air pollution. It describes how air pollution involves emissions from sources, atmospheric transport of pollutants, and health impacts on receptors. It also explains that air pollution control requires reducing emissions from sources rather than just removing polluted air, as the scale of pumping out polluted air basins is infeasible. The document outlines how air pollution involves both primary pollutants emitted and secondary pollutants formed through atmospheric reactions.
The major environmental concerns in Europe are air pollution, acid rain, and nuclear disasters. Air pollution is caused by vehicle emissions and factories throughout large cities like London and Berlin. Acid rain is worst in Germany due to coal burning factories and vehicle emissions. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine spread radiation across Europe after a power plant explosion, forcing mass evacuations. European governments and the European Union are working to address these issues through new technologies, alternative fuels, and environmental policies.
Man made disaster and Most Cleanest CountryAbdullah Doğru
This document discusses various types of man-made environmental disasters including nuclear disasters, biological disasters, chemical disasters, terrorism, and global warming. It provides details on several notable past events for each disaster type, such as the nuclear disasters at Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, the Bhopal chemical disaster, and terrorist attacks like 9/11. The document also discusses the causes of global warming, with 90% attributed to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Finally, it lists the top 10 cleanest countries based on environmental performance metrics.
The document summarizes the Great Smog of London in 1952, one of the worst air pollution events in UK history. Dense fog caused by coal burning for heat during cold weather was trapped over the city by an atmospheric temperature inversion from December 5-9. The smog led to increased mortality, with estimates of over 4,000 additional deaths from respiratory illness. The event spurred the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1956, marking a turning point in UK environmental policy.
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of acid rain in Germany, air pollution in the UK, and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine. Acid rain from factory emissions has destroyed nearly half of Germany's Black Forest and harmed its economy. The Great Smog of 1952 in London killed thousands due to thick air pollution from coal burning. Both countries implemented emissions regulations and switched to cleaner energy sources to reduce pollution. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster released massive radiation when a reactor exploded, contaminating the environment and causing health issues over a large area for many years.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution
Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less than desirable substances have been vented into the air. One of the first air pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air pollution regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution continues to be a serious local and world wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property. In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this is not the case....show more content...All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial processes, power plants that are both coal and oil fired, residential heating, and transportation. But coal burning is the greatest source.
Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources.
TABLE 1
National U.S. Emissions Estimates 1990
(Million metric tons/year)
SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES
Transportation
Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3
Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1
Rail Sea 0 0.3 1.9
Off Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4
TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7
Stationary fuel combustion
Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3
Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7
Commercial 0 0.4 0.1
Residential 1 0.3 6.4
TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5
Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7
Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7
Miacellaneous
Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1
Other burning 0.1 0 0.6
Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0
TOTAL
This document provides an introduction to air pollution. It defines key terms like pollution, contaminants, and ecosystem. It describes the major spheres of the Earth's environment and how the atmosphere is stratified. The document then gives a historical overview of air pollution and major episodes. It discusses primary and secondary air pollutants and provides details on key pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates, ozone, PAN, photochemical smog, and aerosols. The author is identified as Dr. Mukesh Khare, an expert in air quality and environmental engineering.
Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring - A brief history from early UK measurements...IES / IAQM
Early ambient air pollution monitoring in the UK began in the 1950s in response to deadly smog events. This led to the first national monitoring network in the 1960s measuring smoke and sulfur dioxide. Understanding of complex photochemical smog developed in the 1970s from US experiences, widening monitoring to include other traffic-related pollutants. By the 1990s, many ambient air quality surveys had begun, facilitated by new instrumentation. Current strategies for monitoring individual sites involve defining clear objectives to design cost-effective programs considering parameters, timing, locations, and methods.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
This document provides a summary of air pollution incidents and legislation in the United States. It begins with a brief history of air pollution events dating back to medieval England. It then outlines key air pollution incidents that occurred in the US between the early 1900s and 1992. The document also summarizes major US air pollution laws passed between 1955 and 1990, highlighting increased regulation and standards over time. Finally, it lists various educational resource materials on air pollution, including audiovisual and print resources.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
More Related Content
Similar to L1_BRG_Introduction to air pollution-I.pdf
Environmental Disasters -- Human FailuresOn March 28, 1979, as t.docxSALU18
Three major environmental disasters are summarized:
1) The 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania caused by mechanical, electrical, and human failures that changed nuclear regulations.
2) The 1984 Bhopal chemical plant leak in India killed over 3,300 people in the worst industrial accident.
3) The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion in Ukraine contaminated a large area and displaced hundreds of thousands of people.
The document discusses various topics related to air quality and air pollution. It begins by discussing the five basic physical elements according to ancient Indian philosophy. It then discusses some of the major environmental crises caused by urbanization, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and solid waste generation. The document also provides information on the sources of air pollution such as industries, vehicles, and natural sources. It discusses some notable air pollution disasters and their impacts on human health.
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, sources, locations, and effects. It notes that air pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the atmosphere that harm life and the environment. Major sources include vehicle emissions, industry, and wildfires. Areas with high population and industry levels experience worse air pollution. The effects of air pollution include negative impacts on human health like respiratory illness as well as environmental damage such as acid rain. Solutions proposed to address air pollution include transitioning to renewable energy sources and adopting more sustainable practices.
Air pollution has been recognized as a problem for centuries. King Edward I made the first antipollution law in 1273 to restrict coal burning in London due to smoke pollution. The deadliest event was the 1952 London Smog that resulted in over 4,000 deaths over 5 days due to accumulated pollutants. Air pollution increased in the 20th century with the rise of transportation systems using petrol and diesel. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 exposed people to methyl isocyanide gas, with health effects still felt today. Air pollution occurs when solid or gaseous contaminants are present in amounts that harm human health and the environment, and can be caused by both natural events like volcanoes and forest fires, as well
Outcome Based Education (OBE) focuses on what students learn rather than what teachers teach. It aims to ensure all students achieve a minimum level of knowledge and abilities. OBE defines educational outcomes and measures student achievement of those outcomes.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse changes. Pollution has been an issue since ancient times when early civilizations created fires without adequate ventilation. During the Industrial Revolution, pollution greatly increased due to immense quantities of coal burned in factories and the discharge of industrial chemicals. Some early responses to pollution included King Edward I banning sea-coal burning in 1272 in London due to smoke, and Chicago and Cincinnati passing laws in 1881 to ensure cleaner air. However, pollution became a much larger problem during the Industrial Revolution.
Routes to Clean Air 2015 - Prof. Jim LonghurstIES / IAQM
The document summarizes the history of air pollution and efforts to manage it. It discusses how air pollution has been a problem since ancient Rome, but early warnings from figures like John Evelyn in the 17th century and Robert Angus Smith in the 19th century were often ignored. Major air pollution events in the 20th century like the Great Smog of London also failed to spur sufficient action. While policies have sought to reduce air pollution, it remains a significant public health issue, with estimates of thousands of premature deaths annually in the UK and millions globally. The document argues we have historically chosen air pollution through political and economic priorities over public health, and must decide if we want to change this pattern.
TitleABC123 Version X1Risk Assessment History & Fr.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Risk Assessment: History & FrameworkComplete Part A and Part B of this assignment.
Part A: Historical Development of Risk Assessment Summary
Resource: Table 1.1 (Ch. 1) in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
TABLE 1.1 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the Evolution of the Environmental Movement (based on information in http://www.zoaks.com/information/envirotimeline/envirotimeline.html)
Ancient Civilization
A.D. 80
The Roman Senate passes a law to protect water stored during dry periods so it can be released for street and sewer cleaning. Aqueducts have to be built because local springs and pools have become polluted.
Middle Ages and the Enlightenment (1300-1700)
1306
Edward I forbids coal burning when English Parliament is in session.
1640
Izaak Walton writes The Compleat Angler.
1661
John Evelyn writes “Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoake of London Dissipated” to propose remedies for London’s air pollution problem.
1681
William Penn requires Pennsylvania settlers to preserve 1 acre of trees for every 5 acres cleared.
Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)
1739
Benjamin Franklin and neighbors petition Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia’s commercial district.
1762-1769
Philadelphia committee led by Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste disposal and water pollution.
1775
English scientist Percival Pott finds that coal is causing an unusually high incidence of cancer among chimney sweeps.
1799
Manhattan Company formed to build water line. Company survives as Chase Manhattan Bank.
1817
U.S. Secretary of Navy authorized to reserve lands producing hardwoods for constructing naval ships.
1832
Arkansas Hot Springs established as a national reservation, setting a precedent for Yellowstone and eventually, a national park system.
1837
Benjamin McCready writes pioneering essay on occupational medicine and conditions of New York City slums.
1842
Edwin Chadwick writes “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain.” Report is first scientific inquiry about infectious disease, child mortality, and the link to polluted water supplies and lack of sanitation.
1843
Royal Commission inquiries begin; dreadful working conditions, child labor, public health problems exposed.
1854
John Snow, London doctor, maps spread of cholera in Broad Street neighborhood and traces cases to a contaminated drinking water pump. Snow’s epidemiological studies support “contagionist” views, partly supplanting “sanitarian” views about public health.
1863
George Perkins Marsh writes Man and Nature: The Earth as Modified by Human Action, with emphasis on forest preservation and soil and water conservation.
1860s-1880s
French scientist Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease revolutionizes concepts of public health, making it possible to isolate and treat specific diseases.
1871
U.S. Fish Commission formed to study declin ...
01-Introduction to Air Pollution Control.pptPriyanka577830
This document provides an overview of the history of air pollution control in the United States. It discusses how in the 1960s-1970s, there was a major environmental awakening that led to the passage of laws like the Clean Air Act to regulate air pollution. It describes how air pollution involves emissions from sources, atmospheric transport of pollutants, and health impacts on receptors. It also explains that air pollution control requires reducing emissions from sources rather than just removing polluted air, as the scale of pumping out polluted air basins is infeasible. The document outlines how air pollution involves both primary pollutants emitted and secondary pollutants formed through atmospheric reactions.
The major environmental concerns in Europe are air pollution, acid rain, and nuclear disasters. Air pollution is caused by vehicle emissions and factories throughout large cities like London and Berlin. Acid rain is worst in Germany due to coal burning factories and vehicle emissions. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine spread radiation across Europe after a power plant explosion, forcing mass evacuations. European governments and the European Union are working to address these issues through new technologies, alternative fuels, and environmental policies.
Man made disaster and Most Cleanest CountryAbdullah Doğru
This document discusses various types of man-made environmental disasters including nuclear disasters, biological disasters, chemical disasters, terrorism, and global warming. It provides details on several notable past events for each disaster type, such as the nuclear disasters at Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, the Bhopal chemical disaster, and terrorist attacks like 9/11. The document also discusses the causes of global warming, with 90% attributed to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Finally, it lists the top 10 cleanest countries based on environmental performance metrics.
The document summarizes the Great Smog of London in 1952, one of the worst air pollution events in UK history. Dense fog caused by coal burning for heat during cold weather was trapped over the city by an atmospheric temperature inversion from December 5-9. The smog led to increased mortality, with estimates of over 4,000 additional deaths from respiratory illness. The event spurred the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1956, marking a turning point in UK environmental policy.
The document summarizes the environmental impacts of acid rain in Germany, air pollution in the UK, and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Ukraine. Acid rain from factory emissions has destroyed nearly half of Germany's Black Forest and harmed its economy. The Great Smog of 1952 in London killed thousands due to thick air pollution from coal burning. Both countries implemented emissions regulations and switched to cleaner energy sources to reduce pollution. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster released massive radiation when a reactor exploded, contaminating the environment and causing health issues over a large area for many years.
Paper Writing Service - HelpWriting.net 👈
✅ Quality
You get an original and high-quality paper based on extensive research. The completed work will be correctly formatted, referenced and tailored to your level of study.
✅ Confidentiality
We value your privacy. We do not disclose your personal information to any third party without your consent. Your payment data is also safely handled as you process the payment through a secured and verified payment processor.
✅ Originality
Every single order we deliver is written from scratch according to your instructions. We have zero tolerance for plagiarism, so all completed papers are unique and checked for plagiarism using a leading plagiarism detector.
✅ On-time delivery
We strive to deliver quality custom written papers before the deadline. That's why you don't have to worry about missing the deadline for submitting your assignment.
✅ Free revisions
You can ask to revise your paper as many times as you need until you're completely satisfied with the result. Provide notes about what needs to be changed, and we'll change it right away.
✅ 24/7 Support
From answering simple questions to solving any possible issues, we're always here to help you in chat and on the phone. We've got you covered at any time, day or night.
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution
Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less than desirable substances have been vented into the air. One of the first air pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air pollution regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution continues to be a serious local and world wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property. In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this is not the case....show more content...All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial processes, power plants that are both coal and oil fired, residential heating, and transportation. But coal burning is the greatest source.
Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources.
TABLE 1
National U.S. Emissions Estimates 1990
(Million metric tons/year)
SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES
Transportation
Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3
Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1
Rail Sea 0 0.3 1.9
Off Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4
TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7
Stationary fuel combustion
Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3
Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7
Commercial 0 0.4 0.1
Residential 1 0.3 6.4
TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5
Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7
Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7
Miacellaneous
Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1
Other burning 0.1 0 0.6
Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0
TOTAL
This document provides an introduction to air pollution. It defines key terms like pollution, contaminants, and ecosystem. It describes the major spheres of the Earth's environment and how the atmosphere is stratified. The document then gives a historical overview of air pollution and major episodes. It discusses primary and secondary air pollutants and provides details on key pollutants like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates, ozone, PAN, photochemical smog, and aerosols. The author is identified as Dr. Mukesh Khare, an expert in air quality and environmental engineering.
Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring - A brief history from early UK measurements...IES / IAQM
Early ambient air pollution monitoring in the UK began in the 1950s in response to deadly smog events. This led to the first national monitoring network in the 1960s measuring smoke and sulfur dioxide. Understanding of complex photochemical smog developed in the 1970s from US experiences, widening monitoring to include other traffic-related pollutants. By the 1990s, many ambient air quality surveys had begun, facilitated by new instrumentation. Current strategies for monitoring individual sites involve defining clear objectives to design cost-effective programs considering parameters, timing, locations, and methods.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
This document provides a summary of air pollution incidents and legislation in the United States. It begins with a brief history of air pollution events dating back to medieval England. It then outlines key air pollution incidents that occurred in the US between the early 1900s and 1992. The document also summarizes major US air pollution laws passed between 1955 and 1990, highlighting increased regulation and standards over time. Finally, it lists various educational resource materials on air pollution, including audiovisual and print resources.
Similar to L1_BRG_Introduction to air pollution-I.pdf (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Air Pollution and Control
Lecture 1: Introduction to Air Pollution - I
Prof. Bhola Ram Gurjar
Department of Civil Engineering
1
2. 2
Contents
• Definitions of air pollution
• Evolution of air pollution as a problem
• Air pollution in Roman Era
• Industrialization
• Industrial revolution
• Air pollution in pre industrialization scenario
• Air pollution in post industrialization scenario
• Air pollution regulation history
• Air pollution legislation history
• Environmental protection programs
• Air pollution episodes
• Accidental air pollution events
• Conclusions
3. 3
Definition of air pollution (1/3)
Air pollution is the presence in ambient atmosphere of
substances generally resulting from the activity of man,
in sufficient concentration, presents for a sufficient time
and under circumstances which interfere significantly
with the comfort, health or welfare of persons or with
the full use or enjoyment of property.
Sourec: M N RAO & H V N.Rao 2007. Air pollution. Image :https://www.health.harvard.edu
4. 4
Definition of air pollution (2/3)
The presence of contaminants or pollutant
substances in the atmosphere that interferes
with human health or welfare, or produce other
harmful environmental effects.
Source: VALLERO, DANIEL A. 2008. Fundamentals of Air Pollution
5. 5
Definition of air pollution (3/3)
.
Air pollution is the excessive concentration of
foreign matter in the air which adversely
affects the well being of individual or causes
damage to property.
Source: M N RAO & H V N.Rao 2007. Air pollution.
6. 6
Evolution of air pollution as a problem
Source: Makra, L., 2019, Image: https://www.clipartmax.com
Lighting the fire smoke air pollution started
7. 7
• In Roman era (350 BCE to 175 CE), mining and
smelting activities polluted the atmosphere for nearly
500 years.
• Released large amounts of toxic fumes into Europe's
air
• Within that period, lead pollution increased to more
than 10 times higher than background levels.
Source: Makra, L., 2019, Image: www.geology.com
Air pollution in Roman Era
BCE: Before the common era
9. 9
• The term Industrial Revolution was first
popularized by the English economic
historian Arnold Toynbee.
• This process began in Britain in the 18th
century and from there spread to other parts
of the world.
Industrial revolution
Source: www.britannica.com
10. 10
• In the ancient time
Burning of wood was used for
cooking, heating of caves and
smelting furnaces.
The caves was found thick black
layer because of air pollution.
Source: Mosley, S., 2014, Image: www.clipartmax.com
Smoke was most likely tolerated
indoors because it helped to keep
away the mosquitoes.
Air pollution in pre-industrialization scenario (1/2)
11. 11
That revealed long term exposure
to the smoke of domestic fires.
Scientists found blackening of the lungs
in the samples of mummified lung
tissues from Egypt, Peru and Britain.
Source: Mosley, S., 2014, Image: www.shutterstock.com
Air pollution in pre-industrialization scenario (2/2)
12. 12
Fuel switch: Wood to Coal
In the sixteenth-
century, population
started to increase
Wood demand
increased
Wood became
scarce
Increased the
coal consumption
Complaints about
smoke emissions
increased
Wood price
hiked
Source: Mosley, S., 2014
13. 13
Wood burning Coal burning
started
Oil started
used as fuel
Severe air
pollution
problem started
Air pollution in post-industrialization scenario (1/3)
Source: Mosley, S., 2014
14. 14
Air pollution in post-industrialization scenario (2/3)
From the end of the eighteenth
century, rapid industrial growth
started throughout the world.
Consumption of coal increased in
Europe, the United States and other
parts of the world.
World coal output was around 10
million tons annually in 1800.
Source: Mosley, S., 2014, Image: www.proprofs.com `
15. 15
By 1900, global coal output had
increased by 77 % annually with
respect to 1800.
Air pollution rose to unprecedented
levels as coal demand increased for
industrial and home energy uses.
Increased the negative impacts on
nature and human health.
Air pollution in post-industrialization scenario (3/3)
Source: Mosley, S., 2014
16. 16
Air pollution regulation history
Year Brief description
1307 King Edward I of England banned use of coal
1377 -1399 Richard II restricts use of coal
1413 - 1422 Henry V regulates/restricts use of coal
1578 Queen Elizabeth - I objected to the ‘taste and smoke’ of coal
1661 By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn of the Royal Society
publishes “Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke
dissipated; together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed”
1784 Watt’s steam engine; the coal was used for making the steam to
pump water and move machinery. Smoke and ash produced from
burning of coal.
Source:https://www.downloadclipart.net
Source: Mosley, S., 2014, www.coursehero.com
17. 17
Year Action
1955 First Federal Air Pollution Control Act (USA)
1960 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act (USA)
1963 Clean Air Act (USA)
1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (USA)
• Emission regulations for cars to begin in 1968
1967 Air Quality Act (USA)
• Criteria documents
• Control technique documents
1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (USA)
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• New Source Performance Standards
Source: www.coursehero.com, Image: cpcbenvis.nic.in
Air pollution legislation history
18. 18
Air pollution legislation in India
Year Action
1981 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
1982 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules
1988 Central Motor Vehicles Act
1986 Environment (Protection) Act, (EPA).
• Mostly all the countries
are having their own
environmental pollution
acts.
Source: Habib, G., Air Pollution.
19. Environmental Protection Programs (1/5)
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
COP: Conference of the Parties
The first world
conference to protect
the environment
,Stockholm, 1972
The first COP, Berlin,
1995
Vienna Convention,
Austria, 1985
IPCC, Switzerland,
1988
Montreal
Protocol, Canada,
1987
Earth Summit,
Brazil, 1992
Kyoto Protocol,
Japan, 1997
Paris Agreement,
France, 2015
19
Source: www.un.org
20. 20
Environmental Protection Programs (2/5)
Programs Key points
• The first world conference
to protect the environment,
Stockholm, 1972
• Focused on international
environmental issues
• Vienna convention, Austria,
1985
• To preserve human health
and to protect the
environment from harmful
effects of ozone layer
depletion
Source:https://www.britannica.com
21. 21
Environmental Protection Programs (3/5)
Programs Key points
• Montreal Protocol,
Canada, 1987
• To protect the ozone layer, stop the
manufacturing and import of ozone
depleting substances and reduce
their concentration.
• IPCC, Switzerland,
1988
• To provide the scientific
information that use to develop
climate policies.
Source: www.un.org
22. 22
Environmental Protection Programs (4/5)
Programs Key points
• Earth Summit, Brazil, 1992 • To put the concept of
sustainable development
• The first COP, Berlin, 1995 • To stabilize the greenhouse
gas emission and to address
the threat of climate change
Source: www.un.org
23. 23
Environmental Protection Programs (5/5)
Programs Key points
• Kyoto Protocol, Japan, 1997 • For stabilization of
greenhouse gas
concentrations in the
atmosphere
• Paris Agreement, France,
2015
• To limit global warming to
well below 20 C, preferably
to 1.50C, compared to pre-
industrial levels.
Source: www.un.org
24. 24
Air pollution episodes
Gas Attack,
Los Angeles
(1940)
Inversion over
New York City
(1966)
Donora,
Pennsylvania
(1948)
Acid rain,
America
(1969)
Great London
Smog (1952)
Acid rain,
West Virginia
(1978)
Meuse Valley,
Belgium (1930)
Los Angeles
smog (1954)
25. 25
Meuse Valley, Belgium (1930) (1/2)
Source: www.soe.uoguelph.ca, Image: www.prezi.com
• The Meuse valley is the region along the
Meuse river in Belgium.
• The sources of pollution were the densely
populated factories such as zinc smelter,
glass and steel manufacturers
26. 26
Meuse Valley, Belgium (1930) (2/2)
Source: www.soe.uoguelph.ca, Image: www.emedicinehealth.com
• Severe respiratory symptoms were seen.
• Deaths of 63 people and cattle’s death were
reported
• Approximately 6000 residents became ill.
27. 27
Gas attack, Los Angeles (1940s)
Source: www.jstor.org, Image: 1, www.wired.com, 2, www.timeline.com
• One of the first cities in the
U.S. To experience severe air
pollution problem.
• In the middle of world war II,
residents believed that they
were under chemical attack.
• Pollution sources were auto exhaust and petroleum
refineries
Image 1 Image 2
28. 28
Donora, Pennsylvania (1948) (1/2)
Source: www.soe.uoguelph.ca, www.pollutionissues.com
• Donora is a town which is situated along the
Monongahela river.
• Poor topography for the dispersion.
• Pollution sources were zinc smelting and blast
furnaces.
29. 29
Donora, Pennsylvania (1948) (2/2)
Source: www.soe.uoguelph.ca, www.alleghenyfront.org
• High levels of hydrofluoric acid inhaled by
the residents.
• 20 deaths and 600 become ill.
30. 30
Great London Smog (1952) (1/2)
Source: www.energyeducation.ca, Image: 1,2, www.britanica.com, 3, www.bbc.com
• The Great Smog was a huge pollution
event in London, England from
December 5 to December 9, 1952.
• Pollution sources were burning
of coal, factories and power plants.
Image 2
Image 3
Image 1
31. 31
Source: www.energyeducation.ca, Image: 1, www.lotusarise.com, 2, www.webmd.com
Great London Smog (1952) (2/2)
• Breathing problems
• 4,000 deaths in a weeks
Image 2
Image 1
32. 32
Los Angeles smog (1954)
• Visibility was drastically reduced by dense
smog in Los Angeles.
• Air pollution is blamed for causing 2000 auto
accidents in a single day.
Source: www.dnrec.delaware.gov, Image: www.garyflannelsuit.net
33. 33
Source: www.allthatsinteresting.com, Image: www.alamy.com
Inversion over New York City (1966) (1/2)
• The high level of air pollution in the history
of the eastern United States.
• Noxious combination of sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
34. 34
Inversion over New York City (1966) (2/2)
Source: www.allthatsinteresting.com
• Heart and respiratory issues
• Death rate of approximately 24 deaths
per day.
• Deaths of 169 people.
35. 35
Acid rain, America (1969) (1/2)
Source: www.dnrec.delaware.gov, image: 1, www.internetgeograpgy.com, 2, www.wander.com
• Acid rain became potent in
area of Indiana and East
Chicago.
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission
by industries.
Image 1 Image 2
36. 36
Acid rain, America (1969) (2/2)
Source: www.dnrec.delaware.gov, Image: www.themailbox.com, 2, www.communityrspb.org.uk
• Burned lawns, ate away tree leaves and Birds to lose their feathers.
Image 3 Image 4
37. 37
Acid rain, West Virginia (1978)
Source: http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/Air/Documents/airqualityappx.pdf
• Rainfall in Wheeling, West Virginia. pH
was measured at about 2.
• 5000 times more acidic than normal
rainfall.
38. Accidental air pollution events
38
WTC : World Trade Center
Poza Rico,
Mexico
(1950)
Seveso,
Italy (1976)
Bhopal gas
tragedy (1984)
Attack on the
WTC (2001)
Vizag gas
leakage (2020)
Vapour Cloud
Explosion,
Jaipur (2009)
39. 39
Poza Rico, Mexico (1950) (1/2)
Source: www.cabdirect.org
• Poza Rica is situated in the midst of the
petroleum-producing regions.
• A major air pollution disaster in 1950
40. 40
Poza Rico, Mexico (1950) (2/2)
Source: www.cabdirect.org, image: pubs.acs.org
• Hydrogen sulfide at an oil field was
accidentally vented into the air under a low-
altitude temperature inversion
• 22 sudden deaths
• 320 hospitalized of all ages
41. 41
Seveso, Italy (1976)
Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
• A 1976 chemical factory explosion near Seveso,
Italy.
• Explosion of Dioxin i.e. a human carcinogen.
• 19 children were admitted to hospitals with skin
lesions (abnormal skin growth).
• High animal and plant mortality.
42. 42
Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) (1/2)
• On 3rd December 1984, chemical leak in the
city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
• It is called the worst industrial air pollution
accident in history.
• Air pollutant was Methyl Isocyanate (MIC)
escaped from an insecticide plant.
Source: Sharif, A., 2020
43. 43
Source: Sharif, A., 2020
Bhopal gas tragedy (1984) (2/2)
• Main symptoms were vomiting and Eye irritation or
blindness
• Final death toll was estimated to be between
15,000 and 20,000
44. 44
Attack on the World Trade Center (2001) (1/2)
Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih, Image: 1, www. depositphotos.com,2, www.pubs.acs.org
• The terrorist attack on the World Trade Center
in New York city on September 11, 2001.
• Exposed thousands of people to potentially
harmful debris and environmental
contaminants.
• Jet fuel was burning after the crash of two
airplanes.
Image 1 Image 2
45. 45
• Toxic smoke and fumes were released which
was creating a cloud of dust, smoke, and
debris.
• Persistent cough, and increased risk of asthma.
• Firefighters were among the most heavily
exposed populations.
Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih, Image: 1, www. community.aafa.org
Attack on the World Trade Center (2001) (2/2)
46. 46
Vapour Cloud Explosion, Jaipur (2009) (1/2)
Source: R.K. Sharma et al., 2013
• A devastating vapour cloud explosion occurred in a
large fuel storage area at the Indian Oil Corporation
(IOC) Depot in Jaipur, India, generating significant
blast pressure.
• Due to leakage of gasoline.
47. 47
Source: R.K. Sharma et al., 2013
• 11 casualties, 150+ injured
• 5000 people from nearby
surrounding area were evacuated.
Before explosion After explosion
Vapour Cloud Explosion, Jaipur (2009) (2/2)
48. 48
Vizag gas leak, India (2020) (1/2)
Source: www.eprajournals.com, image: www.bbc.com
• A gas leakage was from LG polymers India
Pvt. Ltd. in R.R Venkatapuram village,
Visakhapatnam.
• Release of styrene vapor in the area.
Image 1
49. 49
Vizag gas leak, India (2020) (2/2)
• Respiratory problems and Irritation in
the eyes.
• Number of deaths were 12 people.
• Death of cattle's.
• 585 citizens were hospitalized
Image 1 Image 2
Source: www.eprajournals.com, image: www.bbc.com
50. 50
Conclusions
• Air pollution have a long and complex history that is associated with its adverse
effects on nature and human health.
• During the Industrial Revolution, the air quality became worsened because the
usage of coal and resulting emissions increased globally.
• In 19th and early 20th centuries, the effects of coal smoke were recognized on
locally and regionally.
• After the 2nd World War, rapid industrialization and
urbanization resulted in several negative impacts due to air
pollution such as acid rain, photochemical smog, ozone
depletion and climate change.
51. 51
References
• RAO, M N RAO & H V N. 2007. AIR POLLUTION. Tata McGraw Hill.
• VALLERO, DANIEL A. 2008. Fundamentals of Air Pollution. The Changing Face of Air Pollution.
• Makra, László. 2018. “Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times.” Toxicology in Antiquity: 267–87.
• Mosley, Stephen. 2014. “Environmental History of Air Pollution and Protection.” : 143–69.
• Wagner, J. 1993. The Mesue Valley Fog of 1930.
• Brienes, Marvin. 2009. “Smog Comes to Los Angeles.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. 58(4): 515–32.
• Ivel, J. 2016. “Donora, Pennsylvania Smog Event of 1948.” 1: 0–1.
• Mecabe, Lonis C. “Hydrogen Sulfide-Rich Gases plus Temperature Inversion and Fog Caused 320 Casualties Including 22 Deaths in Poza Rica, Maxico.”
• Brimblecombe, Peter. 1988. The Big Smoke London since Medieval Times.
• Jun, Kagawa. 1930. “Case Study of Air Pollution Episodes in Meuse.” Environmental Toxicology and Human Health I: 5–7.
• Sharif, Amina. 2020. “Case Study for Bhopal Gas Tragedy.”
• Yashoda Tammineni, and Teja Dakuri. 2020. “Vizag Gas Leak- a Case Study on the Uncontrolled Styrene Vapour Release for the First Time in India.”
EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD) 7838(August): 13–24.
• Science, Environmental, and American Chemical Society. 2006. “World Trade Center Aftermath and Its Effects on Health: Understanding and Learning
through HUMAN-EXPOSURE.” Environmental Science & Technology.