The document discusses carbon and its various forms and properties. It notes that carbon forms more compounds than any other element except hydrogen. It exists in several allotropes including diamond, graphite, and amorphous forms like coal and coke. The formation of coal from buried plant matter over millions of years is described. Different types of coal are classified based on their carbon content. The process of destructive distillation is outlined which produces gases, ammoniacal liquor, coal tar, and coke from coal.

1. Carbon and Its Compounds
Lawal Taiye Shakirat

2. Describe all you know about carbon.
Hey you! Yes you!
What do you know
about
CARBON?

3. • Carbon can be referred to as unique based on the following facts:
Fact 1
Carbon forms the
largest number of
compounds, next
only to hydrogen.
Fact 2
Carbon ranks
seventeenth in
the order of
abundance in
the earth’s crust
Fact 3
Carbon occurs
in the free
native state as
well as in the
combined state.
Fact 4
Carbon and its
compounds are
widely
distributed in
nature.
In Fact 3, two terms are in colour, what do you understand by those terms?

4. ACTIVITY
Fact 5
In its elemental
form, carbon
occurs in nature
as diamond and
graphite
Fact 6
Coal, charcoal
and coke are
impure forms of
carbon.
Fact 7
In the combined state,
carbon is present as
carbonate in many
mineral and also as
hydrocarbons in
natural gas, petroleum
1. Discuss in group, your understanding of the statements in step 5-6
2. In what other aspect of your life do you use carbon?
3. Carbon belongs to what group and period in the periodic table.
4. From your answer in question 3, deduce if carbon is a metal or a non metal and give
your reason.

5. • Carbon can be referred to as unique based on the following facts:
Fact 8
Nearly the worlds
energy is obtained
by burning carbon
and its
compounds.
Fact 9
It is the main element
that occurs in many
products of chemical
industries. Products
like plastics, tyres,
detergents, soap,
cosmetics etc.
Fact 10
Carbon is an
essential element
in living systems.
The food we eat
daily contain
carbon.
Fact 11
Carbon and its
compounds are
widely
distributed in
nature.

6. Atomic Structure of Carbon
• The atomic number of carbon is
6
• The shell electronic configuration of
carbon is
2, 4
• Carbon belong to group 4 and period
2 on the periodic table

9. Allotropes of Carbon
The existence of one element in different forms, having different
physical properties, but similar chemical properties is known as
allotropy. Different forms of an element are called ‘allotropes’ or
allotropic forms. Carbon shows allotropy.
The various allotropic forms of carbon can be broadly classified into
two classes.
1. Crystalline form
2. Amorphous form

10. Carbon
Crystalline
Diamond Graphite
Buckminsterfullerene
Amorphous
Coal
Coke
Gas
Carbon
Soot Charcoal
Plant
Charcoal
Wood
Charcoal
Sugar
Charcoal
Animal
Charcoal
Bone
Charcoal
Blood
Charcoal
Lamp Black

11. Structures of Diamond and Graphite

12. Difference Between Diamond and Graphite

13. Amorphous Forms of Carbon (COAL)
1. How does coal come to exist?
2. How is it coal obtained?
3. What are the uses of coal?

14. Formation of Coal
• It takes millions of years for coal to
form.
• Millions of years ago, there were
places on the earth with dense forests
in wetlands, due to natural calamities
such as flooding, tsunami, landslide,
etc. these forests got buried under the
soil. Over the years, more and more
soil compiled over these forests.
• This traps the carbon that was buried
in the sediments. Carbonization takes
place, carbonization is a process
where vegetation turns into carbon. It is
a slow process.

16. Types of Coal
 Peat – Like coal which is about 60%
carbon by mass
 Lignite – Which is a brown soft coal
having about 67% carbon by mass
 Sub-Bituminous –It contains about 70%
by mass of carbon
 Bituminous –It contains about 88% by
mass of carbon
 Anthracite – This is tough and hard,
having about 94% of carbon by mass

17. Destructive Distillation of Coal
• Coal is a complex mixture of compounds composed mainly of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen with small amount of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and
impurities. A wide variety of substances can be obtained from it by a process
known as destructive distillation of coal.
The chief and important products of this process are:
1. Coal gas
2. Ammoniacal liquor
3. Coal tar
4. Coke