President Bush acknowledged that surface temperatures have risen 0.6 degrees Celsius over the past 100 years and greenhouse gas concentrations have increased substantially since the industrial revolution, largely due to human activity. However, the National Academy of Sciences report notes significant uncertainties remain regarding the effects of natural climate fluctuations and how climate change will impact regions. The U.S. Climate Action Report also recognizes considerable uncertainty in understanding climate variability and the social and economic consequences of climate change. While human activities are likely contributing to warming, predictions of specific regional impacts are difficult given the uncertainties.
Climate change causes rise global risks of hunger, floods and conflicts, warns the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its latest report entitled Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability available on website <http: />. This report states that the catastrophic effects of climate change must take place, for the most part, by inadequate preparation for coping with risks. The IPCC document details the impacts of climate change, future risks and opportunities for the adoption of effective measures to reduce the risks. It concludes that the response to climate change involves making appropriate choices to face the risks in a world that is constantly changing.
Climate change causes rise global risks of hunger, floods and conflicts, warns the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its latest report entitled Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability available on website <http: />. This report states that the catastrophic effects of climate change must take place, for the most part, by inadequate preparation for coping with risks. The IPCC document details the impacts of climate change, future risks and opportunities for the adoption of effective measures to reduce the risks. It concludes that the response to climate change involves making appropriate choices to face the risks in a world that is constantly changing.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS: WHITHER GLOBAL LEADERSHIP FOR MITIGA...TANKO AHMED fwc
This case study deliberates on the need for world governments, corporations and activists to form a united front against impending climate change catastrophes. It discusses causes, consequences and alleviation of mega disasters and inquires on common and shared responsibilities, predicaments, and smart utilization of global human and material resources. Theories of human response to sudden mass disruption and displacement often reckon with principles and practices in aid of managing mega disasters and critical geopolitics. A literature survey extracts serious concern and trends on traditional fixations of spatial imaginations hindering workable resolutions. The case study therefore elicits response to the need for global policies and strategies as nations would chaotically flow into one another in tragic mishandling of disasters. A stakeholders’ triangle of salvation with governments, corporations and activists may confront an impending Climageddon to provide feasible resolution to an end time Toba Event Hypothesis consistent with the climate change debacle.
Report of IPBES/ IPCC working group- reviewing overlap and actions needed, in order to both combat Climate Change and restore and protect Biodiversity.
June 2012 work
20210216 lezing jones_welkom in het antropoceen_udll_mechelen_webinar-solutionsPeter Tom Jones
Lezing Dr. Peter Tom Jones (SIM² KU Leuven) voor UDLL, Mechelen, 20210216). Topic: Welkom in het Antropoceen - Over(leven) bnnen planetaire grenzen. Over de "global ecosystem breakdown" en de mogelijke uitwegen uit de crisis. Over Business As Usual vs. een gedegen transitiebeleid naar een klimaatneutrale, veerkrachtige circulaire economie.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS: WHITHER GLOBAL LEADERSHIP FOR MITIGA...TANKO AHMED fwc
This case study deliberates on the need for world governments, corporations and activists to form a united front against impending climate change catastrophes. It discusses causes, consequences and alleviation of mega disasters and inquires on common and shared responsibilities, predicaments, and smart utilization of global human and material resources. Theories of human response to sudden mass disruption and displacement often reckon with principles and practices in aid of managing mega disasters and critical geopolitics. A literature survey extracts serious concern and trends on traditional fixations of spatial imaginations hindering workable resolutions. The case study therefore elicits response to the need for global policies and strategies as nations would chaotically flow into one another in tragic mishandling of disasters. A stakeholders’ triangle of salvation with governments, corporations and activists may confront an impending Climageddon to provide feasible resolution to an end time Toba Event Hypothesis consistent with the climate change debacle.
Report of IPBES/ IPCC working group- reviewing overlap and actions needed, in order to both combat Climate Change and restore and protect Biodiversity.
June 2012 work
20210216 lezing jones_welkom in het antropoceen_udll_mechelen_webinar-solutionsPeter Tom Jones
Lezing Dr. Peter Tom Jones (SIM² KU Leuven) voor UDLL, Mechelen, 20210216). Topic: Welkom in het Antropoceen - Over(leven) bnnen planetaire grenzen. Over de "global ecosystem breakdown" en de mogelijke uitwegen uit de crisis. Over Business As Usual vs. een gedegen transitiebeleid naar een klimaatneutrale, veerkrachtige circulaire economie.
Sviluppo dell'Intermodalità - Autostrade del mare 2.0 e combinato marittimoCommerce Commercio
Presentazione di Andrea Appetecchia, ISFORT, al Seminario "Le vie del mare, dal Piano strategico Portualità e Logistica alla Blue Economy" - Roma 21 luglio 2015
How Maxava Improved The Productivity Of Its Global Team with Showcase WorkshopShowcase Workshop
Widespread international reseller teams share a consistent message - and Maxava’s status as a leader in innovation is reaffirmed.
Learn more about Showcase Workshop. http://www.showcaseworkshop.com/
c h a p t e r 2 9The Promises and Perils of Geoenginee.docxdewhirstichabod
c h a p t e r 2 9
The Promises and Perils
of Geoengineering
Simon Nicholson
Simon Nicholson is assistant
professor in the School of In-
ternational Service at American
University in Washington, DC.
www.sustainabilitypossible.org
Over the last handful of years, a set of radical ideas that have long been
confined to the fringes of climate change discussions have begun to edge
toward center stage. The ideas are known collectively as geoengineering pro-
posals—sweeping technological schemes designed to counteract the effects
of planetary warming. (See Box 29–1 for a full definition.)1
Many of the best-known geoengineering proposals read like science fic-
tion. One widely circulated idea is to launch giant mirror arrays or sunshades
into near-earth orbit, in an attempt to reflect some amount of solar radia-
tion. Other lines of research suggest that a similar effect could be achieved
by depositing fine reflective particles of sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere or
by deploying a host of ocean-going ships to spray cloud-whitening saltwater
high into the sky. At the same time there are ongoing efforts to develop vast
machines designed to suck carbon dioxide (CO
2
) out of the air, to produce
carbon-capturing cement, to lock carbon into soil, and to perfect the drop-
ping of massive quantities of soluble iron into the oceans to encourage great
carbon-inhaling blooms of plankton.2
Yet even while many geoengineering proposals sound fantastical, the field
is beginning to receive sustained attention from serious people and groups.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has convened ex-
pert meetings to consider the topic. So too have other important scientific
bodies around the world. In the United States, government agencies from
the Pentagon through the Department of Energy have advocated that fed-
eral dollars be devoted to geoengineering research, and research teams in
universities and the private sector in many countries are looking to move
beyond theorizing about global climate control to technological develop-
ment and deployment.3
Even as sober a scientific voice as President Obama’s chief science advi-
sor, John Holdren, who in 2007 had claimed that “belief in technological
miracles is generally a mistake,” seems to have come at least partly around.
2 | State of the World 2013
Holdren suggested in 2009, when asked about the
geoengineering option, that “we don’t have the
luxury of taking any approach off the table….We
might get desperate enough to want to use it.”4
Dreams of weather and climate control are
hardly new. Ancient traditions had a variety of
rituals aimed at calling forth favorable weather.
Since the beginning of the science age, numerous
attempts have been made to create or dissipate
rain, to still hurricanes, and to manage ice flows.
This has not always been a venerable undertaking.
Weather and climate manipulation has through-
out history been a field replete with .
c h a p t e r 2 9The Promises and Perils of Geoenginee.docxjasoninnes20
c h a p t e r 2 9
The Promises and Perils
of Geoengineering
Simon Nicholson
Simon Nicholson is assistant
professor in the School of In-
ternational Service at American
University in Washington, DC.
www.sustainabilitypossible.org
Over the last handful of years, a set of radical ideas that have long been
confined to the fringes of climate change discussions have begun to edge
toward center stage. The ideas are known collectively as geoengineering pro-
posals—sweeping technological schemes designed to counteract the effects
of planetary warming. (See Box 29–1 for a full definition.)1
Many of the best-known geoengineering proposals read like science fic-
tion. One widely circulated idea is to launch giant mirror arrays or sunshades
into near-earth orbit, in an attempt to reflect some amount of solar radia-
tion. Other lines of research suggest that a similar effect could be achieved
by depositing fine reflective particles of sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere or
by deploying a host of ocean-going ships to spray cloud-whitening saltwater
high into the sky. At the same time there are ongoing efforts to develop vast
machines designed to suck carbon dioxide (CO
2
) out of the air, to produce
carbon-capturing cement, to lock carbon into soil, and to perfect the drop-
ping of massive quantities of soluble iron into the oceans to encourage great
carbon-inhaling blooms of plankton.2
Yet even while many geoengineering proposals sound fantastical, the field
is beginning to receive sustained attention from serious people and groups.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has convened ex-
pert meetings to consider the topic. So too have other important scientific
bodies around the world. In the United States, government agencies from
the Pentagon through the Department of Energy have advocated that fed-
eral dollars be devoted to geoengineering research, and research teams in
universities and the private sector in many countries are looking to move
beyond theorizing about global climate control to technological develop-
ment and deployment.3
Even as sober a scientific voice as President Obama’s chief science advi-
sor, John Holdren, who in 2007 had claimed that “belief in technological
miracles is generally a mistake,” seems to have come at least partly around.
2 | State of the World 2013
Holdren suggested in 2009, when asked about the
geoengineering option, that “we don’t have the
luxury of taking any approach off the table….We
might get desperate enough to want to use it.”4
Dreams of weather and climate control are
hardly new. Ancient traditions had a variety of
rituals aimed at calling forth favorable weather.
Since the beginning of the science age, numerous
attempts have been made to create or dissipate
rain, to still hurricanes, and to manage ice flows.
This has not always been a venerable undertaking.
Weather and climate manipulation has through-
out history been a field replete with ...
Running Head CLIMATE CHANGE 1CLIMATE CHANGE 1CLIMAT.docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: CLIMATE CHANGE 1
CLIMATE CHANGE 1
CLIMATE CHANGE
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Climate Change
So there has been an temperature increase on the Earth b 1 degree Farenheit with the past two centuries. Many oblivious persosn would wonder what the big deal is. The one degree being mentioned may appear negligible, but it is actually an extraordinary event in the planet’s history. The preserved and studied Earth’s climate records indicate that the average global temperature has been stable for long periods of time. Furthermore, slight changes in the temperature result in major alterations in the environment.
According to scientific estimations, the environment as we now know it will not be the same in the next 10 years. We should also not forget that the environment is what we depend on fully, not the other way round. As it is, the initiatives to mitigate climate change should first begin with the actions of each and every one at a personal level. Climate change is no longer considered an emerging concern but a lurking catastrophe. This paper seeks to enlighten the reader on climate change, a Geoscience issue that has been the cause of massive research in its various aspects. The paper gains insight on the topic in the most holistic manner possible.
According to other professionals in the field of geology, climate change has been termed as a significant, progressive and lasting alteration in weather’s statistical patterns, noted for periods that range from a decade to millions of ages. Basically, climate change has the potential of being the change in the weather’s average condition or its distribution. The main means that have been used by scientists in understanding the condition’s plight are theoretical and observational. More recently however, there have been improved methods of scrutinizing the situation, through the use of instrumental recordings. Nonetheless, the universally accepted definition of climate change is; the change in climate system’s statistical properties after being considered for a long period of time, where the causes are not regarded.
As a constituent issue, many are unable to distinguish climate and global warming (Giddens, 2009). However, the fault cannot be entirely placed on them as the two are indeed deeply intertwined. I would therefore use this relationship between the two issues to approach both at once. It is common knowledge that climate change is one of the realest threats that our prosperity faces; this being in accordance to a tenfold of research conducted by numerous scientists. Carbon dioxide is among the pollutant gases that contribute to the deterioration of the ozone layer as well as bringing about the greenhouse effect (McKrecher, 2010). Various anthropogenic activities such as deforestation have also been noted as major causes of the progressively increasing climate change. Having stated that, it becomes clear that climate change comes about due to global ...
Presentation by Chris Swanston to support the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center Workshop held January 12-14, 2016
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
Humans Cause Climate Change Essays
The Global Climate Change Debate Essay
The History of Global Climate Change Essay
The Effects of Global Climate Change Essay
Solutions to the Global Climate Change Essay
The Importance Of Climate Change
Climate Change And Global Warming Essay
Global Warming and Climate Change Essay
Argumentative Essay On Climate Change
Climate Change : A Global Issue
Climate Change Is A Global Problem Essay
Climate Change And Global Warming Essay
Global Warming And Climate Change Essay
Climate Change Impacts and Threats Essay
Essay on The Effects of Global Climate Change
Global Warming and Climate Change Essay
Global Climate Change Essay
Global Change Essay
Global Warming: A Climate in Crisis Essay
White House State of the Union 2016 - Enhanced GraphicsObama White House
On January 12, 2016, President Obama delivered his final State of the Union address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
Learn more at WhiteHouse.gov/SOTU.
President Obama penned a letter to Congressman Nadler of New York outlining how the Iran deal is a key piece of our strategy to help our allies in the Middle East counter Iran's destabilizing activities.
Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). "Nicolay Copy," Gettysburg Address, 1863. Page 1 and 2. Holograph manuscript. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Gift of Hay family, 1916 (2.5). Courtesy of the National Archives and Library of Congress.
Message: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the White House FellowsObama White House
This is the President's message commemorating the establishment of the White House Fellows, a prestigious program dedicated to giving the nation’s most promising leaders insight into the inner workings of the Federal government. To learn more visit: http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/fellows.
The minimum wage helps support family incomes, reducing inequality and poverty, but as a slide deck from the Council of Economic Advisers shows, as the real value of the minimum wage has been allowed to erode, it has stopped serving this important purpose.
White House State of the Union 2014 Enhanced Graphics PosterObama White House
On January 28, President Obama delivered the 2014 State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
White House State of the Union 2014 Enhanced GraphicsObama White House
On January 28, President Obama delivered the 2014 State of the Union Address to Congress and the nation.
Check out the slides from the enhanced broadcast of his address, featuring charts, graphs, and images that help explain the policies and issues he discussed.
See more at WhiteHouse.gov/SOTU.
President Obama's Handwritten Tribute to the Gettysburg AddressObama White House
150 years after President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address, President Obama penned a handwritten tribute to President Lincoln's historic remarks.
President Obama believes we have a moral obligation to lead the fight against carbon pollution. Share the details of his plan to help make sure people in your community get the facts.
Now Is the Time: President Obama's Plan to Reduce Gun ViolenceObama White House
The President’s plan to protect our children and our communities by reducing gun violence.
Learn More: http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/preventing-gun-violence
President Obama is calling on Congress to make sure that taxes don’t go up on 98 percent of American families next year, as they are scheduled to do January 1, 2013. Learn more about his plan in this new infographic.
The Obama Administration recognizes that the interconnected challenges in high-poverty neighborhoods require interconnected solutions. The Neighborhood Revitalization Initiative is a community-based approach to help neighborhoods in distress transform themselves into neighborhoods of opportunity.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
1. C.EQ8
Key Statements on Climate Change Science
President Bush, Rose Garden Speech, June 11, 2002:
"My Cabinet-level working group has met regularly for the last 10 weeks
recent, most accurate, and most comprehensive science. They have heard to review the most
from scientists offering
a wide spectrum of views. They have reviewed the facts, and they have
theories and suppositions. The working group asked the highly-respected listened to many
National Academy of
Sciences to provide us the most up-to-date information about what is
known and about what is
not known on the science of climate change.
First, we know the surface temperature of the earth is warming. It has
risen by .6 degrees
Celsius over the past 100 years. There was a warming trend from the
1890s
Cooling from the I 940s to the I1970s. And then sharply rising temperatures to the 1940s.
from the 1970s to
today.
There is a natural greenhouse effect that contributes to warming. Greenhouse
thus warm the earth because they prevent a significant proportion of gases trap heat, and
infrared radiation from
escaping intS space. Concentration of greenhouse gases, especially C02,
have increased
substantially since the beginning of the industrial revolution. And the
National Academy of
Sciences indicate that the increase is due in large part to human activity.
Yet, the Academy's report tells us that we do not know how much effect
natural fluctuations in
climate may have had on warming. We do not know how much our
change in the future. We do not know how fast change will occur, orclimate could, or will
even how some of our
actions could impact it.
For example, our useful efforts to reduce sulfur emissions may have
actually increased warning,
because sulfate particles reflect sunlight, bouncing it back into space.
And, finally, no one can
say with any certainty what constitutes a dangerous level of warming,
and therefore what level
must be avoided.
The policy challenge is to act in a serious and sensible way, given the
limits of our knowledge.
While scientific uncertainties remain, we can begin now to address
the factors that contribute to
climate change."
There are only two ways to stabilize concentration of greenhouse gases.
them in the first place; the other is to try to capture them after they're One is to avoid emitting
created. And there are
problems with both approaches. We're making great progress through
technology, but have not
yet developed cost-effective ways to capture carbon emissions at their
source; although there is
some promising work that is being done.
Quotes from the U.S. Climate Action Report 2002:
"One of the weakest links in our knowledge is the connection between
global and regional
predictions of climate change. The National Research Council's response
to the President's
request for a review of climate change policy specifically noted that
fundamental scientific
questions remain regarding the specifics of regional and local projections
Predicting the potential impacts of climate change is compounded by (b{RC 2001).
a lack of understanding of
the sensitivity of many environmental systems and resources -- both
managed and unmanaged --
to climate change." (Overview, page 6)
2. ")While current analyses are unable to predict
with confidence the timing, magnitude,
distribution of climate change, the best or
scientific information indicates that if greenhouseregional
concentrations continue to increase, changes gas
Council has cautioned however, that 'becauseare likely to occur. The U.S. National Research
understanding of how the climate system there is considerable uncertainty in
varies naturally and reacts to emissions current
gases and aerosols, current estimates of of
the magnitude of future warnings should greenhiouse
tentative and subject to future adjustments be regarded as
(either upward or downward).' Moreover,
perhaps even greater uncertainty regarding there is
the social, environmental, and economic
consequences of changes in climate." (Overview
"The Science" box, page 4)
'Greenhouse gases are accumulating in
causing global mean surface temperatureEarth's atmosphere as the result of human activities,
and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.
changes observed over the last several While the
decades are due most likely to human activities,
cannot rule out that some significant part we
is also a reflection of natural variability."
page 4). (Overview,
"In its June 2001 report, the Committee
on the Science of Climate Change, which
by the National Research Council (NRC) was convened
of the National Academy of Sciences,
'[h]umnan-induced warming and associated concluded that
2 1st century.' The Committee recognized sea level rises are expected to continue through the
that
understanding of how climate varies naturally there remains considerable uncertainty in current
changes in the emissions of greenhouse and will respond to projected, but uncertain,
gases and aerosols." (Chapter 6, page 81I)
"These assessment studies recognize that
feasible as a result of the wide range of definitive prediction of potential outcomes is not yet
possible future levels of greenfidiise gas
emissions, the range of possible climatic and aerosol
responses to changes in atmospheric concentration,
the range of possible environmental and and
societal responses." (Chapter 6, page 82)
"Because of these ranges and their uncertainties,
impacts, it is important to note that this and because of uncertainties projecting
chapter cannot present absolute probabilities potential
likely to occur. Instead, it can only present of what is
in the event that the projected changes in judgments about the relative plausibility of outcomes
climate that are being considered do occur."
page 82) (Chapter 6,
"Use of these model results is not meant
to
specific changes in climate that will occur imply that they provide accurate predictions of the
considered to provide plausible projections over the next hundred years. Rather, the
models are
of potential changes for the 21st century.
aspects of climate, the model results differ. For somne
For example, some models, including the
model [used in this Assessment] project Canadian
more extensive and frequent drought in
States, while others, including the Hadley the United
model
not. As a result, the Canadian model suggests [the other model used in the Assessment] do
century, while the Hadley model suggests a hotter and drier Southeast during
warmer and wetter conditions. Where the 21 st
differences arise, the primary model scenarios such
provide two plausible, but different alternatives."
(Chapter 6, page 84)